突发事件且非对称信息下的供应链回购契约模型

考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,在随机市场需求下,分析了回购契约对供应链的协调作用;探讨了突发事件导致市场需求和零售商边际成本同时变化且变化后的零售商边际成本是不对称信息时回购契约对供应链的协调作用,研究表明：基准的回购契约对突发事件下的供应链不再发挥协调作用,为此,给出了供应链应对突发事件的最优应对策略,并调整了原来的回购契约使其具有抗突发事件性。用一个算例对比加以说明。      

考虑零售商过度自信的供应链决策与协调

将过度自信引入到供应链中,通过构建由一个供应商和一个过度自信的零售商组成的二级供应链模型,分析了过度自信的零售商与供应商的决策。结果表明,零售商过度自信能够实现供应链协调,但供应商的回购契约会破坏这种协调;当零售商接收到市场不利信息时供应商的回购契约失效,当零售商接收到市场有利信息时供应商利润随过度自信程度增加而减少。进一步在模型中引入收益共享契约,使得订购量和供应商的利润均增加,并实现了供应链协调。最后,通过数值算例验证并阐明了相关结论。     

考虑退货物流成本情形下供应链的回购机制

分别讨论退货物流成本由零售商承担、供应商承担或双方共同承担等3种情形下供应链协作的回购契约机制设计问题,并通过数值实验进行分析讨论.研究表明:当零售商完全承担物流退货成本时,回购价格将随着物流退货成本增加而增加;当供应商完全承担物流退货成本时,回购价格将随着物流成本增加而降低;当供应商与零售商共同承担退货物流成本时,回购价格将随着零售商承担的退货物流成本增加而增加,但增加的幅度甚微;当供应链退货物流成本过大时,回购契约机制将达不到协调供应链目的.     

公平偏好下基于Stackelberg博弈的回购契约研究

引入公平偏好,构建了供应商与零售商进行Stackelberg博弈的回购契约模型,采用逆向归纳法分析了批发价的制定、回购契约的协调性以及供应链成员的公平偏好行为对批发价的影响。研究表明：无论是否考虑公平偏好,回购契约都不能实现供应链协调且公平偏好行为不会影响零售商的最优订购量。此外,供应商提供的批发价随着零售商公平偏好系数的增加而降低,但随供应商公平偏好的增加而升高。     

考虑回购和价格补贴契约的易逝品供应链协调机制

在随机需求的市场环境下,研究基于回购和价格补贴契约的易逝品供应链协调问题。分析了分散式供应链系统在没有协调情况下零售商的最优决策,以及在缔结回购和价格补偿契约下零售商的最优决策,并与集成式供应系统下的最优决策进行了比较,得出仅依赖系统各方成本结构的供应链完美协调的必要条件。算例分析验证了基于回购和价格补偿契约的随机动态规划模型能够反映易逝品分阶段采用不同营销策略的现实,同时也验证在不确定的市场环境下,供应商是缔结契约的积极倡导者,而零售商是缔结契约的积极响应者,通过缔结契约实现供应商和零售商的双赢。     

基于M-CVaR和存货质押融资的供应链回购模型

在需求随机的环境下,研究由一个供应商和一个自有资金受限的零售商组成的二级供应链的协调问题。零售商需要通过存货质押的方式从银行获得融资,供应商采用包含回购价格和回购比例的契约来协调供应链。首先在存货质押融资模式和回购契约框架下构建了零售商的决策模型,推出了零售商的最优质押和订购决策,并分析了回购等主要参数对其最优决策的影响。然后分别在考虑和不考虑供应商风险偏好的情况下研究了集中决策时供应链整体的最优订购决策,得到了供应链在不同情形下的协调条件。最后,通过算例讨论了主要参数对供应链协调及期望收益的影响。研究表明:当参数满足特定关系时,回购契约可以实现存货质押融资下的供应链的协调;存货质押融资可以有效地解决零售商的资金约束问题,提升供应链的效益。     

