Performance analysis of earth-pipe-air heat exchanger for winter heating

Earth-pipe-air heat exchanger (EPAHE) systems can be used to reduce the heating load of buildings in winter. A transient and implicit model based on computational fluid dynamics is developed to predict the thermal performance and heating capacity of earth-air-pipe heat exchanger systems. The model is developed inside the FLUENT simulation program. The model developed is validated against experimental investigations on an experimental set-up in Ajmer (Western India). Good agreement between simulated results and experimental data is obtained. Effects of the operating parameters (i.e. the pipe material, air velocity) on the thermal performance of earth-air-pipe heat exchanger systems are studied. The 23.42 m long EPAHE system discussed in this paper gives heating in the range of 4.1-4.8 °C for the flow velocities 2-5 m/s. Investigations on steel and PVC pipes have shown that performance of the EPAHE system is not significantly affected by the material of the buried pipe. Velocity of air through the pipe is found to greatly affect the performance of EPAHE system.     

Performance analysis of earth-pipe-air heat exchanger for summer cooling

Earth-pipe-air heat exchanger (EPAHE) systems can be used to reduce the cooling load of buildings in summer. A transient and implicit model based on computational fluid dynamics was developed to predict the thermal performance and cooling capacity of earth-air-pipe heat exchanger systems. The model was developed inside the FLUENT simulation program. The model developed is validated against experimental investigations on an experimental set-up in Ajmer (Western India). Good agreement between simulated results and experimental data is obtained. Effects of the operating parameters (i.e. the pipe material, air velocity) on the thermal performance of earth-air-pipe heat exchanger systems are studied. The 23.42 m long EPAHE system discussed in this paper gives cooling in the range of 8.0-12.7 °C for the flow velocities 2-5 m/s. Investigations on steel and PVC pipes have shown that the performance of the EPAHE system is not significantly affected by the material of the buried pipe (pipe). Velocity of air through the pipe is found to greatly affect the performance of EPAHE system. The COP of the EPAHE system discussed in this paper varies from 1.9 to 2.9 for increase in velocity from 2.0 to 5.0 m/s.     

The application of heat pipe heat exchangers to improve the air quality and reduce the energy consumption of the air conditioning system in a hospital ward—A full year model simulation

Research was conducted to study the effect of heat pipe heat exchangers on the existing air conditioning system of a hospital ward located in Malaysia, a tropical region. The present research employs the transient system simulation software (TRNSYS) to study the hour-by-hour performance of the system in terms of supply duct air and indoor air conditions in the ward space. Fieldwork study showed that the existing air conditioning system operating in the Orthopaedic Ward, University of Malaya, Malaysia is not capable of providing the desired supply duct air and indoor air to the space. Therefore, the possibility of improving the air conditioning system by adding heat pipe heat exchangers was investigated. The impact on energy consumption, power savings, supply duct air and indoor air with heat pipe heat exchangers incorporated in the air conditioning system were simulated and the results were compared with the existing system.Based on the present research, the system with the added eight-row heat pipe heat exchangers is recommended to provide convenient and healthy air into the ward space according to the ASHRAE recommendations. Moreover, it was found that by applying the new design, a considerable amount of energy and power could be saved.     

地埋管换热器换热性能影响因素的研究

分析了地埋管换热器的传热模型及适用条件,讨论了影响地埋管换热器换热性能的因素,包括土壤热物性、回填材料、地下水流动、土壤冻结、埋管之间的热干扰以及管内循环流速,总结了目前国内外研究的不足,并指出了下一步的研究方向.     

