Challenge testing: principles and practice

It is difficult to predict accurately the ultimate effectiveness of a preservative in any but the simplest cosmetic or pharmaceutical formulation. It is thus necessary to obtain some assurance of its likely in-use performance in a formulated product. A challenge test is a procedure in which a product is challenged by exposure to specified types of bacteria and fungi to determine whether it is adequately preserved. Assessment of preservative efficacy is needed over the intended shelf-life of that product. Test organisms should be representative of those likely to occur as contaminants during use and should consist of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and yeast. In-house factory isolates obtained as a result of contamination of earlier batches of a product may also be included. The organisms, as single or mixed inocula, are inoculated (usually as a single challenge, although some advocate multiple challenges) into samples of the product and aliquots removed at appropriate intervals for the determination of survivors. Interpretation of data is normally based on pharmacopoeial or other official protocols. Challenge testing should be undertaken at the beginning, during and at the end of the shelf-life of the product. An alternative, the D-value, approach is open to criticism and further studies are required that utilize rapid methods, e.g. impedance, for the detection of survivors before these can be considered to be a suitable replacement for the more traditional but very time-consuming, viable counting procedures.     

价值工程在绿色覆膜中的应用

为了解决传统印后覆膜工序绿色程度较低的问题,提出了绿色价值工程公式,应用价值工程的理论和方法,对某印刷企业覆膜工序中的覆膜设备、工艺、耗材进行价值分析,研究其功能和成本,根据价值系数确定优化对象,并提出绿色改进方案。结果表明:该方案不仅具有较好的经济效益,在绿色环保方面也有显著改善。     

Banana nutrition: a review of principles and practice

Results of gross analyses of single banana plants, fields of plants and bunches of bananas are described, and problems of the determination of fertiliser requirements in the field are discussed. Time and frequency of NPK fertiliser application and the placement of such fertilisers are discussed, together with results of soil and leaf analysis, and deficiency symptoms. Fertiliser practices in banana-producing countries are reviewed.     

酿酒工程专业开设顶石课程的探索与实践

顶石课程将课程训练、知识、技能和体验式学习融为一体,通过知识体系自主建构及延伸获得跨学科跨专业的综合能力及初步的就业能力,是支撑工程教育专业认证的重要课程。我国目前对该课程的研究和实践还处于初步阶段。该文以新建本科院校贵州理工学院酿酒工程专业的顶石课程——综合实践为例,结合连续2届的实施经验,系统介绍顶石课程的内涵、教学内容规划、过程管理与考核评价、实施效果,同时对顶石课程在当前教学管理体系中需要解决的问题进行了展望,以期为我国高校工程专业顶石课程的建设提供参考。     

绿色再制造--资源环境与经济效益巨大的工程

为实现21世纪可持续发展战略,提出了通过绿色再制造工程,尽可能减少失效和报废产品对环境的危害,论述了再制造工程在充分利用废旧产品的可利用价值、节约资源能源、减少环境污染和实现机电产品可持续发展等方面的作用和影响。     

苛化工段绿液真空冷却系统及其运行实践

介绍了冷却绿液的一种新型技术——绿液真空冷却系统,该系统以绿液真空冷却器为核心,利用真空闪蒸原理将绿液温度降至80~90℃,以满足后续消化反应的要求。本文阐述了该系统的工作原理、技术参数、设备组成、工艺流程等,并结合生产实例及运行情况分析了该系统在不同工艺条件下相关参数的计算。该系统具有系统集成化、占地面积小、能量消耗低等特点,是苛化工段热能合理循环利用和节能降耗的重要环节。     

食品机械并行式绿色设计

食品机械的设计方法将直接影响其制造加工方式、制造加工周期、使用过程和废弃后处置等环节.通过分析传统的串行式的设计模式所存在的问题,从食品机械的全生命周期中对环境的影响角度,提出了应用并行式绿色设计方法,以提高食品机械的质量和绿色度、缩短开发周期,降低食品机械生命周期内成本.指出并行式绿色设计是食品机械制造业实施可持续发展战略、解决环境污染问题、实现新的经济增长的必由之路.     

