胶原蛋白酶解制备肽工艺研究进展

胶原蛋白是畜禽及水产品加工副产物中具有较高潜在利用价值的物质,将其高效利用,不仅有利于降低畜禽及水产品生产成本,而且有利于减少环境污染。随着我国绿色发展理念的不断推进,更多绿色制造技术将被广泛应用。生物酶解技术以其高效、低污染等特点,在畜禽及水产品加工副产物利用方面应用之初就备受广泛关注。为了进一步促进酶解技术在畜禽及水产品加工副产物中胶原蛋白水解工艺探索,并进一步发掘酶解胶原肽的功能性,文章对近年来国内外关于酶解胶原制备肽的研究进展进行了综合分析。通过分析发现,在胶原酶解工艺方面,主要以单酶水解居多,其次是多酶水解技术。在原料方面,涉及更多的是骨、鳞及皮。在产物评价方法,更多的是采用水解度、自由基抑制率及肽的提取率、ACE抑制活性。     

酶法提取沙丁鱼内脏鱼油工艺优化及其品质分析

为提高沙丁鱼加工副产物的利用率,以沙丁鱼内脏为原料,研究5种蛋白酶（胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶）对沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取率的影响,并优选1种蛋白酶作为鱼油提取酶,以鱼油提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取的最佳工艺条件。对酶法提取的粗鱼油进行精制,对精制鱼油的理化指标和脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明：采用中性蛋白酶时,鱼油提取率最高;中性蛋白酶酶解提取沙丁鱼内脏鱼油的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶ 1、加酶量1%、酶解时间2 h、酶解pH 7、酶解温度50 ℃,在此条件下沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取率可达67.86%;粗鱼油经精制后,达到SC/T 3502—2016精制鱼油的二级标准;精制鱼油中DHA含量为26.57%,EPA含量为2.64%,营养价值较高。     

酶法提取沙丁鱼内脏鱼油工艺优化及其品质分析

为提高沙丁鱼加工副产物的利用率,以沙丁鱼内脏为原料,研究5种蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶)对沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取率的影响,并优选1种蛋白酶作为鱼油提取酶,以鱼油提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取的最佳工艺条件。对酶法提取的粗鱼油进行精制,对精制鱼油的理化指标和脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明：采用中性蛋白酶时,鱼油提取率最高;中性蛋白酶酶解提取沙丁鱼内脏鱼油的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶1、加酶量1%、酶解时间2 h、酶解pH 7、酶解温度50℃,在此条件下沙丁鱼内脏鱼油提取率可达67.86%;粗鱼油经精制后,达到SC/T 3502—2016精制鱼油的二级标准;精制鱼油中DHA含量为26.57%,EPA含量为2.64%,营养价值较高。     

鱼粉加工压榨液制备鱼鲜汁的工艺及品质分析

为实现鱼粉加工压榨液的高值化利用,在酶解鱼粉加工压榨液的基础上,利用单因素和正交试验,优化发酵制备鱼鲜汁的工艺条件,并通过理化检验及感官评定,对产品的品质进行评价。结果表明:发酵制备鱼鲜汁的最佳条件是:发酵温度40℃,加曲量9 g/100 mL,加盐量18 g/100 mL,发酵周期18 d。所制备的鱼鲜汁具有浓郁的酱香和鲜香风味,无其它不良风味,形态色泽等与市售鱼露相近。其氨基酸态氮、总氮和氨基酸的含量虽不及市售鱼露,但含盐量、生物胺含量显著低于市售鱼露,且牛磺酸含量较高,具有较好的营养安全性。试验结果表明,利用鱼粉加工压榨液发酵制备的鱼鲜汁可作为海鲜调味品基料,为提升鱼粉加工副产物综合利用提供了新的思路。     

低盐鲫鱼鱼露发酵过程中的氨基酸分析

目的:鲫鱼是我国重要的淡水鱼之一,但其经济价值和产品附加价值较低,该研究利用鲫鱼加工副产物制作酱油来提高其利用价值。方法:文章主要通过监测发酵过程中各种氨基酸的含量变化,对二段法发酵生产鲫鱼鱼露过程中的氨基酸进行分析。结果:在发酵过程中,鱼酱油中含有的氨基酸种类众多,其中包括人体8种必需氨基酸,总氨基酸含量随发酵时间的变化呈现先增加后平稳波动;另外,在鱼酱油中呈味氨基酸十分丰富,含量依次为鲜味类甜味类芳香族类,鲫鱼鱼露主要的滋味为鲜味。结论:该研究表明利用鲫鱼加工副产品制作的低盐鲫鱼鱼露基本符合酱油的氨基酸标准。     

鱼露发酵工艺及风味品质分析研究进展

鱼露是一种以低值鱼类及其加工副产物等为原料经过发酵工艺制备的调味品,不仅滋味鲜美且富含小分子蛋白肽、矿物质元素、牛磺酸等重要的营养物质,广受消费者青睐.为进一步深入了解鱼露加工工艺研究现状及其风味品质分析方法及调控技术,该文从鱼露营养价值、发酵方式及风味品质分析方法等方面进行综述及归纳总结,以期为进一步深入研究鱼露加工...     