Study on hybrid ground-coupled heat pump systems

Although ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems are becoming attractive air-conditioning systems in some regions, the significant drawback for their wider application is the high initial cost. Besides, more energy is rejected into ground by the GCHP system installed in cooling-dominated buildings than the energy extracted from ground on an annual basis and this imbalance can result in the degradation of system performance. One of the available options that can resolve these problems is to apply the hybrid ground-coupled heat pump (HGCHP) systems, with supplemental heat rejecters for rejecting extra thermal energy when they are installed in cooling-dominated buildings. This paper presents a practical hourly simulation model of the HGCHP system by modeling the heat transfer of its main components. The computer program developed on this hourly simulation model can be used to calculate the operating data of the HGCHP system according to the building load. The design methods and running control strategies of the HGCHP system for a sample building are investigated. The simulation results show that proper HGCHP system can effectively reduce both the initial cost and the operating cost of an air-conditioning system compared with the traditional GCHP system used in cooling-dominated buildings.     

关于散热器热水供暖系统热媒设计温度的商榷

《居住建筑节能设计标准》征求意见稿中关于散热器热水供暖系统设计温度的设定,涉及到供暖系统设计的基本参数,也涉及到对塑料类管材耐热性的认识和理解。提出了4个值得商榷的问题。     

渗流条件下地埋管换热器传热特性研究

基于有渗流工况下地埋管管群的有限长线热源模型,通过Matlab软件模拟计算了深度为50 m平面处的地下温度场,根据地下温度场的温度分布,分析了布管方式,运行年限,孔隙率对地埋管管群传热效果的影响。研究表明:在物性参数,地埋管布管区域及地埋管总数不变的情况下,将地埋管等间距布置在布管区域内最有利于地源热泵系统的运行。地埋管布管区域冷热量累积效应在初始阶段较为明显,随着运行年限的增加,冷热量累积将在某一时刻达到动态平衡,此后将不随时间的增加而继续累积。对于冬夏季冷热负荷不平衡地区,孔隙率越大的区域越有利于地源热泵系统的运行。     

空军某机场地埋管地源热泵系统设计及运行能效分析

对某机场地源热泵系统地埋管换热器的换热性能进行了测试,计算得出了热泵机组和系统的能效比,进而评价了整个空调工程在运行阶段的能效水平.重点介绍了测试台的搭建、低温测试的主要参数.     

地源热泵系统施工技术概述

介绍了竖直埋管地热换热器施工技术,特别是对地热换热器的钻孔、下管和回填的技术要点和设备等进行了详细的阐述。     

土壤蓄热与土壤源热泵集成系统运行特性分析

为了提高对工业余热、废热和太阳能的利用,结合土壤蓄热技术与土壤源热泵技术的优点,本文提出了土壤蓄热与土壤源热泵集成系统及其地下管群换热器的布置方式。并在能量平衡的基础上建立了地下管群换热器蓄热、释热和停止运行的数学模型。通过数值模拟,分析了埋管间距对蓄热与释热运行特性的影响,为土壤蓄热与土壤源热泵集成系统的应用奠定了理论基础。     

Thermal performance evaluation of domed roofs

Domed roofs have been used in Iran and many other countries to cover large buildings such as mosques, shrines, churches, schools. They have been also employed in other buildings like bazaars or market places in Iran due to their favorable thermal performance. The aim of this research is to study about domed roofs thermal performance in order to determine how they can be helpful in reducing the maximum air temperature of inside buildings during the warm seasons considering all parameters like air flow around them, solar radiation, radiation heat transfer with the sky and the ground as well as some openings on the building. The results of the study show that the thermal performance of the investigated domed roof is better than the building with flat roof, particularly when the dome is covered with glazed tiles. In addition to their aesthetic values, domes covered with glazed tiles have thermal benefits of keeping the inside air of these buildings relatively cool during the summer. Moreover, openings cause passive air flow inside building, which is helpful for human comfort.     

