日粮油脂对的刍动物营养调控的研究进展

油脂是动物的重要能量来源，近年来国内外对反刍动物的脂肪消化及脂肪补充饲料应用方面的研究进行了综述。针对反刍动物对油脂的消化利用规律，以及反刍动物营养需要的特点，提出利用油脂对反刍动物进行营养调控的主要措施，如开发高脂肪饲料，应用保护性油脂，以及合理配制日粮等，以提高动物对油脂的利用效率。     

油脂在畜禽生产中的应用效果及防止其氧化酸败的措施

综述了油脂的营养功能及其在日粮中的作用，非反刍动物与反刍动物消化代谢油脂的特点，油脂对畜禽生产性能的影响及防止其氧化酸败的措施，并指出了今后的研究方向。     

油脂氧化酸败对畜禽机体功能影响及其氧化防控措施

油脂作为一种高能饲料,一方面为动物提供必需脂肪酸和易被机体吸收利用的能量,另一方面可提高饲料适口性和转化率。但其在储存、加工和利用过程中易发生氧化酸败,日粮中氧化酸败的油脂会破坏畜禽正常的生理功能,降低机体健康水平,造成经济损失,同时导致畜产品存在安全隐患。主要就油脂的营养功能、氧化酸败的机理和日粮油脂氧化对畜禽机体的影响及油脂氧化防控措施进行阐述。     

过瘤胃油脂开发

<正>一、引言过瘤胃油脂是反刍动物的专用油脂.现代饲养研究表明对反刍家畜饲用过瘤胃油脂是取得促进生长,增加体重,提高产奶率的一大技术.而过瘤胃油脂在我国至今尚未得到开发应用,应予重视并积极开展对过瘤胃油脂的研制.二、过瘤胃油脂特异性油脂是动物必需的营养素之一,也是能量饲料的重要能量来源,饲料的首要功能是满足牲畜的维持需要,如不能充分供给能量,只有消耗体组织来满足能量需要,导致体况与体重下降,体躯的维持能量的需求满足之     

诱食剂类饲料添加剂在反刍动物生产中的应用

诱食剂是一种常应用于动物饲料中的饲料添加剂,使用目的是改善饲料适口性,进而通过提高动物采食量来改善动物的生产性能。国内外对诱食剂类饲料添加剂的研究大多集中在猪及水产动物上。关于诱食剂类饲料添加剂在反刍动物生产中的应用研究相对较少。因此全文简要阐述了反刍动物喜好风味特点,诱食剂类饲料添加剂作用机理及种类,总结归纳了其作为饲料添加剂在反刍动物生产中的应用,为从业人员提供理论参考。     

饲料原料中抗营养因子的研究进展

抗营养因子几乎存在于所有的植物性饲料原料中,饲料中的抗营养因子影响营养物质在动物体内消化利用,同时诱发动物营养代谢性疾病.介绍了抗营养因子的定义及分类、理化性质、含量及分布,阐述了其抗营养作用机制,归纳了其检测方法以及消除方法,同时展望了抗营养因子未来的研究方向.     

沸石的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用

沸石作为替代抗生素的饲料添加剂,具有保护动物肠道,促进消化吸收,提高物质代谢,抗氧化和提高机体免疫力等多种功能,已被广泛应用于饲料工业.综述了沸石的生物学功能以及在动物生产中的应用研究进展,特别是对沸石在猪、家禽、反刍动物以及水产动物上的应用做了较全面的阐述.     

外源酶制剂在反刍动物中的作用机理及应用

酶制剂是一种新型无毒、无污染生物制品类饲料添加剂,在调节动物体内代谢平衡、预防疾病、提高饲料转化率、促进动物健康和保护生态环境等方面有着其他添加剂不可替代的作用。而且随着酶制剂作用机理以及生产工艺研究的深入和使用效果的进一步凸显,酶制剂的应用也越来越广泛。该文就酶制剂在反刍动物体内的作用位置与作用机理、酶制剂的复配及存在的主要问题进行综述,为酶制剂在反刍动物中的研究与应用提供参考。     

甘油二酯的代谢机制及营养功能研究进展

油脂是人体主要的三大营养素之一，合理膳食油脂对人体供能、提升免疫功能、维持神经和生理活性提供了保障。甘油三酯(TAG)作为食用油脂主要成分，在消化代谢后容易转化为储能脂肪，使机体负担较大。甘油二酯(DAG)是一种天然TAG替代脂，被证明具有多种营养功能。旨在为DAG作为新型健康油脂的应用提供理论基础，综述了DAG的代谢机制以及DAG主要的营养功能。DAG具有和TAG相似的理化性质，由于代谢途径与TAG的差异以及可以调控与脂肪氧化相关基因的表达，使DAG具有促进脂肪氧化、抑制体质量增加、降低内脏脂肪含量、改善血清胆固醇、调节血糖、降低血脂等多种功能。DAG的摄入可有效降低代谢综合征和心血管疾病发生的风险。     

