低信噪比下非数据辅助的OFDM系统信道阶数和噪声方差的估计

在低信噪比情况下,该文提出一种新的针对正交频分复用(OFDM)系统信道阶数和噪声方差的非数据辅助(NDA)估计算法。算法中应用了一种新的基于联合极大几何均值(MGM)的代价函数。新的代价函数不仅利用了循环前缀(CP)冗余性,同时也利用了信道记忆性。对比只利用了CP的方法,该算法可以在低信噪比情况下更准确地估计信道阶数和噪声方差。仿真结果表明,在低信噪比情况下,该算法针对信道阶数的估计得到约10 dB的信噪比增益;同时,对噪声方差的估计,该算法显著提高了估计精度,抑制了信噪比20 dB以下估计性能恶化的现象。     

Non Data Aided SNR Estimation for OFDM Signals in Frequency Selective Fading Channels

This paper deals with the problem of non data aided (NDA) signal to noise ratio (SNR) estimation of OFDM signals transmitted through unknown multipath fading channel. Most of present day’s SNR estimators are based on the knowledge of pilot sequences which is not applicable in some contexts such as cognitive radio for example. Moreover in Multipath fading channels SNR also depends on frequency offset which is caused by mismatch between the oscillator in the transmitter and that in the receiver. Previous NDA SNR estimation schemes assumed a perfect synchronization at reception (i.e. τ = 0 and ${\varepsilon = 0}$ ) which results estimation of SNR with less accuracy. The frequency offset attenuates the desired signal and causes intercarrier interference, thus reducing the SNR. In this paper we propose a new NDA SNR estimator which uses periodic redundancy induced by the cyclic prefix, considering SNR degradation due to frequency offset ( ${\varepsilon}$ ).     

非数据辅助的OFDM系统符号同步算法

该文中研究了OFDM系统中的非数据辅助符号同步问题。首先,假设OFDM相邻子载波信道的频域响应相同,建立了一种基于OFDM系统相邻子载波间功率差值平方的代价函数,通过对代价函数最小化得到了一种适用于基带调制为恒幅调制的OFDM系统的非数据辅助符号同步算法。然后,通过对信道进一步假设,得到了其它两种类似的代价函数,并对载波频偏及信道噪声对算法的影响和算法的运算量进行了分析和讨论。最后,通过计算机仿真对所得同步算法在不同代价函数及不同载波频偏时的性能进行了分析,并同其它两种已有同类算法进行了比较。仿真结果表明,所得算法的性能总体上优于其它两种已有同类算法。     

Analytical Analysis of Bayesian CramÉr–Rao Bound for Dynamical Rayleigh Channel Complex Gains Estimation in OFDM System

In this paper, we consider the Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound (BCRB) for the dynamical estimation of multipath Rayleigh channel complex gains in data-aided (DA) and non-data-aided (NDA) OFDM systems. This bound is derived in an online and offline scenarios for time-invariant and time-varying complex gains within one OFDM symbol, assuming the availability of prior information. In NDA context, whereas this true BCRB is hard to evaluate, we present a closed-form expression of a BCRB, i.e., the asymptotic BCRB (ABCRB) or the modified BCRB (MBCRB). We discuss, based on the theoretical and simulation results, the interest of using some past and future observations in terms of Doppler spread for the complex gains estimation.     

SNR estimation in time-varying fading channels

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation is considered for phase-shift keying communication systems in time-varying fading channels. Both data-aided (DA) estimation and nondata-aided (NDA) estimation are addressed. The time-varying fading channel is modeled as a polynomial-in-time. Inherent estimation accuracy limitations are examined via the Cramer-Rao lower bound, where it is shown that the effect of the channel's time variation on SNR estimation is negligible. A novel maximum-likelihood (ML) SNR estimator is derived for the time-varying channel model. In DA scenarios, where the estimator has a simple closed-form solution, the exact performance is evaluated both with correct and incorrect (i.e., mismatched) polynomial order. In NDA estimation, the unknown data symbols are modeled as random, and the marginal likelihood is used. The expectation-maximization algorithm is proposed to iteratively maximize this likelihood function. Simulation results show that the resulting estimator offers statistical efficiency over a wider range of scenarios than previously published methods.     

