黄原胶对蔗糖酯乳浊液流变特性及稳定性的影响

本文研究了黄原胶浓度对蔗糖酯溶液水力学直径DH、ζ-电势及乳浊液粒径、ζ-电势、显微结构、粘度、模量和乳析分层等指标的影响,在此基础上探讨了黄原胶对蔗糖酯乳浊液流变特性及稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着黄原胶浓度升高,蔗糖酯-黄原胶复合溶液的DH值逐渐增大,ζ-电势逐渐降低。乳浊液的粒径先增大后减小,ζ-电势没有显著的变化(p0.05),乳浊液的粘度和模量逐渐增大。低黄原胶浓度(0~0.01 wt%)条件下,乳浊液仅出现油析分层现象;黄原胶浓度为0.05 wt%时,由于排斥絮凝作用增强,导致乳浊液的水析及油析分层最严重;随着黄原胶浓度进一步升高,由于弱凝胶网络结构的形成,一定程度提高了乳浊液的稳定性;且黄原胶浓度高于0.15 wt%时,乳浊液仅出现水析分层现象。     

黄原胶对罗非鱼蛋白-大豆蛋白混合体系乳浊液稳定性的影响

以罗非鱼和豆粕为原料,采用碱溶-等电点沉淀法制备鱼分离蛋白(fish protein isolates,FPI)和大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolats,SPI),固定蛋白浓度0.5%,在pH 4.0和7.0条件下,高压均质(一级压力30 MPa,二级压力4 MPa),实验黄原胶(xanthan gum,XG)的添加对FPI、FPI-SPI(质量比2∶1)、FPI-SPI(质量比1∶1)和SPI乳浊体系粒径分布、微观显微结构和乳析指数的影响。结果表明:随着黄原胶的添加(0~0.09%),乳浊体系平均粒径减小(P0.05);在pH 4.0条件下,乳浊液液滴聚集和絮凝现象明显减少,宏观乳析稳定性提高(P0.05),添加0.06%和0.09%黄原胶的FPI-SPI混合乳浊体系4℃放置10 d都没有明显的分层,而不同比例混合蛋白体系之间的差异不明显(P0.05);在pH 7.0条件下,添加0.06%的黄原胶时,FPI-SPI(质量比2∶1)和FPI-SPI(质量比1∶1)混合乳浊体系微观絮凝现象没有明显改善,宏观乳析稳定性明显提高(P0.05),4℃放置10 d没有明显的分层现象。总体分析,2种蛋白物理混合对乳浊液体系稳定性的改善程度有限,而适量的黄原胶能明显提高酸性条件下体系的乳浊液稳定性。     

黄原胶对O/W乳状液稳定性的影响

报道了含有黄原胶的２０Ｏ／Ｗ乳状液贮藏在２７～３０℃的分层动力学的研究。实验运用超声波技术考察了从０．０００５～０．５ｗｔ％的一系列浓度的黄原胶对体系分层特性的影响。在非常低（＜０．００１ｗｔ％）的黄原胶浓度下，实验体系的稳定性变化不大。０．０１～０．０２ｗｔ％的黄原胶可引起样品底部富水层出现，但体系无明显分层。当黄原胶浓度增加到０．０２ｗｔ％以上，乳状液很快分层，且分层的状态取决于黄原胶添加量。只有当添加量超过０．２５ｗｔ％，黄原胶才能起到提高体系稳定性的作用。对非吸附性的黄原胶的这种影响，可以用“排除絮凝”和弱凝胶结构形成的机理进行解释。     

冷冻面条品质改善的研究

研究了冷冻面条的最佳工艺条件以及瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶及其混合物对冷冻面条质构、热力学性质的影响。确定了冷冻面条的最佳工艺为:加水量35%,加盐量2.5%,醒发时间50 min,水煮时间2.5 min。研究发现:黄原胶和瓜儿豆胶都可以提高冷冻面条的最大拉断力,改善面条的面筋网络结构;冷冻面条的玻璃化转变温度为-32℃,不随两种胶体的添加而改变;黄原胶明显降低了冷冻面条的融化焓,添加黄原胶的样品其融化焓从169.05 J/g降低到151.32 J/g,添加黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶混合胶的样品,其融化焓从170.68 J/g降低到152.24 J/g;瓜尔胶、黄原胶、混合胶都降低了样品的冻结水质量分数,降低比例为11.9%、16.9%、15.9%。     

含酒精乳状液的稳定性

介绍了体系的 pH值 ,盐 ,小分子表面活性剂 ,黄原胶 ,蔗糖以及均质压力对含酒精的脂肪乳状液体系稳定性的影响 .通过对各种体系的粘度和分层状态的测定 ,比较了不同酒精浓度下乳浊液对各种因素的稳定性能的变化 .实验结果表明酒精的存在使 pH值、Ca2 、KCl等对酪蛋白稳定的乳状液的破坏作用更明显 ;小分子表面活性剂和较高的均质压力对提高体系的抗分层稳定性均有促进作用 ;在所添加的浓度范围内 ,黄原胶显示了与乳状液体系明显不相容性 ,体系的稳定性明显降低 ;蔗糖对体系的稳定性有一定程度的提高 .     

