废气再循环对二甲醚/甲醇均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究

在单缸柴油机上进行了冷却废气再循环(EGR)对二甲醚(DME)/甲醇均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明,EGR对拓宽二甲醚/甲醇HCCI发动机的最大负荷作用不大;随着EGR率增大,主燃烧开始时刻和放热峰值明显后移,主燃烧持续期延长,放热峰值降低。EGR率为25%时的最大爆发压力比没有EGR时降低了近1.3 MPa,最大爆发压力出现的位置推迟了7°CA;EGR率增大,二甲醚/甲醇HCCI发动机的指示热效率升高。对应给定的EGR率,存在一个热效率较高的DME比例区间;HC和CO排放随EGR率的增大而增加,随DME比例的增加而降低,NOx排放接近于零。控制EGR率和DME比例是控制二甲醚/甲醇HCCI发动机燃烧过程、性能和排放的关键。     

压缩比、CO2对二甲醚均质压燃影响的数值模拟

利用化学反应动力学软件建立二甲醚均质压燃燃烧模型,研究了压缩比和进气掺入CO2对二甲醚均质燃烧的影响。结果表明：增大压缩比加快了二甲醚基元反应速率,使着火提前,燃烧压力、温度上升;进气中加入CO2可以延迟着火时刻,降低缸内压力和温度;CO2对二甲醚均质压燃高温燃烧阶段影响更大。     

二甲醚均质压缩燃烧的数值模拟研究

采用最新的二甲醚(DME)化学动力学反应机理(DME氧化机理包括399个基元反应,涉及79种组分),利用LawrenceLivermore国家实验室开发的HCT软件,进行DME均质充量压燃着火过程的变参数研究。从理论上分析讨论进气温度、进气压力、燃空当量比、发动机转速对燃烧的影响。研究结果表明:DME的均质充量压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程有明显的两阶段,进气温度、进气压力、燃空当量比和发动机转速等参数的改变都会导致DME均质压缩燃烧过程的变化。     

废气再循环改善均质压燃发动机高负荷爆燃的试验研究

针对均质压燃发动机高负荷易爆燃的问题,在1台均质压燃发动机上加装废气再循环装置,把燃烧废气冷却后引入到进气中,在台架上进行试验并验证其可行性.试验结果袁明,采用高浓度的EGR能够有效抑制HCCI发动机的爆燃并拓宽高负荷的工况范围,发动机峰值压力升高率降低,着火时刻推迟,有效放热时间增长,缸内最大压力峰值降低.     

DME／CNG双燃料均质压燃发动机性能试验研究

研究了二甲基醚和天然气双燃料均质压燃发动机性能和排放特性.结果表明,采用高十六烷值燃料二甲基醚和高辛烷值燃料天然气,可以拓宽均质压燃的运行工况范围.均质压燃发动机在中等负荷工况,热效率比传统压燃式发动机高.小负荷工况,采用二甲醚和大比例EGR方案可以提高热效率.和传统压燃式或点燃式发动机不同,均质压燃发动机的着火始点对经济性影响不大.均质压燃发动机的NOx排放极低,比原机降低95%以上.随着二甲基醚浓度增加,NOx排放增加,HC和CO排放降低;接近爆震燃烧区域,NOx排放急剧升高,而接近稀燃极限区域,HC和CO排放急剧升高,发动机热效率降低.     

热面点火辅助均质压燃

利用电热塞热面效应,在一台快速压缩膨胀机上实现了甲醇热面辅助均质压燃,研究了不同电热塞加热功率和压缩比对热面辅助均质压燃燃烧特性的影响.研究表明:甲醇燃料热面辅助均质压燃具有两阶段放热特性,放热缓慢的第1阶段和放热急速的第2阶段;与HCCI相比,热面辅助均质压燃放热速率低,可以使运行工况向大负荷拓展,指示平均有效压力可以达到0.74,MPa;和SI燃烧模式相比,热面辅助均质压燃可以实现稀薄高压缩比燃烧;当压缩比为14~16、电热塞加热功率为30~34,W时,热面辅助均质压燃燃烧运行于高效状态.     