基于并行工程绿色设计的分析与研究

针对传统串行式机电产品设计模式所存在的问题，提出产品开发中应用并行式绿色设计方法，以缩短产品开发周期、降低成本、提高质量和保护环境，开发绿色机电产品。     

Rethinking the measurement of food security: from first principles to best practice

While food security measurement has been substantially expanded in recent decades, there persists significant dissatisfaction with existing measurement systems, especially in the wake of the ongoing food and financial crises. In this paper we first set out a list of criteria that an ideal food security measurement system should satisfy. In addition to standard issues of cross-sectional validity, our criteria include inter-temporal validity (the ability to gauge trends and shocks), and nutritional relevance. Using a mixture of literature review and fresh empirical analysis, we then benchmark four types of indicators (calories, poverty, dietary diversity and subjective indicators) against these criteria as a means of systematically identifying their relative strengths and weaknesses, and comparing overall performance. We conclude that, overall, dietary diversity indicators are the best performing class of indicators: they are powerful predictors of economic status and malnutrition (both stunting and wasting), sensitive to shocks, and relatively cheap to measure. Our concluding section therefore also outlines possible steps for scaling up the measurement of dietary diversity (and other indicators) through a mixture of increased funding, greater inter-agency coordination and technological (ICT) innovations that will reduce the cost of high frequency food security measurement.     

国际绿趋势 绿家居 绿家具—自然 健康 环保 单纯 可续 经济

“绿生活”就是健康可持续的友好生活态度及方式。在人类文明高度发展的今天,绿色的生活方式正在变得越来越随处可见,环保生活的标地也不仅仅是糙米和草鞋,而是在每一处生活必需品都不断发展环保的创意,通过可以循环再造的尖端物科和天然材料共同营造回归自然的健康、简约之美。     

开展绿色储粮工程,确保国家储备粮安全

分析了粮食储藏过程中存在的影响食品安全的因素，阐述了开展绿色储粮工程的重要性。为确保中国粮食储备安全，应该重点研究开发和推广绿色储粮技术。     

绿色装点时尚家居

时尚家居离不开生命之绿的点缀。绿色植物,无论是赏花还是观叶品种,都具有相应的审美价值;绿色象征着生命,从这一意向出发,对于家居或人居环境而言,还有什么能比生命力更为出色,更具表现力呢？还有什么美的元素;能比生命更具勃勃生机,更具艺术张力的吗？回答是否定的。     

草木蔓发,春山可望

又是一岁新年到,今年花胜去年红.2022年,生活用纸专业委员会迎来了第29个年华.在过去的一年里,尽管世界格局、行业形势跌宕起伏,但中国新冠肺炎疫情的有效控制,也为行业生产运行提供了相对有利的国内环境. 29载岁月,生活用纸委员会肩负着引领行业发展的重任,见证着行业的变迁与成长,以"咬定青山不放松"的精神,实现行业服务...     

绿色!绿色!

2008年的美国,已有超过32%的商标申请包含"绿色"一词,超过98%的包含"生态"一词……这场绿色狂潮现在已席卷全球,几乎所有行业都已被卷入其中。印刷行业自然也不例外,在这一片绿色中,印刷企业该如何变革以求自保呢?     

发展绿色农业保障健康安全

《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》即将施行，发展绿色农业、保障健康安全任重而道远，存在的问题亟待解决。本文对主要存在问题及解决途径进行了探讨。     

食品科学与工程一流专业建设的模式创新与实践研究

在一流本科专业建设的大背景下,闽南师范大学食品科学与工程通过找准自身专业的发展定位,实施"一基·二核·三型·四结合"的专业建设创新模式,即:狠抓"一个基础(思政教育)",共振"两个核心(师资队伍与人才培养)",构建"三种型式(教研型、服务型、创新型)",注重"四项结合(教师特长、专业特色、学科特征、双创融合)".在这种...