鱼露风味的研究进展

鱼露是一种水产调味品,其味道鲜美、营养丰富,具有鱼虾等水产品原材料特有的香质,是东亚及东南亚各国的传统调味料。文中在概述了鱼露及其加工工艺的基础上,着重对鱼露中的呈滋味及呈气味物质进行了介绍,并对相关方面的研究成果进行了总结,以期为今后鱼露的生产及研究提供参考。     

鳀鱼鱼露接种发酵方法的初步探讨

以菌种的耐盐性以及蛋白酶活力为主要指标筛选米曲霉,研究了制曲过程中的蛋白酶、还原糖与水分的变化规律,确定了制曲的基本工艺;并以鲤鱼为原料发酵生产鱼露,比较了自然发酵与接种发酵在氨基酸态氮、酸度、风味等方面的差异,对接种发酵法生产鱼露做了初步探讨,为缩短鱼露的生产周期、改善鱼露的风味做了一定的工作.此外,我们还对破腹鲤鱼生产鱼露的情况进行了研究,实验结果表明:经过适当的预处理,破腹鲲鱼仍能生产出质量较高的鱼露.     

利用外源蛋白酶和曲霉菌YL001加速沙丁鱼鱼露的发酵

该研究旨在利用外源蛋白酶和曲霉菌YL001缩短沙丁鱼鱼露的发酵周期。将沙丁鱼鱼肉分为2组,一组仅用外源蛋白酶发酵(鱼露A),另一组用外源蛋白酶和曲霉菌YL001复合发酵(鱼露B)。2组样品先在35℃下发酵30 d,然后在室温下继续发酵150 d。结果表明,发酵180 d后,鱼露A、B中氨基酸态氮含量分别为7.6和10.6 g/L,鱼露A和B的可溶性总氮含量分别为14.2和16.3 g/L。根据鱼露的行业标准SB/T 10324—1999,只有鱼露B达到了一级鱼露的标准。与鱼露A相比,鱼露B中氨基酸态氮和可溶性总氮的含量分别提高了39.5%和14.8%。另外,鱼露B中游离氨基酸的含量,特别是谷氨酸的含量,明显高于鱼露A。同时,GC-MS分析显示,只在鱼露B中检测到了3-甲基丁醛和2-甲基丁醛等鱼露的特征性风味物质;而且感官评价也表明鱼露B具有较好的风味。因此,利用外源蛋白酶与曲霉菌YL001复合发酵不仅可以缩短鱼露的发酵时间,还可以改善其风味。     

鱼油ω-3 PUFAs 的功能特性研究进展

由各种水产副产物精制提取的鱼油可广泛应用于食品、药品以及动物饲料的加工。鱼油中的二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸是ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,ω-3 PUFAs）的主要功能活性成分,食品鱼油具有健康促进作用。该文结合国内外研究进展,重点综述近年来鱼油ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸的主要功能特性,并针对鱼油主要功能特性的不足进行分析,以期为鱼油功能活性成分在医药和食品领域的深度开发提供参考。     

鱼皮胶原蛋白寡肽的生物活性及应用研究进展

我国是水产加工大国,鱼类加工过程产生大量的加工副产物鱼皮。研究发现富含胶原蛋白的鱼皮经蛋白酶 酶解后可以得到具有多种生理功能的小分子肽类。其中含2～20 个氨基酸残基的寡肽因生物活性强、安全性高,且 易于被人体吸收而得到广泛关注。据报道,鱼皮胶原蛋白寡肽可发挥抗氧化、控制血压、螯合金属离子、调节免疫 等多种生理功能,在功能性食品、医药品、化妆品等领域展现出高度的应用潜力,相关研究开发备受瞩目。本文对 近年来国内外文献报道的鱼皮胶原蛋白寡肽的制备、生理活性及应用研究进行梳理总结,以期为功能性肽类产品的 研发以及我国水产资源的高效、高值化、可持续开发利用提供参考。     

