Green engineering education through a U.S. EPA/academia collaboration

The need to use resources efficiently and reduce environmental impacts of industrial products and processes is becoming increasingly important in engineering design; therefore, green engineering principles are gaining prominence within engineering education. This paper describes a general framework for incorporating green engineering design principles into engineering curricula, with specific examples for chemical engineering. The framework for teaching green engineering discussed in this paper mirrors the 12 Principles of Green Engineering proposed by Anastas and Zimmerman (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 94A-101A), especially in methods for estimating the hazardous nature of chemicals, strategies for pollution prevention, and approaches leading to efficient energy and material utilization. The key elements in green engineering education, which enlarge the "box" for engineering design, are environmental literacy, environmentally conscious design, and beyond-the-plant boundary considerations.     

宽幅丙纶针刺圈绒地毯的研制和开发

着重阐述了宽幅丙纶针刺圈绒地毯的研制过程，包括在开发过程中对原料的选择，产品规格和结构的设计，生产工艺及其参数的确定以及针对开发对原设备进行了有关改造等。     

Incorporating economies of scale into facility location problems in carpet recycling

The Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE) set a goal to divert 40% of used carpet from landfills in the United States by 2012, but only achieved a 10% diversion rate. To achieve the 40% diversion rate, approximately 1.4 billion lbs would need to have been diverted. Diverting this significant quantity may require the design of a larger, more effective reverse logistics network to process the used materials. A new facility location heuristic originally developed for the forward distribution of products is applied to the reverse logistics system for carpet recycling. The objective is to locate an unknown number of carpet recycling facilities to minimize the total cost. The model includes transportation costs, as well as fixed facility and processing costs at the recycling plant, the latter exhibiting economies of scale (EOS) as the facility size increases. We evaluate the model using data from the CARE collection network in the continental United States and compare these findings to models that assume a significant increase in collection locations and rates to meet specific carpet diversion targets. We show the impact of EOS of the recycling facilities on the solution structure, as well as the impact that collection volumes have on the solution.     

茶香风味鸡肉火腿肠的研制

介绍一种新香型鸡肉火腿肠的研发思路和相关技术;通过对市场现有鸡肉类产品的分析,搭配绿茶的特征香气及茶多酚的养生概念,研制成功茶香风味鸡肉火腿肠;并介绍其生产需要的配方、工艺和过程参数,以及相关的市场分析;该产品旨在丰富国内鸡肉类产品系列,提供新的香气享受给消费者,同时也可扩大清真类产品。     

Logistics of carpet recycling in the U.S.: designing the collection network

Efficient collection of post-consumer carpet is an important part of the carpet recycling process that helps to reduce the cost of recycled materials as well as provide sufficient volumes of carpet for recycling facilities. This paper focuses on the design of a collection network for carpet in the U.S. The location set covering optimization model formulated in the paper allows locating the minimum number of collection centers throughout the U.S. to reach a specific level of population coverage and as a result, a target collection rate. To solve real-scale instances of the problem, a novel randomized greedy heuristic is developed. The heuristic is shown to perform better than existing greedy heuristics in the literature. In addition, the paper presents the resulting nationwide carpet collection networks for different levels of population coverage. The results of the study can be used for U.S. carpet recycling policy-making decisions.     

绿色低碳理念引领色织布的产品创新

绿色环保&低碳纺织"是色织布行业为实现"十二五"纺织行业发展可持续发展的努力目标之一。本文通过对近年来色织布骨干企业开发及获奖的色织布新产品理念及观点的概括分析,提出了棉纺织行业可持续稳定发展的思路,与大家共同探讨。     

“十二五”中国地毯进出口市场分析

长期以来,中国地毯产业以出口为主。本文主要分析了"十二五"期间中国地毯产业的进出口情况。分析了中国地毯产业的进出口规模和价格,主要的进出口产品品种及国家,并对我国地毯产业的未来发展进行了展望。预计未来3年,中国地毯出口将进一步增加,进口维持目前水平,甚至减少,而平均出口价格将会进一步被拉低。     

Creative design—an efficient tool for product development

This paper discusses a new way of utilising experimental design methodology in product development. The technique is based on first generating a design in the attributes given by the original product concept. The product developer then uses these “recipes” to develop concrete prototype products to be tested by the consumers. In this way systematic aspects are taken care of, but still leaving a lot of open space for the product developer to fill. This way of using experimental design in product development ensures efficient utilisation of all possible creativity and experience available at the same time as a systematic exploration of the space of possible products is also taken care of.     

