Maxwell and Mordem Colorimetry

The methods used by Maxwell to reduce colour-matching data from rotallng seelor d,scs (Maxwell dIscs) so as lO represent the chromallClty of the unknown colour on a chromatiCIty dIagram (Maxwelllriangle) form the bas,s of modern colonmelry. Maxwell's determination of rhe colour-matching functions for two observers earned our by these methods IS (ound, when expressed in terms of flux units instead of the slit-width unIts used by Maxwell, to be In elsenllal agreement WIth the 1931 CIE standard observer defining the colour scales currently used Internationally.     

Maxwell and the classical wave particle dualism

Maxwell's equations are one of the greatest theoretical achievements in physics of all times. They have survived three successive theoretical revolutions, associated with the advent of relativity, quantum mechanics and modern quantum field theory. In particular, they provide the theoretical framework for the understanding of the classical wave particle dualism.     

James Clerk Maxwell and the dynamics of astrophysical discs

Maxwell's investigations into the stability of Saturn's rings provide one of the earliest analyses of the dynamics of astrophysical discs. Current research in planetary rings extends Maxwell's kinetic theory to treat dense granular gases of particles undergoing moderately frequent inelastic collisions. Rather than disrupting the rings, local instabilities may be responsible for generating their irregular radial structure. Accretion discs around black holes or compact stars consist of a plasma permeated by a tangled magnetic field and may be compared with laboratory fluids through an analogy that connects Maxwell's researches in electromagnetism and viscoelasticity. A common theme in this work is the appearance of a complex fluid with a dynamical constitutive equation relating the stress in the medium to the history of its deformation.     

The classification of science and the science of classification

With a view toward a system of science indicators which is flexible, appropriate, and unambiguous, a brief discussion is given of the theory of classification. This is then applied to three situations arising in input indicators for science, and it is shown how the presently used formalism for such indicators could be improved and thus eliminate unnecessary disputes in the practical application of such indicators.     

A novel colour model for colour detection

Colour detection plays an important role for many computer vision-based applications. However, most existing colour detection methods tend to be environment dependent since slight changes of environmental factors such as illumination or shadowing effects could greatly reduce their performances. In this paper, a new colour model is introduced to allow enhanced colour detection from images, even with significantly different lighting conditions and image qualities. The proposed colour model is called the HPBr colour model. It is converted from the RGB colour model and it consists of three colour components, namely, hue (H), purity (P) and brightness (Br). This colour model can be represented in three different geometric shapes: diamond, sphere and cylinder. To assess the effectiveness of the model, two different colour detection methods have been applied onto benchmark images. Experimental results from both methods confirmed that the proposed colour model produced the best colour detection results among existing models.     

Derivation of special relativity from Maxwell and Newton

Special relativity derives directly from the principle of relativity and from Newton's laws of motion with a single undetermined parameter, which is found from Faraday's and Ampère's experimental work and from Maxwell's own introduction of the displacement current to be the -c(-2) term in the Lorentz transformations. The axiom of the constancy of the speed of light is quite unnecessary. The behaviour and the mechanism of the propagation of light are not at the foundations of special relativity.     

Some properties of the distribution function of Maxwell gas particles

The nature of the dependence of the distribution function on the initial conditions and of the changes with time in its high-frequency part are clarified.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol.19, No.2, pp.335–337, August, 1970.     

Hiding a secret colour image in two colour images

Abstract

Visual cryptography is different from traditional cryptography. That is, neither time-consuming computation nor complex cryptographic knowledge is needed. Stacking is the only operation required to recover a secret image, and the individual image does not give the hackers any information about the secret image. None of researches tried to deal with meaningful colour share transparencies. Hence, two methods are proposed for hiding a colour image in two meaningful colour share transparencies in this paper. To achieve this goal, the colour decomposition approach and halftone technology are first applied to cope with secret colour images. Then the concept of the human visual system is utilized to generate two colour meaningful sharing transparencies. To support various applications, two variants are presented. The first proposed method, method-1, is suitable for simple colour images, and the second, method-2, provides better visibility of complex colour images.     

James Clerk Maxwell 150 years on

This paper is the preface to a special Issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A reporting selected proceedings of the international conference marking the 150th anniversary of James Clerk Maxwell's professorial debut at Marischal College, Aberdeen. Following an introduction to Marischal College, a brief historical note summarizes Maxwell's life prior to his entering the college as professor of natural philosophy. The preface provides a short summary of the event and overviews the contributed papers devoted to subjects covering a wide range of Maxwell's research interests and their modern developments. The mixture of review and research papers reflects both the fundamental importance and the diverse applicability of Maxwell's works in electromagnetics, colour science, dynamics and kinetics. Acknowledgements are given to the individuals and bodies who made the conference the success that it was.     

Initiatives for the promotion of science of science

As the joint initiative of German trade and industry for the promotion of science, theStifterverband is interested in an efficient and transparent system of science and its promotion. This requires knowledge and insights which are provided by scientific research. Hence, research in the field of science of science is always, implicitly or explicitly, the object of the promotional endeavours of theStifterverband.

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Reflections on and a short review of the science of team science

Scientometrics - We provide a short overview of the science of team science (SciTS). Starting from the notion of a scientific team, we move to interdisciplinary studies and finally the Science of...     

Incremental and differential Maxwell Garnett formalisms for bi-anisotropic composites

We present, compare and contextualize two approaches to the homogenization of bi-anisotropic-in-bi-anisotropic particulate composite medias: (i) the incremental Maxwell Garnett (IMG) formalism, in which the composite medium is built incrementally by adding the inclusions in N discrete steps to the host medium; and (ii) the differential Maxwell Garnett (DMG) formalism, which is obtained from the IMG in the limit N→∞ . Both formalisms are applicable to arbitrary inclusion concentration and are well-suited for computational purposes. Either of the two formalisms may be used as an alternative to the well-known Bruggeman formalism. Numerical results for the homogenization of a uniaxial dielectric composite medium and of a chiroferrite are presented.     

服从分数代数Maxwell本构模型的粘弹性阻尼材料性能分析

运用分数代数及本构理论,讨论了具有分数代数Maxwell本构关系的粘弹性材料的储能柔量、耗散柔量、耗散率、内摩擦角等参量随频率的变化规律,分析了具有分数导数Maxwell本构关系的粘弹性材料的一些阻尼特性.     

X-ray colour imaging

A prototype X-ray colour imaging system has been assembled using the principle of tomographic energy-dispersive diffraction imaging (TEDDI). The new system has been tested using samples of nylon-6, aluminium powder and deer antler bone. Non-destructive three-dimensional images of the test objects have been reconstructed on a 300 microm scale with an associated diffraction pattern at each voxel. In addition, the lattice parameters of the polycrystalline material present in the sampled voxels have been determined using full pattern refinement methods. The use of multiple diffracted parallel colour X-ray beams has allowed simultaneous spatially resolved data collection across a plane of the sample. This has simplified the sample scan motion and has improved data collection times by a factor scaling with the number of detector pixels. The TEDDI method is currently limited to thin samples (approx. 1-2mm) with light atoms owing to the very low detection efficiency of the silicon detector at X-ray energies above 25 keV. We describe how these difficulties can be removed by using semiconductor detectors made from heavier atomic material.     

四色温度计

介绍了１种多色温度计实现的方法。目标表面发射率的未知性和多变性是影响辐射温度示值准确性的主要原因。多色温度计是减弱发射率影响获取表面真实温度的手段之一。在综合了大量文献的基础上，文中讨论了多色温度计的原理，分析了几种数据处理的方法，设计和实现了１台四色温度计。