Environmental, social, and economic implications of global reuse and recycling of personal computers

Reverse supply chains for the reuse, recycling, and disposal of goods are globalizing. This article critically reviews the environmental, economic, and social issues associated with international reuse and recycling of personal computers. Computers and other e-waste are often exported for reuse and recycling abroad. On the environmental side, our analysis suggests that the risk of leaching of toxic materials in computers from well-managed sanitary landfills is very small. On the other hand, there is an increasing body of scientific evidence that the environmental impacts of informal recycling in developing countries are serious. On the basis of existing evidence informal recycling is the most pressing environmental issue associated with e-waste. Socially, used markets abroad improve access to information technology by making low-priced computers available. Economically, the reuse and recycling sector provides employment. Existing policies efforts to manage e-waste focus on mandating domestic recycling systems and reducing toxic content of processes. We argue that existing policy directions will mitigate but not solve the problem of the environmental impacts of informal recycling. There are many opportunities yet to be explored to develop policies and technologies for reuse/recycling systems which are environmentally safe, encourage reuse of computers, and provide jobs.     

厨余垃圾小循环单元在环境卫生规划中的应用研究——以佛山三龙湾为例

本文提出了厨余垃圾小循环单元的概念,分析了其应用特点和优势,并以佛山三龙湾为例,介绍了厨余垃圾小循环单元应用的可行性,定量分析了小循环单元应用的经济效应.经研究表明,厨余垃圾小循环单元的收运处理成本略低于集中式收运处理成本,且残渣回用具有一定经济效应.此外,在生活垃圾分类初期,小循环单元的应用缓解了厨余垃圾集中式处理的...     

国内废旧服装回收再利用的调查与分析

近年来,随着科技进步和人民生活水平提高,以服装为代表的纺织产品更新换代的速度越来越快,并因此产生了大量的废旧服装。从发展循环经济的角度来说,回收再利用废旧纺织品服装意义重大。文章采用线上问卷调查的方式了解了当前居民废旧服装回收再利用的情况并分析其背后原因。调查结果显示:中青年人比较关注此类问题,废旧服装回收利用并未在大众中普及,消费者对二手或再生服装的接受度较差,目前国内的废旧服装回收再利用情况仍不容乐观。在数据分析和文献调研的基础上,文章总结了当前国内废旧服装回收再利用存在的主要问题,并提出了一些建议。     

基于可持续发展理念的废旧服装的回收与再利用

以环保为理念,基于现代社会对可持续发展的要求,对废旧服装的回收再利用进行了分析.阐述了国内外废旧服装回收和再利用的现状,调查了废旧服装回收和再利用存在的难点问题,提出了一些关于废旧服装回收和再利用的建议,并探讨了关于个人废旧服装再利用的方法.     

绿色环保科技——气流成网的非织造布工艺技术

食衣住行是四大生活必需品,近年来的科技发展使得所有纺织品的耐用性延伸至旧衣物、旧沙发、旧窗帘、旧床单、废地毯、淘汰的汽车内饰等,所有纤维类的垃圾充斥着各处,回收与再循环利用成为一项环保新课题。介绍了气流铺网机LapFormAir的技术,说明了其可使用回收这些废纤维用于再生产。     

Pulp Fiction? Re-innovation of Paper Manufacture from Textiles

Abstract

Papermaking is once again under consideration as a new market for waste textiles in the UK. Whereas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the driver was to provide a convenient and cheap form of cellulose, now the need is to create markets for waste textiles that are disposed of to incineration or landfill, or which go to declining recycling markets such as wipers or mattress fillings. Technical and economic issues are substantial and it may be that the end product of the papermaking process will not resemble the original product of 200 years ago. This article will consider the technical challenges and theoretical understanding of this re-innovation process. It will explore how the changing costs of environmental regulation compliance, and changing consumer preferences are leading to the revisiting of processes in the UK that were previously abandoned.     

废旧涤棉类织物再利用技术的发展

再利用技术的发展是促进废旧纺织品回收再利用的根本。本文从纺织品与环境资源的关系着手,综述了近年来废旧涤棉类纺织品再利用技术方面的发展现状。分析后得出:涤棉类织物再利用技术发展较快;物理法从简单的机械利用向物理熔融和溶解多元化方向发展;化学法从传统的造纸或降解向生物质材料应用方向发展;生物酶解技术也得到了关注。另外,涤棉混纺织物从只利用涤纶或棉纤维的单一模式向综合利用发展,同时越来越多的跨学科研究融入到废旧涤棉织物再利用技术上来。目前,一些研究方法虽已初步应用,但由于技术的局限性,再利用情况仍不乐观。     

