卵白蛋白多肽的酶解制备及抗氧化活性研究

以DPPH自由基清除率和水解度为指标,采用碱性蛋白酶酶解卵白蛋白制备抗氧化活性肽,考察底物质量分数、酶解时间、加酶量、温度等因素对制备的影响。正交实验结果表明,碱性蛋白酶的最佳水解条件为:底物质量分数4%、酶解时间6h、加酶量5500U/g,温度65℃,此条件下DPPH自由基清除率达到96.92%、水解度为57.14%。酶解时间对DPPH自由基清除率的影响最大,而底物质量分数对水解度的影响最大。     

不同酶解法水解黑龙江小麦麦胚蛋白的抗氧化功能比较研究

通过采用四种不同蛋白酶对麦胚蛋白分别进行单酶水解、双酶同步水解和分步水解,以水解产物的水解度和抗氧化性为指标,比较研究麦胚蛋白的酶解方法与水解物的抗氧化功能的关系。结果表明：单酶水解时碱性蛋白酶的水解物抗氧化效果最好,DPPH 自由基清除率达到39.74%;双酶分步水解的效果优于双酶同步水解,其中先加碱性蛋白酶后加木瓜蛋白酶效果最好,DPPH 自由基清除率达到45.36%。因此选择先加碱性蛋白酶后加木瓜蛋白酶作为水解麦胚蛋白最佳工艺。     

响应面法优化坛紫菜抗氧化肽酶法制备工艺

以坛紫菜为原料,通过酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和纤维素酶酶解制备活性肽,以DPPH自由基清除率和多肽得率为评价指标,研究坛紫菜水解肽的抗氧化能力。结果表明:5种酶的酶解产物都具有抗氧化能力,中性蛋白酶酶解产物DPPH自由基清除率最高,选择它为最佳工具酶。通过单因素和响应面试验优化酶解工艺,得到最佳酶解工艺:酶解时间3.6 h、酶解温度47℃、酶用量16362 U/g、底物浓度3.0%、pH7.0。此条件下制备得到的水解肽具有较强抗氧化能力,DPPH自由基清除率可达(91.83±0.81)%。     

双酶水解玉米醇溶蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺优化

为了制备抗氧化活性肽,利用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶分步酶解玉米醇溶蛋白。在单因素的基础上,以1.1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH·)自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和水解度(DH)为响应值,采用响应面(RSM)中心组合实验,选取Alcalase碱性蛋白酶加酶量、中性蛋白酶与Alcalase碱性蛋白酶活力之比、底物浓度为自变量,探讨最佳酶解工艺条件。采用Design-Expert软件,通过响应面优化确定修正后各因素的最佳工艺条件为:Alcalase碱性蛋白酶加酶量12880 U/(g底物)、中性蛋白酶与Alcalase碱性蛋白酶活力之比为1∶4,底物浓度为3.4%。在此修正条件下,DPPH·自由基清除率为42.98%,水解度为32.18%,与预测值的相对误差为1.04%。浓度为20 mg/m L时,玉米醇溶蛋白的DPPH·自由基清除率和羟基自由基清除率分别为同浓度VC的85.8%和67.0%。     

南瓜子粕蛋白酶解物的制备及清除DPPH活性的研究

以南瓜子粕蛋白为底物,选取碱性蛋白酶为水解酶进行水解反应,制备酶解产物。方法:以水解度DH为指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定最佳酶解工艺条件;以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,测定酶解物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶水解工艺条件为:酶解温度55℃,加酶量5%,pH值8.0,料液比4%,反应时间4 h;经6 h酶解后,DPPH.清除率可达到58.89%。     