亲水胶体取代肉糜脂肪的研究

本实验按现在通行的肉糜加工方法加工样品,并在样品中添加不同水平的大豆分离蛋白、魔芋精粉、黄原胶、卡拉胶取代部分脂肪,研究了各水平含量对肉糜凝胶强度、持水性、加热稳定性、乳化稳定性的影响.通过正交试验筛选出最佳配方水平为大豆分离蛋白 2.0%,魔芋精粉2.0%,黄原胶0.4%和卡拉胶0.3%.对最佳配方亲水胶体作成的肉糜制品在不同温度、不同加热时间下进行感官评定,确定在含水量35%,100℃加热1.5h条件下肉糜品质最好.     

皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶的流变性研究

对皂荚胶与黄原胶的最佳配比及其复配胶流变性进行了研究。研究结果表明，皂荚胶与黄原胶在配比为4：6时复配胶的协效性最好，皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶为“非牛顿流体”，60～100℃下加热，复配胶的粘度有较大幅度的升高，60-90min是皂荚胶和黄原胶复配胶的最佳加热时间，复配胶溶液在碱性条件下稳定，但酸性条件对复配胶溶液的粘度有较大影响，冻融变化可使皂荚胶与黄原胶复配胶溶液的粘度有所增加。     

一种外源性增稠剂对酸乳流变学及其微观结构特性的影响

为研究增稠荆对酸乳体系的影响机理,在原料--鲜牛乳中分别加入0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的黄原胶,发酵制作酸乳样品,同时作对照.采用流变仪测定各种酸乳的流变学特性,并用扫描电镜现察其微观结构.结果表明,4种酸乳样品均是正触变性流体,其触变环面积之比为1:1.08:0.64:0.77.黄原胶添加量为0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的3个样品中,随着黄原胶加入量的增加,酸孔样品的表现黏度和剪切应力逐渐降低.电镜观察发现,未加入黄原胶时,酪蛋白相互凝聚成细密的立体网状结构;加入黄原胶后,酪蛋白凝聚物变成散乱的片状结构.因此,原料牛奶中加入0.1%～0.3%的黄原胶,既不能改变凝固型酸奶的正触变性流体特性,也不能增加其黏度.电镜显示.这是通过黄原胶大分子的空间位垒效应干扰酪蛋白间发生凝聚的方式,导致凝胶结构散乱,从而降低酸乳乳块的表观黏度和剪切应力.     

猪屎豆胶与黄原胶复配胶的流变性研究

本实验主要通过测定体系黏度研究了猪屎豆胶与黄原胶复配胶的流变学性质。实验结果表明,猪屎豆种子胶与黄原胶有较强烈的协效性,二者的最佳复配比为6：4;复配胶的黏度随浓度的升高而升高,浓度达到0．4％时开始形成凝胶,浓度达到0．8％时形成坚实的凝胶,浓度为0．7％时的溶液黏度为5367mPa·s;混合胶液为“非牛顿流体”,溶液具有“假塑性”;胶液的最佳加热温度为80℃,最佳加热时间为1h;pH5～9、冻融变化、苯甲酸钠、超声波和微波处理对对其黏度影响较小;复配胶具有良好的耐盐稳定性。     

瓜尔豆胶对大豆分离蛋白乳浊液稳定性的影响

研究了不同pH值条件下瓜尔豆胶对大豆分离蛋白乳浊液乳析稳定性和絮凝稳定性的影响。研究结果表明 ,在瓜尔豆胶浓度低于 0 0 4%时 ,随着瓜尔豆胶浓度的增加 ,乳浊液的稳定性逐渐增加。当多糖浓度高于 0 0 4%时 ,液滴发生排斥絮凝 ,体系的稳定性急剧下降 ,更高浓度的瓜尔豆胶因与乳浊液液滴间的热力学不相容性而导致体系发生各向同性和各向异性相分离。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the