基于累计量和SPWVD谱对消的物联网OFDM和FH信号识别

Considering the Gaussian asymptotic features of OFDM signals, the identification method of it is proposed in this paper by using the cumulants of the wavelet transform coefficients in different layer in a low SNR circumstance. Furthermore, taking the coexistence of the OFDM and Frequency Hopping (FH) signals into account, a new way to separate FH and OFDM signals is proposed based on SPWVD spectrum cancellation, and it can be used to estimate the FH parameters. The simulation results show that the OFDM and single-carrier signals can be identified with a high correct rate of 95% even at -6 dB SNR; meanwhile, the separation of mixed OFDM and FH signals can be achieved with a low SNR of-6 dB, and FH parameters can be estimated accurately. It shows that the recognition performance is improved by about 5 dB compared with the traditional method.     

OFDM吞吐量最大化自适应分配算法

基于信噪比(SNR)门限的OFDM自适应分配算法在达到系统传输质量要求时,各子载波的信噪比都具有一定的裕量,在发送端该裕量可等效为功率裕量。研究了该功率裕量在各子载波上的分配,并在基于SNR门限的OFDM自适应分配算法的基础上提出了一种改进算法。仿真结果表明,改进算法与原算法的BER性能相当,且可明显提高系统的吞吐量。在遵循IEEE802.11a标准的OFDM系统中,改进算法的吞吐量平均比原算法提高了0.5bit/子载波。     

A performance lower bound for quadratic timing recovery accounting for the symbol transition density

The symbol transition density in a digitally modulated signal affects the performance of practical synchronization schemes designed for timing recovery. This paper focuses on the derivation of simple performance limits for the estimation of the time delay of a noisy linearly modulated signal in the presence of various degrees of symbol correlation produced by the various transition densities in the symbol streams. The paper develops high- and low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximations of the so-called (Gaussian) unconditional Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound (UCRB), as well as general expressions that are applicable in all ranges of SNR. The derived bounds are valid only for the class of quadratic, non-data-aided (NDA) timing recovery schemes. To illustrate the validity of the derived bounds, they are compared with the actual performance achieved by some well-known quadratic NDA timing recovery schemes. The impact of the symbol transition density on the classical threshold effect present in NDA timing recovery schemes is also analyzed. Previous work on performance bounds for timing recovery from various authors is generalized and unified in this contribution.     

Performance analysis and optimization of OFDM receiver with blanking nonlinearity in impulsive noise environment

A simple method of improving orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver performance in an impulsive noise environment is to precede a conventional OFDM demodulator with blanking nonlinearity. This method is widely used in practice since it is efficient and very simple to implement. However, performance analysis of this scheme has not yet appeared. In this paper, we study performance of the OFDM receiver with blanking nonlinearity in the presence of impulsive noise. Closed form analytical expressions for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of blanking nonlinearity and the optimal blanking threshold that maximizes SNR are derived. Simulation results are provided that show good agreement with theory if the number of OFDM subcarriers is sufficiently large.     

中压配电线通信系统脉冲噪声处理的阈值优化算法

OFDM用于实现高速电力线通信越来越受关注。脉冲噪声是电力线信道的主要干扰之一。该文在消隐非线性输出SNR分析的基础上,提出了OFDM系统脉冲噪声处理的阈值优化算法。仿真结果显示,如果OFDM系统的子载波数足够大,则实际系统输出SNR与理论表达式可以很好吻合。对于给定的脉冲指数,存在一个最低最优阈值;不同的脉冲指数A,其最低最优阈值不同,A越小,最低最优阈值反而越大;消隐器输出SNR及其性能增益是信号脉冲噪声比(SINR)的函数:在低SINR和高SINR下,输出SNR呈线性变化,性能增益分别趋近于定值;在中间SINR下,消隐器输出SNR及其性能增益是SINR的非线性函数。本消隐非线性阈值的优化算法可以改进脉冲噪声检测算法的性能,进而大大改善OFDM系统在中压配电线脉冲噪声环境中的总体性能。     

