"Filial therapy with Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation": Correction to Glover and Landreth (2000).

Reports an error in "Filial therapy with Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation" by Geri J. Glover and Garry L. Landreth (International Journal of Play Therapy, 2000, Vol 9[2], 57-80). This article was originally published with the wrong first page. Printed issues contain the first page for the preceding article, "Effectiveness of Filial Therapy for Korean Parents," by Mikyung Jang. The online version has been revised to present the correct first page. The URL for the corrected online version is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2001-00558-004.) Examined the effectiveness of the 10-wk filial therapy model as an intervention for 25 Native American parents (aged 23–46 yrs) and their 21 children (aged 3–10 yrs) residing on the Flathead Reservation in Montana. Results show that Native American parents significantly increased their level of empathy in their interactions with their children. Children significantly increased their level of desirable play behaviors with their parents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with immigrant Chinese families.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of filial therapy as a method of prevention and intervention for immigrant Chinese families in Canada. Results of the analyses of covariance indicate that parents in the experimental group demonstrated a significant increase in empathic interaction with their children, a significant increase in acceptance of their children, a significant reduction of perceived stress related to parenting, and a significant reduction of perceived problems related to their children's behavior. Children of parents in the experimental group demonstrated a significant increase in self-concept. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Needs assessment and policy development: Native Hawaiians as Native Americans.

Discusses needs assessment and policy development for Native Hawaiians (NHs) whose educational, social, and health needs resemble those of Native Americans and minority groups. A US government report indicated that NHs have a need for standardized achievement tests, special education, and culture-related education. Studies suggest that culture loss may be linked to negative personal health and educational outcomes for NHs. It is noted that NHs have high rates of suicide, alcohol and drug abuse, crime, child abuse, school adjustment problems, and mental illnesses. Cultural barriers prevent NHs from using existing mental health services. Recommendations for improving health care for NHs and development of policies including NHs as Native Americans are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Historical racism: Implications for Native Americans.

Comments on the article by R. Clark et al (see record 1999-11644-001), which outlines a biopsychosocial model for perceived racism as a stressor among African Americans. One long-standing example of intergroup racism that continues to have pervasive effects is historical racism. It is argued that historical racism has had and continues to have a profound impact on Native Americans. The authors outline some possible ways in which historical racism constitutes a stressor with biopsychosocial implications for American Indians. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differences between Native Americans and Whites on the California Psychological Inventory.

Minimal data exist regarding the performance of Native Americans on standardized self-report personality instruments. In this study, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was administered to a nonpsychiatric sample of 70 Native American adults and 100 White adults of equivalent age, educational background, and socioeconomic status. Native Americans scored significantly lower than the equivalent White sample on a number of CPI scales. These results appear to reflect primarily differences between Native American and White women, which may be a function of differences in acculturation and role expectations. Ethnicity appears to be an important factor in the production of differential response patterns on the CPI. The results suggest that Native Americans, particularly women, may be at a disadvantage when the CPI is used for selection purposes unless their responses are compared to cultural norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with parents of chronically ill children.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a 10-wk filial therapy training model as a method of intervention for parents of chronically ill children. 23 parents, with children between the ages of 3 to 10 yrs, were included in the study. Results of the analysis of covariance revealed that parents in the experimental group significantly increased their attitude of acceptance toward their children and significantly reduced their level of stress as compared to parents in the control group. Children in the experimental group scored significantly lower than did children in the control group on total behavioral problems and anxiety and depression. This study supports filial therapy as an effective intervention for parents of chronically ill children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy into the 21st century.