基于电子商务的模块化家具设计

家具是人们日常生活中必不可少的产品,近年来电子商务逐渐成为产品销售的重要渠道,家具产品的网络化销售是必然趋势。由于传统家具的材料选择、结构复杂等设计问题和不够完善的购物体验、售后服务等销售问题,使得家具产品的网络销售量远远低于家电等其他产品。经济、实用、安全可靠的网络家具购物是消费者所期待的。为了适应电子商务的发展趋势,家具设计方法需要革新。本文从电子商务的特点出发,对比传统家具与现代定制家具的设计方法,得出模块化定制家具是家具产品开拓网络销售的重要模式,其中"模块"的设计是核心。模块化家具设计要求既能符合大众的功能需求和审美需求,又能巧妙地设计标准化连接件。此外,在销售端营造真实完美的虚拟体验以及完善的售后服务是家具网络销售得以长久发展的保障。     

中式家具的演绎方略与流派倾向

在设计理论分析以及产品调查分析的基础上,概括现代中式家具的演绎方略,指出现代中式家具的流派倾向。现代中式家具设计方法体系由四个层次构成。现代中式家具的流派倾向主要有：新古典主义、新中式主义、后现代主义、新地方主义、新折中主义等。此外,将风格调查法、感性工学系统方法等引入,期望推动现代中式家具的理论创新和产品开发。     

基于感性工学的食用陶瓷包装容器产品设计

应用感性工学和卡诺模型的概念完善食品用陶瓷包装容器产品的设计,以更好地满足用户需求。通过采用抽样法、案例分析法和问卷法获得了影响食用陶瓷包装容器产品消费者满意度的主要因素,包括外观因素和性能因素。外观因素在产品设计开发中变得更为优先,要努力寻找与感性关联的词汇和设计元素之间应包含的外观因素;陶瓷产品综合形式,应与功能相辅相成,灵活融合。研究结果表明:陶瓷包装容器产品应具有抛物线形设计元素,人工平面装饰、釉面、肌理和块状/封闭色彩等。     

Modelling of acrylic cut-pile carpet compression properties by means of expert systems based on carpet structural parameters

Abstract

Compression properties of carpet are a detrimental factor influencing carpet wear performance. In fact, carpet compression behavior determines carpet serviceability which in turn affects carpet appearance. Therefore, it is important to predict the carpet compression behavior in order to reduce the product cost. In this paper, a fuzzy logic model for prediction of compressional properties of acrylic cut-pile carpets is implemented in terms of the carpet structural parameters including carpet pile density, linear density of pile yarns and carpet pile height. In order to provide experimental data, six different acrylic cut-pile carpet samples fabricated by using six different acrylic spun pile yarns with yarn count of 18/3, 21/3, 27/3, 30/3, 33/3 and 36/3?Nm. Half of each provided carpet subjected to re-shearing process. All 12 carpet samples in two different cases (normal and reduced pile height) have been tested by standard carpet static and dynamic loading tests to measure thickness-loss as one of compression properties. Fuzzy logic model has been implemented and improved using genetic algorithm. Results show that correlation coefficients of model predictions with experimental values are 0.97, 0.98, 0.98 and 0.98 for carpet thickness-loss after low dynamic, high dynamic and static loading with short and long relaxation times, respectively. Also, linear regression trend between predicted and experimental values represented with a slope near to 1 and almost small bias (intercept). The result indicates that the developed fuzzy logic model is a reliable model predicting the acrylic cut-pile compression behavior.     

汽车用聚酰胺纤维全球动向

现今，聚酰胺（PA）纱作为复合地面系统的一部分，为驾驶提供了舒适的环境。但受成本的驱使，新的替代品不断涌现，如聚酯（PET）或聚丙烯（PP）纱线和针剌材料，以及聚乳酸纤维（PLA）和新型聚酯纤维（PTT）等从生物中提炼出的非石油基的材料。此外，由于小汽车数量的不断增加，汽车地面系统表层材料将采用针刺地毯复合到簇绒地毯上的新型产品。     

食品检验对肉制品安全重要性分析

食品检验是发现和改善肉制品安全问题的重要保证。本文分析了肉制品检验中存在的问题,简述了几种常用的肉制品检验方法,以及目前在肉制品检验中应用的新技术,同时提出了检验中可改进的地方,展望了我国的肉制品检验技术前景。通过分析食品检验的重要性能够更好的保障我国肉制品的安全,促使肉制品行业朝着健康可持续的方向发展,使百姓吃到放心肉制品。     

Industrial applications using BASF eco-efficiency analysis: perspectives on green engineering principles

