西北地区生态民居及室内热环境

我国西北荒漠地带,生态环境脆弱,可持续发展面临巨大的资源和环境压力。以银川市碱富桥村新农村建设为研究对象,科学规划合理设计,依据当地丰富的太阳能资源提出了被动式太阳能新型生态民居设计,新民居综合利用了被动式太阳房、草砖、稻壳板等多种生态建筑技术。建成后对太阳辐射、室内外温湿度、平均辐射温度以及预计平均热感指数PMV等进行了现场测试,对室内热环境的形成原因进行了分析,并对夏季室内通风进行了模拟分析。测试和模拟表明,新民居冬季温暖、夏季凉爽,具有较好的室内热环境质量,对于西北地区新农村建设具有重要借鉴意义。     

空心砌块通风墙体二维简化传热模型研究

空心砌块通风墙体是一种新型的建筑围护结构,该结构可以利用空调系统排风、地道风或夏季夜间凉风对空心砌块墙体的空腔进行通风,实现墙体内部冷、热量的转移。该技术将热回收或可再生能源利用与降低墙体内部冷/热量结合起来,可削弱室外气候对室内环境的影响,减小墙体内表面温度的波动,从而改善人体的热舒适性。为了研究该新型通风墙体的传热特性,建立了空心砌块通风墙体的二维简化传热模型。并且在稳态情形下,计算分析了该通风墙体内表面的平均温度。还进一步研究了空心砌块通风墙体的当量热阻及其影响因素。结果表明空心砌块通风墙体能获得较低的墙体内表面温度和较高的当量热阻,同时,也降低了室内负荷。     

两种梅州客家传统民居自然通风比较分析

梅州现存有大量的传统民居,此类建筑冬暖夏凉,具有较好的室内热环境。而通风在岭南亚热带气候条件下对建筑内部的热环境影响很大,本文通过模拟围龙屋和杠式屋这2种传统民居的室内、外通风情况,对不同类型民居的通风效果进行了分析,以期挖掘传统民居利于通风的建筑技术,为岭南民居建筑室内、外热环境的改善提供技术基础。     

夏热冬暖地区住宅建筑节能措施

夏热冬暖地区夏季能耗较高，其建筑节能的重点是降低夏季的空调能耗。自然通风可以为居住建筑改善空气品质，并最大限度的减少空调使用时间，改善室内热环境；而建筑外遮阳技术也可以有效降低空调能耗，同样可以减少空调使用时间。在夏热冬暖地区自然通风和建筑外遮阳技术是建筑节能的关键技术和重要组成部分。     

巴渝地区夯土民居室内热环境

传统民居的传统生态建造经验与价值已得到广泛认可,巴渝地区因特殊的地形与气候,传统民居在热环境的营造上有自身的特点。以重庆江津区龙塘村夯土民居为研究对象,以实地测量的冬季室内热工参数为基础,运用软件模拟分析,对民居全年室内热环境进行评价,发现夯土墙对改善夏季热环境更为有利,夯土民居冬季室内热环境远比夏季差;民居建筑中阁楼空间在调节室内热环境方面作用显著,具有冬季保温,夏季隔热的作用。     

徽州传统民居室内环境及舒适度

以徽州传统民居为研究对象,通过对当地一幢典型传统民居进行为期一年的室内多项环境参数现场测试以及连续监测,从舒适性角度对民居室内环境进行研究。结果表明:徽州传统民居具有"冬冷夏凉"特性;夏季自然通风、遮阳以及隔热性能良好,其室内热环境较为适宜;冬季防寒保温及密闭性效果不佳,其室内热舒适性差;过渡季(春、秋季)室内热环境较好,人体热舒适性好。徽州传统民居室内具有较好的声环境,但是光环境不佳,大部分时段不能达到现代建筑采光设计标准。     

适应地方生态气候的建筑设计

生态气候的建筑设计根植于地方气候与自然环境,实现环保、低碳而节能。应用图解分析和归纳综合的方法,探讨建筑设计融入当地气候与生态环境的原理与策略。生态气候的建筑设计应通过规划与设计手段,驾驭有利的气候资源与自然地形,避免不利气候影响,采取适宜技术,使得建筑室内热环境冬暖夏凉,生态节能;建筑布局与空间形态、热缓冲空间、通风防风、体型选择、节能构造等适应地方气候。     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(3):冬夏对比分析

沿用经典热舒适研究方法,对我国湿热地区自然通风环境受试者分别进行夏季和冬季气候室实验,并对其心理反应与生理反应作冬夏季对比,得到其热反应的季节性变化特征为:与夏季相比,冬季的热感觉保持不变,但热舒适度与可接受度在低温环境显著降低,而在高温环境显著升高;心率显著增加,皮肤温度有所升高,在高温环境下的皮肤湿润度有所降低.季节性变化特征为湿热地区人群心理适应与生理习服提供了重要证据.     