多个损失厌恶零售商共存的一对多供应链 回购契约及其协调机理

为实现供应链的整体运作绩效最大,本文以一个风险中性的供应商和多个损失厌恶的零售商组成的两阶段供应链为研究对象,基于前景理论对损失厌恶的界定,采用考虑零售商损失厌恶系数的供应链回购契约模型。论证得出,多个存在竞争关系的损失厌恶零售商存在唯一的纳什均衡总订购量使其期望效用最大;在零售商的损失厌恶程度较大或者数量较少的情况下,通过供应链回购契约的协调,存在唯一的回购价格使得供应链的整体运作绩效最大,实现供应链协调。     

考虑损失规避与促销行为的VMI供应链协调契约模型

针对供应商管理库存(VMI)模式下考虑损失规避型供应商与零售商促销行为的二级供应链协调问题,分别分析了分散VMI供应链情形下损失规避型供应商与零售商的最优策略和集中VMI供应链情形下供应链的最优策略,并构建了批发价格-促销成本分担契约下的VMI供应链协调契约模型,并且证明了该供应链协调契约模型的有效性。通过博弈分析得到的结论是:零售商的促销努力水平的提高能够促使损失规避型供应商增加其产品生产量,而损失规避型供应商的产品生产量的增加会促使零售商提高其促销努力水平以便保持市场竞争优势;批发价格契约不能协调此二级VMI供应链;一定条件下批发价格-促销成本分担契约能够协调此二级VMI供应链。     

供应链中融资与回购决策分析

在资金约束的供应链中,分析了融资和回购同时存在的供应链决策。对于单一供应商和单一零售商组成的供应链,当零售商资金不足时,金融机构根据风险评估做出融资决策;零售商借助融资实现最优订购,并通过回购契约,与供应商实现风险分担。分析表明:通过对融资利率、批发价、回购价等参数的设定,可实现供应链的最优订货量,并在金融机构、零售商、供应商三者之间实现风险分担和利益共享,从而提高整个供应链绩效。     

基于均值-CVaR的回购契约供应链创新协调机制

为了研究制造商创新情形下回购契约供应链的订货及协调机制,构建了回购契约Stackelberg博弈模型,运用均值-CVaR的方法探讨了回购契约供应链创新协调问题。研究表明,均值-CVaR方法比CVaR度量准则更能提高零售商的订货量,指出零售商的风险规避程度影响供应链的创新和需求。当零售商喜好风险,将使制造商的创新投入度增大,供应链渠道的总需求增加。考虑到零售商过度订购的潜在风险,通过对回购商品数量的限制,改进制造商创新投入回购契约供应链,结果表明,改进的制造商创新投入回购契约能够降低零售商的订货量,同时,在一定条件下能够使供应链协调。最后通过数值算例分析了β和λ对最优订货量和创新投入度的影响。     

存在尾货处理渠道的服装行业回购契约研究

考虑销售价格变动以及是否存在尾货处理渠道对服装行业供应链的影响,以博弈论为基础,在回购契约框架下建立了单次订购两阶段销售模型,通过分析不同时点回购契约对供应链协调性影响,得出：仅仅采用期末回购或期中回购不能实现供应链协调,通过设置合理的批发价格和回购价格,同时采用期末和期中回购能实现供应链系统协调;当供应链系统拥有对过季服装的处理渠道,并以合理价格对服装进行处理时,采用处理点策略能有效提高供应链系统整体效益。最后通过算例分析验证了相关结论的有效性。     

Inventory misplacement and demand forecast error in the supply chain: profitable RFID strategies under wholesale and buy-back contracts

We investigate RFID adoption strategies under wholesale price and buy-back contracts in a supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer who faces inventory misplacement and demand forecast error. RFID can alleviate the misplacement problem, and can reduce demand forecast error by shortening order lead time. By a newsvendor model, we characterise the optimal contract terms in the supply chain without and with RFID adoption, respectively. We further analyse how the contract terms depend on RFID-related parameters (e.g. salable rate and demand forecast error). We find that both without and with RFID, the wholesale price contract will lead to the double marginalisation problem, while the buy-back contract can coordinate the supply chain. We show that the supply chain adopts RFID if and only if the tagging cost is below a threshold; the threshold is in negative correlation to the demand forecast error. The supply chain is more willing to adopt RFID under the buy-back contract than under the wholesale price contract. RFID adoption can sometimes lessen the double marginalisation problem under the wholesale price contract, improving the supply chain efficiency. A smaller RFID tagging cost or a reduced forecast error do not necessarily lead to higher supply chain efficiency.     