基于信噪比软信息的协同频谱感知算法

针对协同频谱感知方法中假定各基站信噪比近似相同,使信噪比差异较大时检测概率性能无法得以明显提升的问题,本文提出一种在OFDM系统下,结合信噪比信息进行融合判决的协同频谱感知算法。该方法首先利用OFDM系统的循环前缀提出一种适合认知无线电系统的盲信噪比估计方法;然后,利用检测概率在信噪比-5dB~-13dB的区间内近似线性变化的特性,依据估计所得信噪比值对检测概率曲线进行软信息量化,作为各基站判决信息的置信度,从而使权重分配更加合理化,同时,相比于判决融合方法,并不明显提高传输带宽。仿真结果表明,相比与传统方法,此方法能有效利用信噪比信息,在不同信噪比环境下均有较优性能,尤其在各基站信噪比差异较大时,其性能已接近数据判决精度。      

OFDM系统中一种改进的信噪比估计算法

在OFDM系统,SNR承担着监控信号质量的责任.主要研究了基于LMMSE信道估计的信噪比估计.针对现有算法的复杂度高,信噪比估计有偏的问题,提出了一种改进的修正算法.该方法通过无偏的噪声估计以及前后OFDM符号之间的迭代来实现快速收敛,并且直接利用LMMSE信道估计过程的系数来计算修正因子,计算复杂度低.经仿真表明,所提方法在高SNR时估计精度可提高2dB,误码率也有0.3dB的提升.     

认知无线电中OFDM信号信噪比盲估计

针对认知正交频分复用(OFDM,orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)系统中低信噪比多径信道下传统的OFDM信号信噪比盲估计算法的估计性能差,计算复杂度高的问题,提出一种新的OFDM信号信噪比盲估计方法,该方法首先利用自相关函数的特性粗略估计出信道阶数,确定循环前缀部分中不受符号间干扰的数据区间,然后根据选定区间的数据的自相关函数值估计接收信号的信号功率,最后利用循环前缀数据为部分有用数据的复制这一特性估计出噪声功率,从而估计出接收信号的信噪比。仿真实验结果表明,提出的方法无需任何先验信息,在低信噪比多径信道下具有良好的估计性能,且计算复杂度低,更适合于认知OFDM系统。     

单载波频域均衡与多载波OFDM误码性能的理论比较

单载波频域均衡(SC-FDE)和多载波正交频分复用(OFDM)是数字通信中用于克服多径衰落的两种技术。本文通过理论推导对这两种技术在高斯白噪声通信信道巾的误码性能进行了比较。利用高斯分布尾部概率的数值变化特性,本文推导出如下结论:在低信噪比条件下,OFDM的误码性能略优于SC-FDE,而在高信噪比条件下,SC-FDE则能取得显著优于OFDM的误码性能。这一结论对于通信系统的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

SINR analysis of FFH/OFDM over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel

Fast frequency hopping/orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FFH/OFDM) has been previously proposed to achieve frequency diversity over frequency selective channels. However, the performances of the FFH/OFDM scheme have been usually calculated using simulations over empirical channel models in earlier works. The main aim of this paper is to theoretically expose the diversity of the FFH/OFDM signal over statistical models, specifically Rayleigh distributed, for frequency selective fading channels. In order to achieve this aim, we first derive the decision variables and the signal‐to‐interference noise ratios of the FFH/OFDM signal at the output of minimum mean square error and zero forcing receivers. For various levels of quadrature amplitude modulation used in FFH/OFDM, the performances are calculated and validated via simulations. The results show that FFH/OFDM in case of zero forcing equalization does not provide any diversity gain even over a frequency selective channel. However, in case of minimum mean square error equalization, it brings significant diversity gain at high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) values with the rise of number of sub‐carriers. Moreover, the FFH/OFDM with four quadrature amplitude modulation scheme provides better performance than that of the conventional OFDM even at low SNR values, as well as a significant diversity gain at high SNR values. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experiments on MIMO-OFDM system combined with adaptive beamforming based on IEEE 802.16e WMAN standard