多列机回收系统的研制与应用

摘 要: 目的 多列机设备在生产益生菌产品过程中,由于存在扬粉的情况导致部分物料被除尘设备吸走,造成物料的浪费、产品收率不达标等问题,通过设计一台回收系统,提升产品收率使其符合产品的标准收率范围,同时降低企业生产成本。方法 自主设计一台多列机回收系统,将多列机在生产过程中形成的扬粉通过回收系统的物料收集管收集到回收系统料仓中,再通过物料回收管将回收系统料仓中的细粉重新输送回多列机的抽料管中,并随着抽料管中物料一起进入多列机中的料仓中并进一步被袋包成产品。结果 通过增加多列机回收系统,不仅降低了员工的劳动强度,每月单除尘设备的清洁时间减少了22小时,且益生菌产品的收率平均也由94.68%提升到99.71%,收率提升了5.03%,使其收率达到标准收率97%-102%范围内,同时也为企业每年节约了734.4万元的原料成本。结论 通过多列机回收系统的研制与应用,显著的降低了益生菌产品生产过程中废粉的产生,生产实现了良性循环,减小了环保压力,同时也为企业节约了原料成本,取得了显著的经济效益。     

废旧纺织品循环经济的监督检验体系研究进展

废旧纺织品循环经济的监督检验体系的建立,有助于稳定废旧纺织品的再制造产品品质,规范市场秩序,提高大众可信度,具有重要意义。为此,在深入分析废旧纺织品法制体系现状的基础上,借鉴国外经验提出进一步完善体系的策略,对标准化体系进行补充;阐述了废旧纺织品的检验检测技术的最新研究成果,主要包括红外光谱技术在分拣过程的应用以及再生纤维的定性鉴别分析;介绍了基于校服、军服以及工服3类服装品类的行业自治。研究认为法制体系、标准化体系以及社会监督三者是有机整体,指出加速全民环保意识的提高是促进废旧纺织品循环经济发展,并实现远程云自动化生产的关键。     

Parametric analysis of environmental performance of reused/recycled packaging

Annual environmental performance of packaging products which are reused at least once per year is analyzed with respect to three specific criteria: (1) waste quantities, (2) virgin material demand and resource depletion, and (3) environmental impacts from manufacturing. Packaging flow performance is assessed via a combined reuse/ recycle rate index expressed solely in terms of two dimensionless parameters: the conventional recycling rate and the mean number of reuse trips. Quantitative expressions describe the effect of the following physical quantities: annual reuse frequency, lifetime, maximum number of reuse trips, amount of packaging present in the market, annual production plus net trade imports, recycle rate of consumer discard, reuse rate and consumer discard. The results may serve for packaging monitoring and assessment of alternative packaging systems and for setting more efficient environmental policy targets in terms of the reuse/recycle rate.     

废旧棉与涤纶纺织品化学法循环再生利用的研究进展

针对我国废旧纺织品中棉和涤纶制品产量高、循环利用率低、高品质产品少等问题,介绍了化学法循环再生利用废旧棉、涤纶纺织品的方法,分析了废旧棉再生浆粕及其纤维制备技术和废旧涤纶纺织品解聚单体及其再聚合技术的现状。相关研究表明:目前已能采用低比例废旧棉再生浆粕与原生木浆混合的方式实现废旧棉再生Lyocell纤维的小规模生产;采用乙二醇醇解-甲醇酯交换技术可实现废旧涤纶纺织品化学法再生聚酯的万吨级规模生产,但仍存在技术难度大、生产成本高、回收利用率低、产品品质差,且面临“治废产废”程度有待进一步降低等难题;开发废旧棉、涤纶纺织品清洁再生与高值化利用技术是废旧纺织品循环利用的发展趋势。     

有色废弃聚酯的脱色与再利用研究进展

为提高有色废弃聚酯的再生利用率,对目前国内外废弃聚酯的回收方式和有色聚酯的脱色进展进行综述。首先通过对常用废弃聚酯回收方式进行对比分析,明确适用于有色废弃聚酯的回收方向及需要解决的问题;其次对聚酯的直接剥色方法进行总结,认为现有的剥色方法和剥色后产物的应用都存在局限性。在此基础上,分别针对有色废弃聚酯化学回收后固体产物的脱色、有机溶剂的脱色以及末端废水的脱色排放进行概述。最后,对有色废弃聚酯脱色及再利用过程中亟需解决的问题进行总结和展望,指出完善废弃聚酯的自动化分类分离系统、拓宽再生聚酯的应用领域、提高脱色技术的可行性和环保性将会成为有色废弃聚酯回收再利用的关键。     

废旧纺织品回收与资源化再生利用技术进展

国内废旧纺织品资源受技术、市场接受度等影响,大量被当作垃圾掩埋或焚烧,造成资源浪费和环境污染。为提高我国废旧纺织品资源高值化循环利用水平,总结了废旧纺织品循环再生方法和技术难点,介绍了国内外废旧纺织品回收现状,重点分析了国内近年来废旧纺织品回收技术进展,并对比了不同回收技术路线特点。认为化学法回收是废旧纺织品回收高值化利用的较优方案,尤其是乙二醇醇解法再生路线;随着国内环保意识的逐渐加强和相关政策引导,废旧纺织品回收高值化再生市场将逐渐扩大,国内相关企业应尽早开展战略布局,着眼于相关技术的产业化进程。     