甘蔗尾饲料化研究进展

甘蔗尾是一种良好的青绿饲料资源,可较好的替代其它青绿饲料饲喂于牛羊等反刍动物;而由于其含糖量高,水分大,易腐败等特点,致使其作为粗饲料资源在反刍动物中的利用率相对较低。我们综述了甘蔗尾的营养特性,在反刍动物中饲料化应用现状以及提高其饲料化利用率措施等方面的研究进展;总结了提高甘蔗尾饲料化利用率的处理方法。     

Protein digestibility in dog. Effect of the quantity and quality of dietary fat (virgin olive oil and sunflower oil)

Protein digestibility has been estimated in dog when fed on two similar diets except their lipid quality (virgin olive oil and sunflower oil) from weaning up to 6 months of life. Experiments were carried out at 60, 105 and 150 days of adaptation to either diet. In dog, age does not seem to affect the protein digestive and metabolic utilization when fed on a high lipid content diet. A higher dietary fat percentage led to an increase of the mentioned parameters which could be caused to a delayed gastric emptying due to fat. As far as the fat quality is concerned, an improved protein digestive and metabolic utilization was evidenced in adult animals fed on olive oil. On the other hand, the weight progress was normal in both experimental groups. These results suggest that olive oil may have beneficial effects on protein digestibility as compared to sunflower oil.     

大豆异黄酮降血脂作用的研究

目的：观察大豆异黄酮对高脂血症大鼠血脂的影响.方法：选择成年雌性SD大鼠50只,体重280～320g,随机分为四组：空白对照组：喂饲基础饲料;高脂模型组：喂饲高脂饲料;其余2组分别喂饲添加300、600mg/kg大豆异黄酮的高脂饲料.实验第6周末,空腹12h,5%戊巴比妥钠麻醉后,心脏取血及制备10%肝组织匀浆,测定血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、肝脂酶（HL）等指标.结果：与高脂组比较,SI剂量组大鼠肝脏中的TC、TG、LDL-C显著降低（p＜0.01）,HDL-C显著增高（p＜0.05）,LPL活性显著增强（p＜0.05）.结论：大豆异黄酮具有明显的降血脂作用.     

海参消化道多糖降血脂功能的研究

目的:为了充分利用海参加工的下脚料,研究海参消化道多糖对小鼠血脂及抗脂质过氧化的作用,为今后的开发利用奠定基础.方法:利用高脂饲料建立高脂血症模型,通过给予小鼠不同剂量的海参消化道多糖,5周后眼球取血,测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),同时测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肤过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果:高、中、低剂量海参消化道多糖均能显著地降低高脂血症小鼠的血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和动脉硬化指数(HDL-C/TC)值以及谷胱甘肤过氧化物酶的活性,并降低丙二醛的含量.结论:海参消化道多糖具有降血脂、抗氧化功能,对冠心病和动脉粥样硬化有一定的预防作用.     

EFFECTS OF ORAL CHONDROITIN SULFATE ON LIPID AND ANTIOXIDANT METABOLISMS IN RATS FED A HIGH-FAT DIET

This study aimed at determining the effects of purified chondroitin sulfate (ChS) from pig laryngeal cartilage on the lipid and antioxidant metabolisms of male Sprague‐Dawley rats that are fed a high‐fat diet. Thirty‐two male rats were divided into four groups and fed for 5 weeks on a standard diet, a high‐fat diet or a high‐fat diet plus ChS. It was demonstrated that the high‐fat diet provoked lipid peroxidation and induced a severe depletion of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipidase, glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels. ChS was effective in reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol, low‐density‐lipid cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels elevated by the high‐fat diet. In addition, ChS might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, as high‐density‐lipid cholesterol, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipidase and the ratio of high‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol were significantly higher than in the high‐fat‐diet rats. ChS restored the endogenous antioxidants glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase. These results showed that ChS was potent in lipid‐lowering and altering the antioxidative enzyme; however, excess ChS would disturb lipid profiles that went beyond the normal limits.     

Influence of intestinal resection and type of diet on the digestive and metabolic utilization of fats in rats

The effects of the quality of dietary fat, and the influence of ursodeoxycholic acid, an exogenous bile acid, on the digestive and metabolic utilization of fat were studied in rats in which 50% of the distal small intestine was resected. The fat content of the diets was quantitatively equivalent (4%), and differed only in the type of fat: olive oil (diet A) or 1/3 medium chain triglycerides (MCT), 1/3 sunflower oil and 1/3 olive oil (diet B). The removal of 50% of the distal small intestine led to a highly significant decline in the digestive utilization of fat (ADC) in animals given diet A. Rats fed diet B showed an increase in ADC to values approaching those seen in control animals. The addition of ursodeoxycholic acid to diet B failed to cause a further rise in the ADC of fat. After intestinal resection, serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol fell more markedly in animals given diet A than in the diet B group, while the addition of ursodeoxycholic acid to diet B led to no further change. Serum lipid levels showed no significant influence of intestinal resection, but did accurately reflect the differences in fat composition between the two types of diet tested.     