数据机房用分离式热管散热器运行特性分析

信息化水平的不断提高直接带来了数据中心耗电量的急剧增加。数据机房不同于一般的公共建筑,考虑到隔热、隔湿及洁净度的要求,即使在冬季也需供冷降温。而在满足散热需求的前提下,最大限度利用自然冷源则是降低空调能耗的最有效方法。但目前自然冷源的利用中常出现受环境影响大、节能效率低等问题,热管式散热器能将室内外空气完全隔绝,具有启动温差小、体积小、安装灵活等优点,在机房节能中有很大的应用潜力。以节能和良好的环境适应性为目标,对数据机房应用分离式热管的被动式散热方式进行了理论分析。以本学科工程领域现有技术为基础,理论分析了应用分离式热管的意义及优势,定义了分离式热管蒸发段及冷凝段的换热效率,建立了数据机房应用分离式热管散热系统的理论分析模型,以某名义排热量为30 kW的管翅式换热器为例,研究换热效率随风量的变化关系,得出分离式热管散热下可运行的最高允许室外温度、全年运行时间、功耗及全年节电量等关键参数。以某一30 kW冷负荷数据机房为模型进行CFD软件模拟,获得了采用分离式热管散热器的机房内部温度场分布,并与普通空调进行了比较。针对室外温度下降所引起的室内侧送风温度过低问题,提出减小室外侧风量的具体改进措施。利用理论模型设计分离式热管换热系统蒸发段和冷凝段,提出可根据热负荷及实际机房灵活配置,建设成本低,有效适应机房现有散热系统的方法。主要结论如下:(1)分离式热管散热器应用于数据机房散热,换热效率随着风量增加而减小,分离式热管散热器应用于数据机房散热,换热效率随着风量增加而减小,但可利用室外冷源的温度升高,可利用室外冷源的时间也随之增加,可根据换热器及所在地区设计最佳风量。(2)分离式热管散热下风量较大时,机柜进风温度比普通空调散热更为均匀,机房内热环境更好,可减少机房内局部热点。(3)若风量不变,分离式热管散热器蒸发段送风温度随室外温度降低,并有可能低于机房送风的标准温度。可通过减小室外侧风量使室内蒸发段出风温度满足数据机房送风温度,同时散热器的能效也可进一步提高。     

地源热泵中央空调系统地埋管施工技术

近几年,我国地源热泵中央空调系统建设发展迅速,基本上以每年20%～25%的速度在增长,该技术具有显著节能、舒适环保、零空气污染、安全、性能稳定、清洁、使用灵活、经济有效等特点。为节约用地,地源热泵空调地埋管系统常设置在建筑物基础底板下。因此,垂直地埋管管井、地埋管、水平地埋管组成的整个地埋管系统全部位于基础底板以下。底板施工后,地埋管系统无法观察,成为永久性工程。本文重点探讨了地埋管施工技术方面的问题。     

添加隔热板对竖直U型地埋管换热器换热能力的影响

本文就如何减轻竖直U型地埋管换热器2个支管间的热短路损失、提高地源热泵系统的单位井深换热量进行了研究。在对竖直U型地埋管钻孔内准三维传热模型进行研究的基础上,运用数值模拟的方法对竖直U型地埋管换热器有、无隔热板2种情况下的换热能力进行了分析。     

On the evaluation of design parameters effects on the heat transfer efficiency of energy piles

In this paper a methodology for comparative evaluation of design alternatives of cast-in-place energy piles (EPs) is presented. The methodology proposes the comparison to be based on the difference between the temperature of fluid in the pipes and the temperature at the axis of the pile, under a constant heat injection rate in a homogeneous infinite concrete - ground solid, for a period that the thermal influence between all the pipes has been developed, while the conductive heat transfer along the pile is not significant. It is proved that the temperature at the axis of an EP does not depend on the number of the pipes, thus behaving as a reference temperature at a given time for an EP of a given diameter. The difference between the mean fluid temperature in the pipes and the temperature at the axis of the pile is analysed in four components. It is proved that only one of these components depends on time, and it is common in all EPs of the same diameter, the other three depending on the basic design parameters of the EPs, i.e. the number of pipes, the type and dimensions of pipes and the heat/flow characteristics in the pipes. EPs with different design parameters can be compared, the comparison based on the, easily calculated, constant in time temperature difference between the fluid and the axis of the pile.     