柴油均质压燃发动机的循环模拟研究

建立了一个柴油均质压燃发动机的零维循环计算模型,用基元反应机理和感应时间（EMIT）模型预测着火正时,用拟合的对数正态分布函数计算不同工况的放热率。与试验的对比表明,模型能够比较准确地预测不同工况柴油均质压燃发动机的工作性能。用建立的模型分析了配气定时对柴油均质压燃燃烧过程的影响,计算表明配气定时可以控制均质压燃燃烧的运行工况范围。     

二甲醚在发动机气缸内喷雾燃烧过程的实验研究

在可视化光学发动机上进行了二甲醚(DME)喷雾燃烧过程的试验，应用高速数字摄像机拍摄了柴油和二甲醚缸内喷雾燃烧过程，并应用计算机高速采集系统同步测量了缸内压力．高速摄影照片表明，二甲醚一离开喷嘴就迅速蒸发，可以明显看到缸内气流运动对油速“核心”的吹散作用，并造成二甲醚的碰壁油量较柴油的少．和柴油相比，二甲醚着火滞燃期短，着火位置更靠近燃烧室壁面，着火面大，燃烧初期火焰发展迅速．二甲醚压升滞燃期比发火滞燃期明显减小，而柴油两者几乎相等．在相同热值燃料条件下，发动机燃用柴油和二甲醚时，缸内最大爆发压力、燃烧放热率和平均指示压力几乎一样．高速摄影很难拍摄到二甲醚燃烧初期和后期的火焰照片．研究结果还表明，较小的涡流比有利于提高二甲醚发动机的性能。     

废气再循环对二甲基醚均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究

在一台单缸发动机上进行了废气再循环(EGR)对二甲基醚(DME)均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明，EGR比例小于20％对运行最大负荷工况范围影响不大；采用高比例EGR可以拓宽DME均质压燃运行工况范围，随着EGR率增大，HCCI运行的最大负荷工况增大，着火燃烧时刻推迟，燃烧放热率降低，缸内最大爆发压力降低，发动机热效率增大；EGR率小于75％，HC排放略有降低或相当，EGR率为75％时，HC排放显著增加；EGR率大于25％，随着EGR率增加，CO排放增大，小负荷工况尤其明显，在中高负荷工况，EGR率对CO排放影响较小。     

二甲醚均质压燃燃烧过程的试验研究

在一台单缸直喷柴油机上进行了二甲醚(DME)均质压燃(HCCl)燃烧过程的试验．研究结果表明，进气中加入30％的惰性气体CO2,发动机实现HCCl运转的负荷范围从0．05MPa扩展到0．35MPa．二甲醚在HCCl模式下表现出明显的双阶段着火特性，增加惰性气体的浓度，第一阶段着火始点滞后，燃烧放热峰值降低，燃烧持续期延长．排放测试表明，HCCl模式下发动机的NOx排放接近于零，可实现无碳烟排放，但CO和HC排放较高．     

二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃的燃烧特性

应用零维热力学模型和化学反应动力学模型计算并分析了二甲基醚(DME)／天然气(CNG)双燃料均质压燃(HCCI)运行工况范围，计算与试验结果相吻合．采用DME／CNG双燃料方式可以有效地扩展HCCI的运行工况范围，发动机转速为1400r／min，最大平均有效压力可达O．52MPa．在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了DME／CNG双燃料HCCI燃烧过程的试验研究，结果表明，DME／CNG双燃料燃烧过程表现出明显的两阶段放热过程，随着CNG浓度增大，缸内最大爆发压力增大，燃烧始点略有推迟，燃烧第二放热峰值增大．而DME浓度对燃烧过程的影响主要通过影响第一阶段放热过程，进而影响第二阶段放热，随着DME浓度加大，第一放热峰值增大，燃烧始点提前，导致第二放热峰值增大，缸内最大爆发压力增大，主燃期缩短，当DME浓度太高时，发动机将出现爆震．     