Effects of dietary soybean oil on lipid and protein oxidation in pork patties during chill storage

The effect of dietary soybean oil on lipid and protein oxidation in low and high fat pork patties made from quadriceps femoris during chill storage in a high oxygen atmosphere packaging (80% O(2)/20% CO(2)) in the dark for 7 days was investigated. Pigs were fed either a standard diet or a diet added 2% soybean oil. After slaughter high fat pork patties were prepared for both feeding regimes by addition of back fat from pigs fed the same diet whereas low fat pork patties were prepared without addition of back fat. The 2% soybean diet increased the amount of unsaturated fat in the pork. Secondary lipid oxidation products determined as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were found to increase in the pork patties with increased unsaturated fat. Increased unsaturated fat in the pork patties had no effect on protein oxidation determined as free protein thiol content and protein carbonyl content. A small, but significant increase in protein oxidation was found in the high fat pork patties independent on dietary fat. In conclusion, protein oxidation is unaffected by dietary fat in pork patties during chill storage for periods normally used in retail trade, and lipid and protein oxidation are not coupled under these conditions.     

Digestive utilization of goat and cow milk fat in malabsorption syndrome.

We studied the effects of goat and cow milk fat on the digestive utilization of this nutrient and on some of the biochemical parameters that are related to the metabolisim of lipids, using rats with a resection of 50% of the distal small intestine and control animals (transected). The fat content in all the diets was 10% but the lipid quality was varied: the standard diet was based on olive oil, while the other two diets included fat obtained from lyophilized goat milk and cow milk, respectively. The digestive utilization of the fat was lower in the resected animals than in the transected ones for all three diets studied. In both resected and transected animals. the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the fat was greater with the standard diet (olive oil) than with diets whose fat content was provided by goat or cow milk. The digestive utilization of the fat was greater in the transected and resected rats receiving a diet of goat's milk (rich in medium-chain triglycerides) than those given a cow-milk-based diet and more closely approached the values obtained for olive oil. The consumption of goat milk reduced levels of cholesterol while levels of triglycerides, HDL, GOT and GPT remained with in the normal ranges, for both transected and resected animals. The advantageous effect of goat milk on the metabolisim of lipids with respect to cow milk suggests that the former should be included in the diet in eases of malabsorption snydrome.     

Nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation and plasma lipids in steers fed combinations of hydrogenated fat and lecithin

Commercial soybean lecithin replaced hydrogenated fat in steer diets to determine if phospholipids enhance fatty acid digestion and microbial fermentation in ruminants. Four diets were fed in a 4 x 4 Latin square to four Angus steers with ruminal cannula. One diet contained no added fat (control) and three contained hydrogenated fat and lecithin in weight ratios of 100:0, 86:14, and 72:28. All diets with added fat had lower fatty acid digestibilities compared with the control diet with no difference due to level of lecithin. Ruminal acetate and acetate:propionate ratios were reduced by all fat supplements but reduced less for the supplements containing lecithin. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were increased from dietary fat but not increased as much if lecithin were present in the diet. Feeding lecithin to ruminants does not improve digestibility of hydrogenated fats that are highly saturated.     

Effect of lipids in milk replacers on calf performance and lipids in blood plasma, liver, and perirenal fat

Various fats (20% of dry matter) were fed in milk replacer to calves, from 3 to 31 d of age, to compare their effect on calf performance, feed efficiency, and lipids in blood plasma, liver, and perirenal fat. Dietary fats tested were tallow (control), canola oil, canola soapstocks, corn oil, reclaimed restaurant cooking fat, and a high phospholipid waste product. Corn oil plus tallow (1:1) diet promoted scours and poor calf gains, but canola oil diet, despite a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, gave excellent calf performance and feed utilization and no scours. Canola soapstocks plus tallow (1:1) and restaurant waste cooking fat lowered gains by 25 and 15% and reduced diet intake. Calves effectively utilized high phospholipid (23%) in dietary lipids. Main lipid classes in blood plasma were cholesterol esters and phosphatidylcholine, and in liver phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Fatty acid composition of the major blood plasma and liver lipids, and of perirenal fat, tended to reflect dietary fatty acid concentrations.     

蜂胶软胶囊调节血脂作用研究

研究蜂胶软胶囊对高血脂大鼠血脂代谢的影响。本实验采用60 只雄性SD 大鼠为实验动物,随机分为6 组：低(83.3mg/(kg bw·d))、中(250mg/(kg bw·d))、高(500mg/(kg bw·d))的3 个蜂胶剂量组,阴性(普通饲料组)、阳性(高脂饲料组)、溶剂(植物油)对照组。分别连续灌胃30d,同时设采尾血进行血脂水平的测定。结果表明：中、高两剂量组大鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)水平显著低于溶剂及阳性对照组,血清HDL-C 水平各组间无明显差异。结论：蜂胶软胶囊有极好的辅助调节高脂血症大鼠血脂的功能。