地源热泵地埋管换热器传热研究(2):传热过程的完全数学描述

建立了管内流体换热和土壤换热的耦合模型,并在此基础上建立了与地面热泵模型耦合的地源热泵系统仿真模型.给出了边界条件和计算参数的确定方法,计算参数包括:流体与管内壁面的表面传热系数、地面的表面传热系数、大气温度、不同埋深土壤温度、多孔介质土壤有效导热系数.     

Membrane heat exchanger in HVAC energy recovery systems, systems energy analysis

The thermal performance of an enthalpy/membrane heat exchanger is experimentally investigated. The heat exchanger utilizes a 60gsm Kraft paper as the heat and moisture transfer surface for HVAC energy recovery. The heat exchanger sensible, latent and total effectiveness have been determined through temperature and moisture content measurements. The annual energy consumption of an air conditioner coupled with an enthalpy/membrane heat exchanger is also studied and compared with a conventional air conditioning cycle using in-house modified HPRate software. The heat exchanger effectiveness are used as thermal performance indicators and incorporated in the modified software. Energy analysis showed that an air conditioning system coupled with a membrane heat exchanger consumes less energy than a conventional air conditioning system in hot and humid climates where the latent load is high. It has been shown that in humid climate a saving of up to 8% in annual energy consumption can be achieved when membrane heat exchanger is used instead of a conventional HVAC system.     

Development of energy textile to use geothermal energy in tunnels

A novel textile-type ground heat exchanger, a so-called “energy textile”, is introduced in this paper. The energy textile to be assembled in a tunnel lining is devised to function as a ground-coupled heat exchanger (GHE) to operate a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system in tunnels. A test bed of six pilot energy textile modules with various configurations was constructed in an abandoned railroad tunnel in South Korea. Long-term field monitoring was performed to measure the heat exchange capacity of each energy textile module by applying artificial heating and cooling loads on it. In the course of monitoring, the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures of the energy textile, the pumping rate, the ground temperature, and the air temperature inside the tunnel were measured continuously. Each type of energy textile modules was compared in terms of its heat exchange efficiency, which appears to be sensitive to fluctuation of air temperature in the tunnel. In addition, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses were carried out, employing FLUENT, to simulate the field test for each energy textile module. After verification of the numerical model with the field measurement, the influence of a drainage layer on the performance of the energy textile was parametrically examined. A conventional design procedure for horizontal GHEs was used in a preliminary design of an energy textile module, taking into consideration the air temperature variation inside the tunnel over the course of one year.     

灌注桩基埋管换热性能测试与对比分析

以江苏省昆山市地源热泵桩基一体化工程为研究对象,通过传统地埋管换热器与能量桩桩埋管换热器的换热试验对比,分别对传统并联双U垂直地埋管、并联双U灌注桩基埋管和并联双螺旋灌注桩基埋管等形式的换热器进行换热性能测试,得出3种埋管形式的平均换热量、单位管长平均换热量和单位埋管深平均换热量等因素的比对结果,并通过数据得出并联双U灌装桩基埋管换热器和并联双螺旋灌装桩基埋管换热器的每延米换热量分别是传统地埋管换热器的近2.5倍和5倍。     

The use of a double heat pipe heat exchanger system for reducing energy consumption of treating ventilation air in an operating theatre—A full year energy consumption model simulation

In two earlier papers [Y.H. Yau, Application of a heat pipe heat exchanger to dehumidification enhancement in tropical HVAC systems—a baseline performance characteristics study, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 46 (2) (2007) 164–171; Y.H. Yau, The analysis of enthalpy change with and without a heat pipe heat exchanger in a tropical air conditioning system, International Journal of Energy Research 30 (15) (2006) 1251–1263], two series of experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to establish the baseline performance characteristics of the heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHX). In the present paper, a complete empirical transient systems simulation program model is assembled to estimate the air states as well as the entire typical meteorological year energy consumption of an operating theatre located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.