葡萄新梢长度、叶面积系数与合理的负载量

本试验以红地球葡萄为试材,研究分析葡萄新梢长度与叶面积的关系,以探讨红地球葡萄留梢密度及合理的负载量。1 材料与方法1.1 试材试验于2001～2002年在新疆农业职业技术学院葡萄园和昌吉园艺场葡萄园进行。试材为4～7年生红地球葡萄。小棚架,1×4(m)、1.5×5(m)的株行距。葡     

红地球葡萄结果母枝结果习性的调查研究

我们通过对不同粗度的结果母枝进行长、中、短梢修剪,对各种修剪方式的结果习性、新梢生长、果实品质进行综合调查,从而确定红地球葡萄在博州生态条件下的最佳修剪方式,以指导葡萄生产.     

`赤霞珠‘葡萄各新梢生长特性与产量的关系

用 TDP 变量来判断三个‘赤霞珠’无性系生长特性与产量间的内在联系。无性系间的差异仅表现在新梢生长速度上,但生长期或总生长量则不表现差异。座果率与生长期之间的正相关引起新梢生长量与产量间弱的正相关。花序数目与叶片特性间的关系表明上一年的光照对翌年的营养生长及生殖生长造成影响。每芽的平均花序数与叶片的平均面积,干重和氮含量呈正相关。在葡萄生产中,植株营养生长与负载量间的平衡关系对优质高产稳产至关重要。要实现这一平衡关系,必须了解控制生长和结果的条件,以便能有效地通过栽培技术进行调节。在生长季节,葡萄植株的发育由两个主要因素控制:(1)前期生长条件,包括植株大小、芽眼特性及贮藏物质的多少。(2)影响和控制枝条和果实发育的环境条件。初期的生长主要由发育枝贮藏的营养提供来决定。随着时间的推移,各个枝条需要的贮存营养增加,贮存营养不断减少,而新梢的光合产物输出增加。决定光合作用速率的环境条件对每个枝条的影响也相应增加。影响光合和葡萄新梢发育的各种气候因素中的最主要因素,太阳光辐射,由于叶幕的形成而显著地减弱。这样,葡萄园中新梢发育的模式展示了与光照微气候的重大关系。与光照条件差的相比,光照条件好的枝条一般表现节间短、直径粗、总干重大。强光照条件下的叶片比阴部叶片厚、功能叶面积低、含氮量高,而且光合能力较强。因而,新梢生长性和果实产量间关系反映了光照条件和叶片给发育中花序提供同化产物能力的差异。从芽的发育开始,新梢的生长和产量组成因素同时发展,并依赖于共同的营养源。枝条生长速度和枝条产量之间的正相关反映了在所有营养源能力方面的差异。然而,在枝条和花序发育的某些特殊阶段,新梢茎尖与发育中的花序的消费程度导致生长与产量间的负相关。例如,在开花—座果期,花序的消费水平若低于新梢生长的消费,则会导致座果不良。在 Veraison〔注〕和成熟期,当果穗处于营养供应中心时,常使新梢生长量随负载量增加而呈线性下降。本论文研究三个‘赤霞珠’无性系的新梢生长模式、叶片特性和结果量之间的关系发育源。采用 TDP 统计程序分析它们之间相关性、决定有关发育阶段。     

巨峰冬芽一次副梢粗度与二次果重的相关性

为调节市场供应期,在长城以南暖温带及亚热带地区露地巨峰葡萄上已开始应用一年二次结果技术。该技术在山东鲁西南济宁、金乡、嘉祥、兖州、枣庄、曲阜,河北省秦皇岛、唐山、石家庄,北京、天津及上海、江苏、浙江、湖南等葡萄产地得到应用。在我国暖温带地区,巨峰葡萄采收期通常在8月中下～9月上旬。     

山东平度金手指葡萄日光温室栽培技术

金手指葡萄为欧美杂交种,本市于2001年引进试栽,2002年开始结果,经过几年的栽培观察,表现非常理想,深受消费者的喜爱,分别在第五届、第六届中国优质葡萄擂台赛上获得了"中国最甜葡萄状元奖"双连冠和"优质葡萄金奖"。2007年通过了     

酿酒葡萄品质与产量优化的新梢负荷确立

以优化赤霞珠葡萄果实含糖量、产量和葡萄酒色度为目标,以新梢密度为主要栽培指标,留果量和新梢节间长度为辅助调节指标,采用回归分析和多目标规划,确立了在特定的生卢条件控制新梢密度14梢/m可实现符合酿酒品质要求的经济产量.     