新型绿色建筑——城市窑洞研究

充分考虑了可持续发展观的基本原则，首次提出“城市窑洞”构想，采用试验、理论分析、计算、工程实例应用相结合的方式，对“城市窑洞”所采用保温系统材料、设计及施工技术进行研究，通过合理的设计和施工，进行建筑室内保温，将建筑室内温度波动维持在非常小的波幅范围，营造出冬暖夏凉的室内环境，使城市建筑室内热环境接近窑洞热环境，使建筑在有效满足各种实用功能的同时，成为有益于使用者身心健康的绿色住宅。     

下沉式窑居夏季室内热环境

下沉式窑居是我国一种独特的民居方式,它具有村落景观优美、室内冬暖夏凉和节约能源等优点,但也存在夏季潮湿等缺点。通过对下沉式窑居的夏季室内热环境各要素的现场测试和住户的主观反映调查,用详细的数据描述其夏季热工环境,并给出结论以及改良措施和方法。     

南方建筑非透明围护结构热工与节能设计

如何兼顾冬夏两季建筑供暖空调负荷和能耗,保证室内热环境质量,确定最适宜的热工特性,是长期困扰中国南方建筑围护结构热工与节能设计的难点。通过对夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区建筑在采暖、空调与自然通风条件下动态热过程的分析,研究了这一地区围护结构热特性与能耗的制约关系,以及对室内热环境与建筑热稳定性的作用机理。在兼顾冬季保温与夏季隔热的情况下,将建筑全年能耗作为控制目标,从室内热环境质量、节能效果、围护结构的安全性、可靠性、经济性和实用性等角度评价目前所采用的围护结构节能技术存在的问题,提出一种适宜南方气候的建筑围护结构热特性指标及构造形式。     

绿化遮阳对夏热冬暖地区建筑热环境影响分析

地处夏热冬暖地区的广西大部夏季湿热漫长,建筑空调制冷能耗高。通过对广西南宁市建筑外遮阳使用情况的调研,得到建筑立体绿化遮阳和非绿化外遮阳的使用情况。同时,选择一栋典型建筑,对其进行绿化遮阳及非绿化遮阳外墙表面温度的测试,分析绿化遮阳形式对建筑热环境的影响,探讨建筑绿化遮阳对广西乃至整个夏热冬暖地区建筑节能的作用。     

Research on seasonal indoor thermal environment and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems in Korea

Indoor thermal environments and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems were investigated in Seoul, Korea and compared with the results of previous studies. Twenty-four houses in summer, six houses in autumn and 36 houses in winter were used in this study. The measurement of temperature, humidity and air conditioner usage behavior was carried out. The clo-value, thermal comfort, sensation and basic data of the houses were also investigated. The indoor thermal environment in the summer had a high temperature and a high humidity ratio compare to standard comfort zone. Most of the indoor thermal environments at the time of starting the air conditioner in the summer were out of the comfort zone. Some of the data recorded while the air conditioner was stopped were in the comfort zone, but in many cases the temperature was relatively higher than comfort zone. Most indoor climate distributions in the winter were in the comfort zone and the indoor climate in autumn coincided well with the criteria of the comfort zone. Compared with results of previous studies in these 25 years, indoor ambient average temperature in winter has increased and the comfort temperature has increased in the heating period and decreased in the cooling period. This result indicates that the development of an HVAC system has created an expectation of comfort for residents and has shifted their thermal comfort zone warmer in winter and cooler in summer.     