复合酶解牦牛乳酪蛋白工艺优化及抗氧化性的研究

为了优化牦牛乳酪蛋白酶解工艺,研究其产物抗氧化活性,选用中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶,在其最适条件下酶解牦牛乳酪蛋白,以水解度(DH)、DPPH·自由基清除率和超氧阴离子清除率为评价指标,筛选出2种效果最优的单酶进行复配,采用单因素试验及L9(34)正交试验确定最优酶解工艺。结果表明:中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶比例为1:2效果最佳,最佳酶解工艺条件为底物浓度5%(w/v),温度42.5℃,p H值7.5,复合酶添加量3%,作用时间150 min,酶解产物抗氧化活性最高,DPPH·自由基清除率达到了64.26%±0.18%,超氧阴离子清除率达到40.34%±0.92%。     

蛋白酶水解蟹腿残肉制备抗氧化肽的条件研究

以蟹腿残肉为底物,研究了不同预处理方式、蛋白酶种类、温度、pH、加酶量及料液比对酶解效果(酶解液水解度及DPPH自由基清除率)的影响,并采用响应面优化法对上述条件进行优化。结果表明:碱性蛋白酶水解脱脂烘干的蟹肉可得到DPPH自由基清除率较高的酶解液,酶解液的水解度及DPPH自由基清除率均受到温度、pH值、加酶量、料液比的显著影响;利用响应面优化得到的酶解条件为:温度55℃、料液比1:19.02 g/m L、加酶量3257.61 U/g、p H8.45、酶解时间3 h,所得水解液DPPH自由基清除率可达到86.36%。     

响应面法优化杏仁粕蛋白酶解工艺及酶解液抗氧化活性研究

以脱脂杏仁粕为原料,研究蛋白酶种类、加酶量、酶解温度和酶解时间对水解度和DPPH自由基清除率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计优化杏仁粕蛋白酶解工艺。结果表明:选用碱性蛋白酶,在酶添加量2 266 U/g、酶解温度48℃、酶解时间209 min的条件下,水解度最高,可达30.16%,与理论预测值29.35%相比,其相对误差约为2.76%,说明模型拟合良好。抗氧化活性研究结果显示,杏仁粕蛋白酶解液具有较高的DPPH自由基清除率(达86.16%),且与常用抗氧化剂BHA和维生素C相比,其DPPH自由基清除能力显著高于0.01%的BHA(P<0.05),但低于0.01%的维生素C(P<0.05)。     

海蜇低分子肽制备及体外抗氧化活性

目的 优化海蜇低分子肽(low molecular weight peptide from Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye, RKLP)制备工艺,评价其抗氧化活性及分析氨基酸组成。方法 海蜇利用碱性和中性蛋白酶双酶分步酶解制备海蜇肽,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率为指标,响应面实验优化酶解工艺条件。采用超滤技术,获得分子量≤3.5 kDa RKLP。通过测定DPPH自由基、2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid),ABTS]自由基及超氧阴离子(O2-)自由基的清除率,评价RKLP抗氧化活性。氨基酸分析仪分析RKLP氨基酸组成。结果 酶解制备海蜇抗氧化肽的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度50℃、3%碱性蛋白酶pH 7.5酶解2 h、1%中性蛋白酶pH 7.0酶解2 h,所得的DPPH自由基清除率为71.52%±0.59%,接近与预测值70.57%。RKLP水解度为6...     

椰肉蛋白酶解及其产物的抗氧化活性研究

将新鲜椰肉粉碎脱脂,利用碱溶酸沉法制备椰肉蛋白。用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶、Neutrase中性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、Papain木瓜蛋白酶酶解椰肉蛋白,以DPPH自由基清除能力和水解度为指标对酶解过程进行分析,筛选出最适合制备抗氧化酶解物的酶为Alcalase碱性蛋白酶。然后采用单因素及多指标正交实验设计优化Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解条件,其中酶解温度和底物浓度对DPPH自由基清除率影响最大。优化后的制备参数为:酶解温度50℃,pH值10.5,加酶量14000 U/g,酶解时间7 h,底物浓度2%,该条件下水解液中蛋白含量为15.8 mg/mL,水解度和DPPH.清除率分别为29.16%和89.07%,椰肉蛋白酶解物显示出较强的抗氧化活性,接近同一浓度下谷胱甘肽的抗氧能力,比同浓度Vc的DPPH自由基清除率高3.33倍。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.