酿酒葡萄品质与产量优化的新梢负荷确立

以优化赤霞珠葡萄果实含糖量、产量和葡萄酒色度为目标,以新梢密度为主要栽培指标,留果量和新梢节间长度为辅助调节指标,采用回归分析和多目标规划,确立了在特定的生产条件控制新梢密度14梢／m可实现符合酿酒品质要求的经济产量。     

葡萄新梢内~14C—同化物的分配：新梢摘心、环剥和剪半叶对叶同化物向果穗分配的影响

玫瑰露葡萄（ＶｉｔｉＳｌａｂｒｕＳｃａ×Ｖ．ａｅｓｔｉｖａｌｉｓ×Ｖ．ｖｉｎｆｅｒａ）单叶饲喂１４ＣＯ２后，对其１４Ｃ—同化物向果穗的分配状况及摘心和剪半叶对分配的影响进行了研究。从盛花期到盛花后３周，每周标记一次１４ＣＯ２。在未处理新梢上，果穗所累积的１４Ｃ—同化物中８３％—８９％来源于果穗同侧叶。不论摘心、剪半叶和伺喂时期的差别，果穗同侧叶向果穗分配的１４Ｃ百分率都高于异侧叶。在盛花后７—１０周期间，考察了环剥对单叶１４Ｃ向果穗分配的影响，每周一次，在基部节环剥的新梢上，叶序对１４Ｃ的输出和分配百分率未见有何影响。这些结果表明：源叶和果穗的相对位置极大地影响着叶同化物向果穗的分配。叶序对同化物分配的影响很少因摘心和剪半叶处理而改变，但通过环剥可以消除。     

适于埋土防寒地区露地栽培葡萄的高光效省力化树形和叶幕形

国家葡萄产业技术体系调查结果显示,目前在埋土防寒地区,无论是鲜食葡萄还是酿酒葡萄大多采用多主蔓扇形、直立龙干形和独龙干形等传统树形,配合直立叶幕或水平叶幕。上述传统树形和叶幕形存在埋土防寒不便、通风透光差、副梢管理费     

高寒冷凉区不同保护措施对新栽红地球苗木成活和新梢生长的影响

本试验在2450m高海拔冷凉地区,对新定植的红地球葡萄苗采用套袋、土袋、埋土3种保护处理,都显著提高了成活率、新梢生长量和基部粗度。5月10日定植的苗木,生长80d和160d的调查结果都表现为土袋保护措施较好,而5月24日定植的苗木,套袋保护措施则表现较好。3种保护措施与对照间都表现出了显著性差异,但3种处理间的差异不显著。     

葡萄主栽品种结果枝不同时期摘心对坐果率和产量影响

本文以双红、双优和左优红为试材，进行结果枝不同时期摘心的试验。结果表明，开花前10d和7d摘心，表现为坐果率和产量高，生理落果低。而在开花后摘心，则表现为坐果率和产量低，生理落果率高。因此，山葡萄品种的摘心时间适宜在开花前7～10d。     

山葡萄主栽品种结果枝不同时期摘心对坐果率和产量影响

本文以双红、双优和左优红为试材,进行结果枝不同时期摘心的试验。结果表明,开花前10d和7d摘心,表现为坐果率和产量高,生理落果低。而在开花后摘心,则表现为坐果率和产量低,生理落果率高。因此,山葡萄品种的摘心时间适宜在开花前7～10d。     

Effects of genetic variability,parts and seasons on the sterol content and composition in bamboo shoots

Bamboo shoots are regarded as potential sources of sterols. The effects of genetic variability, parts and harvest seasons on the sterol content and composition in the bamboo shoots have been determined using a novel ultra-performance liquid chromatographic atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometer method. The results showed that the representative sterols in bamboo shoots were β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, cholesterol and stigmastanol; exception stigmastanol, the significant differences were observed in the sterol content of different species (112.4–279.6 mg/100 g dry wt), different harvest seasons (195.3–279.6 mg/100 g dry wt) and different parts (253.6–321.8 mg/100 g dry wt); the sterol composition was similar in different species and different harvest seasons, however, it was significantly different between shoot bodies and shoot shell. The genetic variability, parts and harvest seasons could significantly affect the sterol composition in the bamboo shoots. The spring shoot shell of Phyllostachys pubescens contained the highest sterol content (321.8 mg/100 g dry wt).     

Cation replacement of potassium in the total shoot of lettuce and its effect on growth during K deficiency

The growth and inorganic ion composition of K-sufficient lettuce shoots were measured after withholding K or K and Na from transplanting in sand culture experiments in the glasshouse. Initial reductions in shoot growth occurred shortly after transplanting in both K-deficient treatments when the K concentrations were still well above that known to limit enzymic activity. These early growth effects coincided with a rapid decline in total ionic strength within the plants caused by the fall in K concentration which could not be compensated for by increases in the uptake of Na, Mg or Ca, even when adequate concentrations of all of these ions were available. Further rapid reductions in growth rate occurred when the concentration of K declined below about 600 mmol kg^?1 in both K-deficient treatments. These results support the hypothesis of a dual mechanism for the effect of K concentration on growth during K deficiency. The primary effect was caused by a rapid decline in ionic concentration shortly after the K became unavailable which severely affected the mechanisms controlling turgor pressure within the plant. The secondary effect was caused by a reduction in enzymic activity and only became important when the K status of the plant was relatively low.     