An integrated model for negative valve overlap early injection HCCI combustion

Using exhaust top dead center injection (ETCI) mode to realize homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion would cause fuel wall wetting and combustion efficiency reduction, and there is no effective one-dimension simulation model to calculate and analyze the fuel wall wetting and evaporation process. In the research, a new type of integrated model is developed for the new application, HCCI combustion simulation based on ETCI mode. The model includes the following sub-models: fuel injection model, impingement model, film evaporation model, and combustion model. The improved Hiroyasu model and the Bai's model are coupled with homogenous combustion model and film evaporation model to calculate impingement fuel evaporation. The developed model is validated by experiment in a single cylinder diesel engine with ETCI combustion mode. The simulation and experimental results show that, film evaporation is mainly related to cylinder gas temperature and wall temperature, and there is an evident two stage heating process. The cumulate heat release rate is linear with exhaust valve closing (EVC) timing and wall temperature. The burned fuel fraction increases by 6 percent as the EVC timing advances by every 10 °CA, and increases by 4 percent as the wall temperature increases by every 50 K. The cumulate heat release rate decreases with the increase of boosting pressure, and the higher the boosting pressure, the smaller the decrease degree of cumulate heat release rate is.     

基于可变气门定时策略的HCCI汽油机试验研究

在电控气口喷射四冲程单缸试验机上,利用特殊设计的小包角配气凸轮,通过负气门重叠角实现了由内部残余废气控制的汽油HCCI燃烧,详细研究了气门定时参数对HCCI燃烧的影响.结果表明,就进排气门定时比较而言,排气门关闭时刻对内部EGR率和负荷的影响更大,而进气门开启时刻对HCCI燃烧的影响相对较小.在进排气门相位对称条件下,随着气门重叠负角的减小,最大压力升高率增加,着火时刻提前,负荷也增大.随着转速的增加,内部EGR率增加,排气温度升高,着火时刻也提前.通过调整气门定时,在不需要进气加热的条件下,可在转速880～4 000 r/min,负荷0.25～0.75 MPa（pIMEP）的范围实现HCCI燃烧.     

Inhibition effect of doping methyl tert-butyl ether compounds to n-heptane on homogenous charge compression ignition combustion

This article reports an experimental study on the combustion characteristics and emissions of homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion using n-heptane doped with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder HCCI engine using neat n-heptane and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (by volume) MTBE/n-heptane blends at constant engine speed. The experimental results reveal that the ignition timing of the low temperature reaction (LTR) gets retarded, the peak values of heat release during the LTR decrease and the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) duration gets prolonged with the increase of MTBE in the blends. Consequently, the ignition timing of the high temperature reaction (HTR) gets delayed and both the attainable maximum indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and the lowest stable IMEP increase. Parametric studies on CO and HC emissions reveal that the maximum combustion temperature, pressure rise rate, IMEP, ignition timing of the HTR, combustion duration and fuel components have important impacts on HC emission, while the main parameters that show an important influence on CO emissions are the maximum combustion temperature, pressure rise rate, IMEP and combustion duration. Moreover, in order to suppress the CO and HC emissions to a low level, the maximum combustion temperature should be higher than 1500 K, the maximum pressure rise rate larger than 0.5 MPa/°CA, the IMEP above 0.3 MPa and the combustion duration shorter than 9 °CA.     

Experimental study of combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol fuelled port injected homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion concept for in reciprocating engines. The HCCI combustion engine offers significant benefits in terms of its high efficiency and ultra low emissions. In this investigation, port injection technique is used for preparing homogeneous charge. The combustion and emission characteristics of a HCCI engine fuelled with ethanol were investigated on a modified two-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The experiment is conducted with varying intake air temperature (120–150 °C) and at different air–fuel ratios, for which stable HCCI combustion is achieved. In-cylinder pressure, heat release analysis and exhaust emission measurements were employed for combustion diagnostics. In this study, effect of intake air temperature on combustion parameters, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency and emissions in HCCI combustion engine is analyzed and discussed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the air–fuel ratio and intake air temperature have significant effect on the maximum in-cylinder pressure and its position, gas exchange efficiency, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency, maximum rate of pressure rise and the heat release rate. Results show that for all stable operation points, NO_x emissions are lower than 10 ppm however HC and CO emissions are higher.     