Discusses filial therapy (FT) which might seem new to many child and family therapists. Yet training parents to play therapeutically using this child-centered approach with their children has a long track record that demonstrates it is an effective way to work with children and their parents together. It is noted that while the method was waiting to gain broader recognition and acceptance by practicing play and family therapists, advocates in academic settings were testing its efficacy. As FT is becoming more known and widely used by practitioners, it has attained the status of an "empirically supported" or "evidence based" or "empirically validated" treatment. All of these terms mean the same thing: a treatment that rests on good research, with results that show its efficacy, one that can be replicated by practitioners who can achieve comparable positive effects using it. Such terms concern anyone familiar with issues related to health care insurance. The slow start of FT, then, has become an advantage for the therapy and its users. Only rarely does a treatment arrive already backed by empirical support of efficacy. The remainder of this article will explain how this desirable state has come about. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with parents of children experiencing learning difficulties.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 10 week filial therapy training model as an intervention method for parents of children with learning difficulties. Results of the analysis of covariance revealed that the parents in the experimental group scored significantly higher after training than the parents in the control group on their attitude of acceptance of the child. The experimental group parents attained a significantly lower mean total score on level of stress related to parenting than the control group parents. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups' posttest mean scores on the total behavior problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy: Description and rationale.

Filial therapy involves training parents, in groups of 6 to 8, to conduct play sessions with their emotionally disturbed young children, using an orientation and methodology modeled after client-centered play therapy. After training, the parents conduct their play sessions at home while continuing their weekly group meetings. Parents' sessions with their therapist begin with discussion of the play sessions, but may extend to any other areas that are emotionally relevant. Preliminary experience with 2 groups suggests that this type of method is deserving of further exploration as a method of increasing leverage of professional resources, and as a tool for gaining further insight into children's fantasy and parent-child relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy: Parental perceptions of the process.

Reports on the perceptions that 20 married couples had of the effects of a 10-wk Filial Therapy experience on the parent–child and couple relationship. 26 children (aged 3–13 yrs) participated in Filial Therapy with their parents. Analysis of the qualitative data in response to 2 interview questions reveals improved parent–child and partner communication and improved child behavior. Recurring themes from additional information volunteered by the couples were increased unity between married partners and enthusiasm by family members for the experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with incarcerated mothers: A five week model.

Filial therapy, a method of training parents to respond and interact therapeutically with their children, focuses on enhancing the parent–child relationship. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a 5-wk model of filial therapy with incarcerated mothers as a method of increasing empathic behaviors with their children, increasing attitudes of acceptance toward their children, and reducing stress related to parenting. The results support filial therapy as an effective intervention for enhancing the parent–child relationship with incarcerated mothers and their children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of interest inventories with Native Americans: A case for local norms.

Examined the appropriateness and usefulness of the Kuder General Interest Survey, Form E (Kuder-E), with a homogeneous Native American population by comparing the distribution of scores obtained on the Kuder-E by 66 male and 68 female 9th-grade NAs with the corresponding norms, by sex and grade in school, provided in the test manual. A comparatively large proportion of the NAs produced unacceptable scores on the verification scale. Comparisons on the 10 interest scales of the Kuder-E revealed statistically significant and substantial differences on 6 scales for males and 7 scales for females. In the NA sample, males and females differed on 6 of the interest scales. Results raise questions about the appropriateness of the items on the Kuder-E for the population investigated and suggest the advantage of using local norms for interpretation with homogeneous and divergent cultural groups. Conclusions are discussed in terms of the construction of the Kuder-E and within the context of nondiscrimination in interest measurement. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mental Health Services for Native Americans in the 21st Century United States.

As the population of American Indians and Alaska Natives continues to expand in the 21st century United States, an increasing number of professional psychologists will be called upon to provide culturally appropriate mental health services for Native American people and their communities. This article provides a general overview of contemporary tribal America before describing the legal, political, and institutional contexts for mental health service delivery administered through the federally sponsored Indian Health Service. Recommendations for mental health professionals who desire to avoid a subtle but profound Western cultural proselytization in their therapeutic service to Native clients and their communities are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with nonoffending parents of children who have been sexually abused.