干红酒用葡萄品种幼龄树的浆果产量、品质与新梢生长势、叶面积相关性的研究

干红酒用葡萄品种浆果产量和新梢生长势、叶面积呈极显著正相关,且梅鹿辄品种的相关性大于赤霞珠品种。浆果质量和新梢生长势、叶面积间相关分析不显著。本文对影响浆果产量和质量的相关因子及生产中有关问题进行了讨论。     

Influence of trellis system and shoot positioning on light interception and distribution in two grapevine cultivars with different architectures: an original approach based on 3D canopy modelling

Background and Aims: A 3D modelling approach simulating canopy structure was used in combination with a radiative transfer model to simulate light interception, distribution and microclimate in the fruiting zone. Methods and Results: This model was parameterised for four training systems (two vertical shoot‐positioned systems with one or two pairs of catch wires (VSP‐1W, VSP‐2W); two non‐shoot‐positioned systems, gobelet (GOB) and bilateral free cordon (BFC)) and two cultivars (Syrah and Grenache). Light interception and canopy microclimate depended on the interactions between the intrinsic architecture of the cultivars and canopy manipulations. Shoot vigour and leaf area were the main determinants of canopy radiative balance. However, differences in shoot architecture accounted for up to 25% of the difference in light interception between cultivar × trellis system pairs at a given leaf area index (LAI). Light interception efficiencies and the proportion of sunlit leaf area (SLA) were 25–30% lower for VSP‐2W than for BFC for intermediate LAI values. The genotypic differences in the ability to capture light were mostly induced by the ‘procumbent’ habit of the Syrah shoots. For this cultivar, shoot‐positioned systems resulted in lower levels of fruit illumination at midday than the BFC and GOB systems, whereas the use of a catch wire in VSP‐Grenache canopies made it possible to maintain light penetration in the fruit zone. Conclusions: These results highlight the problem of adapting the training system to both the architectural characteristics of the cultivar and climate. Free‐standing systems had greater light interception and SLA than shoot‐positioned systems. They may enhance fruit illumination for cultivars with ‘procumbent’ shoots. Significance of the Study: Non‐positioned shoot systems offer the possibility of combining a high level of light interception, favourable microclimate and reduced labour‐intensive practices for vineyards in conditions of moderate vigour.     

不同部位柚子果胶提取率与理化特性相关性研究

采用酸处理乙醇沉淀法从柚子黄皮、白皮、囊衣、果肉中提取果胶,计算提取率,对提取的柚子果胶进行pH、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、溶解度、黏度等理化特性的测定,并分析果胶液的热稳定性、提取率与理化特性的相关性。结果表明,柚子不同部位果胶的提取率表现为：果肉>白皮>囊衣>黄皮,pH为：黄皮>囊衣>白皮>果肉,半乳糖醛酸含量：白皮>黄皮>囊衣>果肉,酯化度：囊衣>白皮>果肉>黄皮,溶解度：果肉>白皮>囊衣>黄皮;各部位提取率、半乳糖醛酸、酯化度均存在极显著差异（p <0.01）,黄皮、囊衣、白皮果胶之间pH差异不显著（p> 0.05）;柚子果胶提取率与pH呈显著负相关（r=-0.973,p<0.05）;柚子各部位果胶的黏度均优于市售果胶,但高温降低了柚子果胶的热稳定性。     

Dependence of the effective diffusion coefficient of moisture with thickness and temperature in convective drying of sliced materials. A study on slices of banana, cassava and pumpkin

Several studies have indicated that effective diffusion coefficients of slices apparently vary with the thickness of the samples. Even though the effective diffusion coefficients have been observed to be dependent on the square of the slice thickness, a theoretical explanation to this behavior is not available to date. A theoretical model is formulated herein, in order to correlate effective diffusion coefficient of moisture in the slices with the slice thickness. Experiments are carried out for drying of slices of different thicknesses of banana, cassava and pumpkin in order to evaluate the effective diffusion coefficients. The model is found to describe the variation of the effective diffusion coefficient with slice thickness very satisfactorily. A possibility of the estimation of the axial and radial diffusion coefficients of moisture in the slices is also outlined.     

不同提取方法对槐米多糖抗氧化活性的影响

利用超声辅助提取法和热水浸提法分别提取槐米多糖,苯酚硫酸法测定多糖含量,采用还原能力、超氧阴离子自由基（O-2·）的清除能力、DPPH有机自由基的清除能力、羟自由基（·OH）的清除能力作为体外抗氧化作用评价的四个指标,并与VC、BHT进行比较。结果表明:超声波提取多糖得率比热水浸提法提高了21.6%;在0.125².0mg/m L浓度范围内,对自由基清除作用:VC>超声提取多糖>水提多糖>BHT。其中,超声提取多糖对O-2·（清除率,70.78%）和·OH（清除率,75.34%）的清除力略高于水提多糖（清除率分别为62.28%和70.45%）,低于VC的清除力（清除率分别为98.21%和94.53%）。由此可见,槐米粗多糖有一定的抗氧化活性,而且不同提取方法得到的槐米多糖的抗氧化活性不同。