冷却肉安全控制技术和可追溯信息系统研究

为保障猪肉安全消费,应对安全突发事件,研发本技术体系。利用耳标、条形码、电子标签等生物信息技术,形成不同工艺点的信息采集系统以及信息载体系统,并建立从最终产品快速及时追溯"源头"的安全跟踪系统框架;通过检测生产全程系统数据,建立中央数据库,开发不同生产环节安全控制电子模块,组成可追溯信息系统框架;取得各个环节采用的生产技术及产品品质特性,融合可追溯系统框架,建立冷却肉品质和安全性的可追溯系统。     

白酒产业如何调整?——访中国白酒专业协会副会长沈怡方

沈怡方先生指出,建国以来,我国白酒业已经历几个调整阶段,主要表现在生产工艺和产品结构上,粮耗大幅下降,产品质量明显提高,白酒生产企业向规模化发展。近年白酒企业面临的困境及走出困境的思考：一是调整产业结构,以乡镇企业为主;联合和兼并酒精厂,有效利用食用酒精;社会分工专业化等。二是调整市场方位,巩固城市市场,积极开拓农村市场。三是调整产品结构,大力发展低度和降度白酒及新工艺白酒。同时将酒糟的综合利用结合起来,发展其他产业,形成一良性生物链。（一平）     

熔态塑料水下切粒机挤出模具

为了保护生态环境，国家加大了对废品回收再利用的力度，塑料制品回收机械不断涌现，直切式水下切粒机就是塑料在熔体状态下直接切粒的一种新型塑料回收机械。挤出模具是其关键零件之一。它的工作性能直接影响塑料切粒的质量、效果和生产率。因此根据实际工作条件和工作要求，通过查阅相关资料、计算分析和实验论证等方法。对挤出模具的出粒孔大小、数量、分布形状、模具材料选择和外形等作了全面设计，其技术指标达到生产厂家提出的设计要求。     

What gets recycled: an information theory based model for product recycling

This work focuses on developing a concise representation of the material recycling potential for products at end-of life. To do this we propose a model similar to the "Sherwood Plot", but for products rather than for dilute mixtures. The difference is reflected in the material composition and the processing systems used for the two different applications. Cost estimates for product recycling systems are developed using Shannon's information theory. The resulting model is able to resolve the material recycling potential for a wide range of end-of-life products with vastly different material compositions and recycling rates in the U.S. Preliminary data on historical trends in product design suggest a significant shift toward less recyclable products.     

Environmental assessment of used oil management methods

The 1 billion gal of used oil generated in the U.S. each year are managed in three primary ways: rerefined into base oil for reuse, distilled into marine diesel oil fuel, and marketed as untreated fuel oil. Management of used oil has local, regional and global impacts. Because of the globally distributed nature of fuel markets, used oil as fuel has localized and regional impacts in many areas. In this paper, the human health and environmental tradeoffs of the management options are quantified and characterized. The goal of this study was to assess and compare the environmental impacts and benefits of each management method in a product end-of-life scenario using a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach. A life-cycle inventory showed that 800 mg of zinc and 30 mg of lead air emissions may result from the combustion of 1 L of used oil as fuel (50-100 times that of crude-derived fuel oils). As an example, up to 136 Mg of zinc and 5 Mg of lead air emissions may be generated from combustion of over 50 M gal of California-generated used oil each year. While occurring elsewhere, these levels are significant (of the same magnitude as reported total stationary source emissions in California). An impact assessment showed that heavy metals-related toxicity dominates the comparison of management methods. Zinc and lead emissions were the primary contributors to the terrestrial and human toxicity impact potentials that were calculated to be 150 and 5 times higher, respectively, for used oil combusted as fuel than for rerefining or distillation. Low profits and weak markets increasingly drive the used oil management method selection toward the untreated fuel oil market. Instead, both the rerefining and distillation methods and associated product markets should be strongly supported because they are environmentally preferable to the combustion of unprocessed used oil as fuel.     

废旧牛仔布的回收利用探讨

介绍了废旧牛仔布的现状、来源及其材料,从供求关系、技术手段、艺术设计等方面对废旧牛仔布的回收利用进行了探讨与分析,概述了存在的技术问题,为废旧牛仔布的回收利用提供了理论依据与技术参考,提出牛仔布将朝着＂绿色＂方向发展。     

废旧衣物回收资源化利用典型模式及其环境绩效分析

为推动国内废旧衣物回收资源化利用,量化其环境绩效,在介绍分析一种由品牌企业牵头引导的废旧衣物回收资源化利用典型模式基础上,以全生命周期评价方法为基础,通过划定系统边界构建出其环境绩效的计算方法,并且通过数据采集和量化分析,计算出了该典型模式的环境绩效.研究表明,废旧衣物回收资源化具有明显的环境绩效,品牌企业对废旧衣物回...