Parametric study on combustion characteristics of virtual HCCI engine fueled with methane–hydrogen blends under low load conditions

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion strategy employed for automotive systems. It has a higher thermal efficiency with lower nitric oxides and particulate matter emissions that are below current emission requirements. However, owing to difficulties associated with combustion control, HCCI engines have disadvantages in terms of combustion instability, such as low-speed-low-load or high-speed-high-load conditions.This study investigates the effects of different parameters on HCCI engine combustion using numerical methods. The parametric study is carried out at low loads (25% part load), and a reference intake temperature of 550 K is used to preheat the air–fuel mixture. The GRI-3.0 chemical reaction mechanism involving 53 species and 325 reactions is used for 1-D simulations describing the combustion process fueled with methane and hydrogen added methane. By changing the variables, including compression ratio, excess air ratio, and hydrogen content, the combustion behavior is investigated and discussed. The results show that an increase in compression ratio resulted in a faster start of combustion and caused higher in cylinder pressure and heat-release rate. When the excess air ratio was increased, the start of combustion was delayed and lower in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were observed. The results were similar for varying compression ratios.     

预混合比例实时优化控制正庚烷复合HCCI燃烧

在一台单缸柴油机上试验研究了预混合比例对正庚烷复合HCCI燃烧的影响,并在各个负荷下实现预混合比例的优化控制.结果表明:复合HCCI燃烧呈现三阶段放热模式,并且随着预混合比例的增大,复合HCCI燃烧第2阶段高温反应着火提前,燃烧持续期缩短,第3阶段扩散燃烧滞燃期缩短,同时缸内最高压力和最大压力升高率均升高.复合HCCI的NOx排放与直喷相比显著降低,且随预混合比例的增大先降低后升高.同时,复合HCCI的CO排放随预混合比例增大先增大后减小,而HC则随预混合比例增大而增大.通过预混合比例优化控制,复合HC-CI燃烧能够显著拓展负荷范围,并且保持较高的热效率.     

废气再循环和进气加热实现汽油机HCCI燃烧的性能对比

废气再循环和进气加热是实现汽油机HCCI燃烧的两种不同方式,其对HCCI燃烧性能的影响也不同,为此,在同一台汽油机上分别采用废气再循环和进气加热实现HCCI燃烧,并分析了其在HCCI燃烧性能上存在差异的机理.试验结果表明,相对于进气加热,废气再循环的工质比热容高,但由于稀释比较小,使得其工质总热容反而低,从而缸内燃烧温度高.废气再循环HCCI燃烧的未燃HC排放比进气加热的排放值低41%～59%;NOx排放是后者的2～20倍;而CO排放与负荷有关;其燃烧效率比进气加热HCCI的值高0.8%～14%.然而,由于进气加热的PMEP低,缸内工质比热比大,传热损失小,最终使得进气加热HCCI燃烧的ISFC比废气再循环HCCI燃烧的值低6.6%～16.4%.     

A computational study to analyze the effect of equivalence ratio and hydrogen volume fraction on the ultra-lean burning of the syngas-fueled HCCI engine

This computational study investigates the equivalence ratio and hydrogen volume fraction effect on the ultra-lean burning of the syngas-fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. In this research, low calorific syngas, composed of different compositions of H2, CO, and CO2, is used as a fuel in the HCCI engine that is operated under an overly lean air-fuel mixture. ANSYS Forte CFD package with Gri-Mech 3.0 chemical kinetics was used to analyze the in-cylinder combustion phenomena, and the simulation results were validated with experimental tests in the form of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate at different equivalence ratios.The results indicate that changing the equivalence ratio produces a negligible change in combustion phasing, while it positively impacts the combustion and thermal efficiency of this syngas-fueled HCCI engine under lean conditions due to the high burning rate in the squish region. Moreover, an increased equivalence ratio increases MPRR due to the rich mixture combustion. The results also represent that the high-volume fraction of H2 in syngas fuel causes an advanced burning phase, improves the combustion performance of the HCCI engine at all equivalence ratio conditions, and causes slightly high NOx emissions.     

火花点火对缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧的影响

实现汽油机均质混合气压燃(HCCI)的难点是着火控制。在缸内直喷汽油机上实现了HCCI燃烧,研究了火花点火对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,HCCI燃烧方式较火花点火(SI)火焰传播燃烧方式放热速率快,热效率高,NOx大幅度降低。在HCCI临界状态时,火花点火有助于提高燃烧稳定性,抑制失火和爆燃,降低循环波动;当火花点火时缸内温度远超过临界着火温度时,火花点火对HCCI燃烧影响不大。火花点火在SI／HCCI燃烧模式切换工况时,能提高瞬态过渡平顺性。