This paper presents field experiments on a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) system that combines Adaptive Beamforming (ABF) and Spatial Multiplexing (SM) procedures. The combination of SM signal processing with ABF is applied to WiBro, the South Korean Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system that follows the IEEE 802.16e standard. The field experimental results show that ABF-MIMO OFDM system outperforms a simple MIMO OFDM system by 2 dB (1.5 dB) in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for 16-QAM (64-QAM) under low correlated fading channel and 4 dB (2.5 dB) in the SNR for 16-QAM (64-QAM) under highly correlated fading channel, respectively, at the frame error rate (FER) of 1%. Details on the implementation of ABF-MIMO OFDM system is also presented in this paper. Through the system implementation and its field experimental results, we verify that the combination of MIMO OFDM system with ABF provides improved performance over a simple MIMO OFDM system in real propagation channel environment and, in particular, it is more effective in highly correlated fading channel.     

Maximum likelihood carrier phase recovery for coherently orthogonalCPFSK signals

ML estimation of carrier phase for coherently orthogonal continuous-phase frequency-shift-keying (COCPFSK) signals is considered. Although the estimator, in general is nonimplementable, its high and low signal-to-noise-ratio approximations both lead to linear readily implementable receiver structures. The high SNR approximation yields a DA receiver, whereas the low SNR approximation yields an NDA receiver. The performance of both receivers in term of bit error probability is analyzed. The existence of an unmodulated component in the sufficient statistical representation of a COCPFSK signal is pointed out, and it is shown how this component enters directly into maximum-like carrier recovery. This leads to interpretation of the NDA receiver as a generalization of the conventional matched-filter envelope-detector receiver. The insights gained here are useful to the problem of ML carrier recovery for Viterbi decoding of continuous phase modulation signals     

MPSK信号载波频率盲估计

该文针对调制自动识别中,MPSK信号调制相制和训练序列未知的情况,提出了一种利用定时同步信号的差分相位有效识别MPSK信号相制M,并精确估计其载波频偏的方法。该算法不仅克服了调制制式不明对频偏估计的不利影响,还通过引入线性相位展开和高阶时延相关,大大提高了大频偏、低信噪比下估计的性能,对调制自动识别中MPSK信号的澄清和参数估计起到关键作用。     

采样时钟偏差对OFDM系统性能的影响

针对采样时钟同步偏差对正交频分复用（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing，OFDM）系统的影响，建立了数学模型，分别就采样定时偏差和采样频率偏差的影响进行详细分析；经过仿真，从星座图、误码率（Bit—Error—Rate，BER）及信噪比（Signal—to—Noise Ratio，SNR）损失等角度对采样频率偏差的影响做了揭示和验证。结果表明，采样频率偏差会引起信号幅度衰减和子载波间干扰（Inter—Carrier Interference，ICI），导致系统信噪比性能下降；这种影响与子载波位置有关，还会随着OFDM符号数的增多而加剧。     

BER minimized OFDM systems with channel independent precoders

We consider the minimization of uncoded bit error rate (BER) for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system with an orthogonal precoder. We analyze the BER performance of precoded OFDM systems with zero forcing and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receivers. In the case of MMSE receivers, we show that for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), there exists a class of optimal precoders that are channel independent. Examples of this class include the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix and the Hadamard matrix. When the precoder is the DFT matrix, the resulting optimal transceiver becomes the single carrier system with cyclic prefix (SC-CP) system. We also show that the worst solution corresponds to the conventional OFDM system; the conventional OFDM system has the largest BER. In the case of zero forcing receivers, the design of optimal transceiver depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For higher SNR, solutions of optimal precoders are the same as those of MMSE receivers.