Life without chemicals would be inconceivable, but the potential risks and impacts to the environment associated with chemical production and chemical products are viewed critically. Eco-efficiency analysis considers the economic and life cycle environmental effects of a product or process, giving these equal weighting. The major elements of the environmental assessment include primary energy use, raw materials utilization, emissions to all media, toxicity, safety risk, and land use. The relevance of each environmental category and also for the economic versus the environmental impacts is evaluated using national emissions and economic data. The eco-efficiency analysis method of BASF is briefly presented, and results from three applications to chemical processes and products are summarized. Through these applications, the eco-efficiency analyses mostly confirm the 12 Principles listed in Anastas and Zimmerman (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37(5), 94A), with the exception that, in one application, production systems based on bio-based feedstocks were not the most eco-efficient as compared to those based on fossil resources. Over 180 eco-efficiency analyses have been conducted at BASF, and their results have been used to support strategic decision-making, marketing, research and development, and communication with external parties. Eco-efficiency analysis, as one important strategy and success factor in sustainable development, will continue to be a very strong operational tool at BASF.     

Standardized methods for testing the quality attributes of plant-based foods: Milk and cream alternatives

The food industry is creating a diverse range of plant-based alternatives to dairy products, such as milks, creams, yogurts, and cheeses due to the increasing demand from consumers for more sustainable, healthy, and ethical products. These dairy alternatives are often designed to mimic the desirable physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of real dairy products, such as their appearance, texture, mouthfeel, flavor, and shelf-life. At present, there is a lack of systematic testing methods to characterize the properties of plant-based dairy alternatives. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate existing methods and recommend a series of standardized tests that could be used to quantify the properties of fluid plant-based milk alternatives (milk and cream). These methods could then be used to facilitate the design of milk alternatives with somewhat similar attributes as real dairy milk by comparing their properties under standardized conditions. Moreover, they could be used to facilitate comparison of the properties of milk alternatives developed in different laboratories.     

Evaluation of the pinpoint effect on carpet appearance

In this article, a novel method for evaluating the pinpoint effect of pile yarns of carpet is introduced. The method was initially accomplished by presenting a standard method for bundle preparation. Afterward the changes in free spaces between yarns in bundle cross section introduced as an index for evaluation of the degree of pinpoint effect of heat-set yarns on carpet appearance. To achieve the objectives of this research, yarns of different twist were heat set at various times and temperatures. The ratio of free space between yarns to the total area of the bundle was obtained using image processing technique and defined as the index of pinpoint effect. Taguchi method of experiments design was applied to investigate the effect of the mentioned controllable factors of heat-setting process on pinpoint effect of pile yarns of carpet. The results established that increasing the twist, time, and temperature positively contributes on pinpoint effect. Higher twists, times, and temperatures create a jam structure resulting in higher packing density of the yarn and better pinpoint effect. The results of objective method are in good agreement with those of subjective method. Consequently, the objective method of calculating the pinpoint effect can be used as a reliable method to evaluate the pinpoint effect of pile yarns on carpet appearance.     

Constrained optimization for green engineering decision-making

Green engineering requires the designer to consider a very extensive set of environmental impacts. To minimize these impacts, the designer must significantly expand his or her "toolset" of product design concepts, alternative materials, manufacturing systems, and analytic methods for addressing life cycle impacts. This can overwhelm a designer, who then resorts to overly simplistic rules or checklists out of necessity. The central issue is how to identify all "pollution prevention pays" opportunities and then how to deal with the unavoidable tradeoffs that arise after all these opportunities have been exhausted. This paper presents a framework for employing mathematical decision modeling toward this end. A domain-independent constrained optimization formulation is presented. A multiattribute utility function reflects the willingness to pay for environmental improvement and is the basis of the objective function. The feasibility constraints reflect the unavoidable tradeoffs. Several case studies are presented, including power systems, floor tile manufacturing, and computer systems.     

绿色设计在家具产业中的应用

二十一世纪的朝阳产业——环保产业已引起了各行业的极大关注,家具作为一种文化形态,更应该把环保的理念渗透到家具设计的各个要素中,将其纳入环境保护的系统工程中。本文通过对绿色设计的原理、方法的系统研究,结合生态思维中的可持续发展原则,探讨了如何讲绿色设计原理与方法运用到家具行业中实现对家具产品的生命周期全过程（设计、生产、消费、回收、处理等方面）进行主动控制,通过低熵设计提高家具产品的绿色程度;同时还探讨了家具行业中的新技术、新工艺的运用以及与家具行业的交叉发展。     

探讨我国火腿肠的出路

我国火腿肠从辉煌走向衰退,根本原因是没有根据市场需求,大幅度提高产品质量标准来更新换代,结果品质下降,形成混乱无序的恶性循环竞争,以致步入了当前的困境.因此待出台国家火腿肠标准及绿色火腿肠标准,在这两个等级基础上分别增加花色品种,真正满足市场需求,才是唯一出路,否则将不堪设想.