Examined the effectiveness of a 10 wk filial therapy training model as a method of intervention for nonoffending parents (24–56 yrs old) and their children (4–10 yrs old) who have experienced sexual abuse. Ss were assigned to either an experimental or control group and were given pretraining sessions and assessments. The parents in the experimental group then conducted weekly 30 min special play sessions with their children, as recommended by Landreth (1991). One session was videotaped. The parents received constructive feedback and support from the facilitator and group members during meetings. A posttest battery of instruments was administered to parents and children following the training sessions. Analyses of covariance revealed that the nonoffending parents in the experimental group significantly increased their level of empathy in their interactions with their children, significantly increased their attitude of acceptance toward their children, and significantly reduced their level of stress. Measures of the children's behavior, anxiety, emotional adjustment, and self-concept indicated positive trends. The authors maintain that this study supports filial therapy as an effective intervention for nonoffending parents and their children who have experienced sexual abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy: An intervention for parents of children with chronic illness.

Describes the use of filial therapy as an intervention with families of chronically ill children. Filial therapy is an extension of play therapy which uses the behaviors of the client-centered play therapist in a family skills training program. Ss were 5 29–36 yr old mothers of 4.5–8.0 yr old children with chronic illnesses. Parents completed the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and Parental Acceptance Scale (B. R. Porter, 1952) before and after participating in filial therapy sessions. Children completed the Child Anxiety Scale. Results show that filial therapy can have a positive impact on parents of children with chronic illness. Parents were better able to accurately judge their child's level of anxiety and reported differentiation between themselves and their children. Qualitative reports of outcomes indicate that the parents believed that the course had a positive impact on their relationships with their children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with single parents: Effects on parental acceptance, empathy, and stress.

Determined the effectiveness of 10-wk filial therapy with parent–child play sessions as a method of prevention and intervention for single parents and their children. The experimental group was comprised of 20 mothers and 2 fathers. There were 19 mothers and 2 fathers in the control group. Parents ranged in age from 19 to 47 yrs. There were 10 girls and 12 boys in the experimental group and 9 girls and 12 boys in the control group. The children in both groups ranged in ages from 3 to 7 yrs. Results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that single parents in the experimental group significantly increased both their attitude of acceptance and their empathic behavior toward their children, significantly reduced their level of stress related to parenting, and reported significantly fewer problems with their children's behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Across civilizations: Psychoanalytic therapy with Asians and Asian Americans.

This article addresses issues of psychoanalytic therapy with Asian North Americans both from their standpoint and the Euro-North American therapist. The latter are often unaware of deeply embedded cultural assumptions of individualism in their psyches and in psychoanalytic and psychological theories and norms. This can result in psychopathologizing Asian North Americans or seeing them as inferior. The most difficult part of doing psychoanalytic therapy with them is first learning a different normality/psychopathology continuum from Euro-North Americans, and then ascertaining where a patient's psychopathology is on this different continuum. The nature of the therapy relationship is related to three psychosocial dimensions of Asian hierarchical relationships. Anger, communication, the bicultural self, the magic-cosmic and spiritual self, and trauma and immigration are then delved into. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial family play therapy with an adoptive family: A response to preadoptive child maltreatment.

This article describes an in-depth case study analysis of the process of working therapeutically with a family, who adopted a young male after several child maltreatment experiences, using filial family play therapy. Psychological and behavioral assessments conducted before and after the play therapy process illustrates a varying picture of results in the scores of both parent and child functioning. In-depth narratives collected from the adoptive parents a year later reflect the positive influence the play therapy process had on long-term family dynamics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with Chinese parents: Effects on parental empathic interactons, parental acceptance of child and parental stress.

Determined the effectiveness of a 10-wk filial therapy training model as an intervention method for Chinese parents living in the US. Results of the analyses of covariance reveal that the Chinese parents in the experimental group had a significant increase in their level of empathic interactions with their children; a significant increase in their attitude of acceptance toward their children; and a significant reduction in their level of stress related to parenting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial Therapy with Immigrant Korean Parents in the United States.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a 10-week filial therapy training model as a method of intervention for immigrant Korean parents in the United States. Results of the analyses of covariance revealed that the immigrant Korean parents in the experimental group significantly increased their level of empathic interactions with their children and their attitude of acceptance toward their children, and significantly reduced their level of stress related to parenting as compared to parents in the control groups. This study supports the use of filial therapy for promoting the parent-child relationship in immigrant Korean families in the United States. Filial therapy helps immigrant Korean parents to be therapeutic agents for their children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)