基于NASH协商的促销努力成本分担机制

传统的回购契约、数量折扣契约和利润共享契约等可以解决销售商订购量与实际需求不匹配问题,但会产生新的激励约束而失效。合作促销契约的引入,并与其他协调机制的结合可以有效改善供应链协调的最优化水平。以成本分担为对象,采用不对称Nash协商模型,来设计伴随销售商促销努力的供应链协调契约,弥补了剩余收益数据难以获得与忽略谈判能力因素造成最优报酬契约设计的缺陷。     

Coordination of a dual-channel supply chain after demand or production cost disruptions

Coordinating a dual-channel supply chain could not only achieve the integrated profit of the supply chain but also alleviate the channel conflict. Although some researches addressed this area, there is scant literature to discuss the coordination issue in the situations of disruption. To fill this void, we utilise a contract with a wholesale price, a direct channel’s price and a lump sum fee to coordinate a dual-channel supply chain under the cases of demand disruptions and production cost disruptions. After deriving the optimal contract for each case, we find that the manufacturer can achieve coordination of the disrupted supply chain by adjusting the parameters of the coordination contract used in a normal environment. We also show that after disruptions, there exists a contract adjustment benefit zone, in which both the manufacturer and the retailer can benefit from the adjustment of coordination contract when demand increases or production cost decreases. A further analysis of the production and distribution strategies in the coordinated dual-channel supply chain after disruptions suggests that the adjustment of the total production and sales of each channel depends heavily on the level of disruptions and the degree of consumers’ loyalty to both channels.     

Coordinating a trust-embedded two-tier supply chain by options with multiple transaction periods

Trust widely works in supply chain practices and deeply affects supply chain decisions. Full trust in transactions and inaccurate demand forecasts are most likely to lead to biased decisions and low supply chain performances. Therefore, we propose a trust updating model to quantify decision-maker’s trust. The model presents the variation of trust over time and is helpful to evaluate decision-maker’s trust level in each transaction. In the model, a coordination mechanism with contract is designed to mitigate each supply chain partner’s ordering risk. Optimal order strategies of both manufactures and retailers in a supply chain under a bidirectional option contract are analysed in this paper. We find the manufacturer’s optimal production quantity is positively affected by penalty price in the contract and its bounds are given by simulation analysis. Our findings in this paper indicate that the proposed coordination mechanism with bidirectional option contract is profitable to all supply chain partners in long-term transactions. Meanwhile, the coordination mechanism helps the supply chain partners to catch up with marketing fluctuations and enhances the supply chain trust and partnerships. Finally, some simulation experiments are employed to obtain more observations.     

Return policy and supply chain coordination with network-externality effect

The benefits of a consumer return policy have been extensively studied in extent literature. This paper explores the potentially damaging impact of a return policy on the retailer. We develop an analytical framework and examine the economic impact of consumer return among consumers, retailer and supply chain. We distinguish three network-externality (NE) cases: no network externality, fixed network-externality and variable network-externality contingent on return amount to discuss the retailer’s selling price, refund and inventory policies. Our analysis derives the optimal policies and shows that they take the form of contingence model in which the policies depend on consumer initial return and NE return. We also examine the influence of the consumer return NE effect on buy-back contracts of the supply chain and show that while the traditional buy-back contract fails to coordinate the supply chain, the NE effect does not render the differentiated buy-back contract less effective. Finally, we extend our study to a heterogeneous consumer case.     

考虑销售价格变动的服装行业供应链契约研究

考虑销售价格变动对服装行业供应链的影响,以博弈论为基础,建立了单次订购两阶段销售模型,通过对单一契约以及组合契约对服装供应链协调性分析,得出：组合契约优于单一契约,当供应链系统最优时,单一契约参数的设计依赖于企业的生产成本和市场需求结构,组合契约的参数设计与市场需求无关;通过设计合理的批发价格和契约参数,组合契约能够协调服装供应链;销售价格的变动会对组合契约的参数设计产生影响;特权使用费的转移支付有助于协调服装供应链。最后通过某一服装企业案例作了实证研究。