Field study of human thermal comfort and thermal adaptability during the summer and winter in Beijing

This study was conducted during the summer and winter in Beijing. Classrooms and offices in a university were used to conduct the survey. The respondents’ thermal sensation and thermal adaptability in both seasons were analyzed. During the study, indoor environmental parameters including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were measured. The respondents’ thermal sensation was determined by questionnaire.A relationship between indoor temperature and thermal sensation was found. In the summer study, the “scissors difference” between TSV and PMV was observed in the air-conditioned environments if the temperature was out of the neutral zone. People had higher tolerance in the hot environment than PMV predicted. During winter, the outdoor temperature had a prominent influence on thermal adaptability. The low outdoor temperature made people adapt to the cold environment. When the indoor temperature was heated to a high temperature by space heating facilities, respondents felt uncomfortable since their adaptability to the cold environment was nullified.Furthermore, the differences in thermal responses between respondents from North and South China showed that the different climates of people's native regions also affected their thermal comfort and adaptability.     

夏热冬暖地区内保温的特点和做法

根据夏热冬暖地区保温的特点,比较了内保温与外保温的做法;国内常用的保温材料及做法。选择采用外墙内保温,即内抹玻化微珠保温砂浆的做法,外墙主体部位的传热系数、热惰性指标均符合要求,适用于夏热冬暖地区的节能改造。     

苏南地区村镇住宅建筑室内热环境实测分析

室内热环境是影响人体冷热感的环境因素,适宜的室内热环境可使人体易于保持热平衡。为了了解苏南地区村镇既有非节能住宅建筑室内热环境现状,笔者对该地区冬夏季的典型住宅非采暖空调房间的室内、外热湿环境进行了测试,系统地分析了该地区室内热湿环境的特征和变化规律。测试结果表明:该地区非空调房间夏季室内空气温度高,冬季室内空气温度低,冬夏季室内、外空气相对湿度大;室内热环境远偏离热舒适范围,达到了较恶劣的程度。开展节能建筑建设和对既有建筑实施节能改造是改善室内环境、提高热舒适度的有效途径。     

除湿是解决室内热环境的有效措施

我国第Ⅲ类建筑气候区夏季闷热，冬季湿冷，影响这一地区热环境一个重要参数就是空气的相对湿度。本文就空气相对湿度对室内热环境影响进行分析，认为降低湿度是改善室内热环境最有效的措施，它能有效地节约空调机械能耗，从自然环境中获得舒适的热环境。     

Neutral temperature in subtropical climates—A field survey in air-conditioned offices

The thermal environment for air-conditioned offices in subtropical climates is examined from the prospect of maintaining an optimum operative temperature for the occupants. In this study, the optimum neutral temperature is evaluated from 422 occupants’ responses towards the perceiving thermal environment in 61 air-conditioned offices and 186 complaints of thermal discomfort in an air-conditioned office building on an electronic questionnaire, using a semantic differential evaluation scale and a dichotomous assessment scale. In particular, physical parameters for the thermal comfort study were measured by an indoor environmental quality (IEQ) logger, and the operative temperature was correlated with the occupants’ thermal responses. The probability of accepting an operative temperature for the thermal comfort of the occupants was correlated with logistic regression curves; the optimum operative temperature was derived in order to maximize the probability of thermal comfort expressed by the occupants. The results showed that the thermal neutral temperatures for air-conditioned offices in subtropical climates were 23.6 and 21.4 °C in summer and winter, respectively. The preferred thermal environment in Hong Kong should be slightly cool, corresponding to about 1 °C below the neutral temperature, in order to satisfy most of the occupants in the office space.     

夏热冬暖地区装配式民用建筑混凝土预制外墙板热工性能分析

随着社会的发展,装配式建筑因建设效率高,对环境污染小等特点而倍受青睐。夏热冬暖地区民用建筑外墙的热工性能要求主要针对隔热,文章分析了装配式建筑外墙采用的混凝土预制墙板的热工性能及复合保温隔热层、隔热涂料加隔热腻子两种措施对其热工性能的改善效果。结果表明：较薄混凝土预制墙板不能满足现行标准的节能和隔热要求,隔热涂料加隔热腻子是适合改善夏热冬暖地区的预制外墙板热工性能的措施。     

夏热冬冷地区住宅的节能设计研究

根据夏热冬冷地区的气候特征，从外墙保温、门窗的保温与节能的措施出发，论述了该地区住宅围护结构的节能设计方法，从而创造良好的室内热环境，节约能源。