金鲳鱼加工技术与综合利用研究进展

金鲳鱼是一种重要的海洋生物资源,其肉质鲜美、营养丰富,是鱼片及鱼糜制品深加工的优质原料。随着我国人民生活水平的提高,以金鲳鱼为代表的海洋养殖鱼类深受青睐。但目前我国的金鲳鱼加工利用水平仍处于起步阶段,为促进我国金鲳鱼加工利用技术的研究,本文分别从金鲳鱼肉的营养价值、冷冻加工、鱼糜制品、保鲜技术、超高压加工和副产物（内脏蛋白酶、鱼油和胶原蛋白）综合利用等方面综述了金鲳鱼的加工利用技术研究现状。为实现金鲳鱼精深加工与综合利用、增加产品附加值提供参考,有效地减少环境污染,促进金鲳鱼产业的高效、绿色和创新发展。     

鱼类加工副产物的食用化及其在鱼肉重组制品中的应用

在鱼类加工过程中会产生大量的副产物,其中具有多种生物活性物质,如胶原蛋白、明胶、甲壳素、脂肪酶、蛋白酶及生物活性多肽等。本文介绍了鱼类加工副产物的营养保健功能和风味特征,列举了常见副产物的基本营养成分和氨基酸组成,并系统归纳了具体副产物中含有的生物活性成分,同时概括了鱼肉重组制品的分类及其重组技术,综述了副产物在鱼肉重组制品中的应用现状,并结合实际展望了鱼类加工副产物的发展与应用前景。以期为高效利用鱼类加工产生的副产物提供借鉴,并为其进一步开发利用提供有益参考。     

Fish protein hydrolysates: production, biochemical, and functional properties

Considerable amounts of fish processing byproducts are discarded each year. By developing enzyme technologies for protein recovery and modification, production of a broad spectrum of food ingredients and industrial products may be possible. Hydrolyzed vegetable and milk proteins are widely used food ingredients. There are few hydrolyzed fish protein foods with the exception of East Asian condiments and sauces. This review describes various manufacturing techniques for fish protein hydrolysates using acid, base, endogenous enzymes, and added bacterial or digestive proteases. The chemical and biochemical characteristics of hydrolyzed fish proteins are discussed. In addition, functional properties of fish protein hydrolysates are described, including solubility, water-holding capacity, emulsification, and foam-forming ability. Possible applications of fish protein hydrolysates in food systems are provided, and comparison with other food protein hydrolysates where pertinent.     

The inhibition mechanism of carp (Cyprinus carpio) stefin to cathepsin B and their tertiary structures

Carp is a major economic species. However, fish or surimi gel will easily soften during processing or storage due to its abundant endogenous protease, which will seriously affect the product quality. Because of the high inhibitory activity to cysteine protease, stefin has great potential as an additive for the improvement of fish softening. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation was used to explore the inhibition mechanism of carp stefin to cathepsin B (CTS B) and their tertiary structures. The results showed that carp stefin is a single domain protein with four stranded β-sheets and a α-helix. CTS B is a typical papain-like fold containing two domains. During the inhibition process, the wedge-shaped structure created by N-terminal trunk and the two hairpin loops of stefin would insert into the groove between two domains of CTS B. Besides, the inhibition can be spontaneous in pure water through hydrogen bonding, VDW and electrostatic interactions. And the Cys3, His83 and Val49 of carp stefin were the critical residues for the inhibition to CTS B. The results may provide a theoretical reference for the application of stefin in the processing and storage of fish products.     

鱼糜蛋白制品及其加工技术

鱼糜是将原料鱼经加工处理得到的一种中间蛋白质制品,营养价值高,价格低廉,具有较高的开发应用潜力.鱼糜富含蛋白质(约17％),在加工过程中受加工条件,如压力、温度、剪切力、超声波、微波等的影响,会使鱼糜蛋白的结构及凝胶特性等发生改变,进而制得各式各样的鱼糜制品,如鱼糕、鱼丸、鱼肠、鱼面、鱼豆腐和仿生制品等.其中仿生制品(...     

Invited review: Plasmin protease in milk: current knowledge and relevance to dairy industry

Plasmin is by far the predominant and most completely studied endogenous protease in bovine milk. Plasmin-induced proteolysis can have either beneficial or detrimental effects on the texture and flavor of dairy products, depending on the extent of hydrolysis and type of dairy product. In cheese, the breakdown of protein can help develop desirable flavors and texture during ripening, whereas in pasteurized milk and ultra-high-temperature milk, proteolysis causes undesirable gelation. Plasmin is part of a complex protease-protease inhibitor system in milk that consists of active and inactive forms of the enzyme, activators, and inhibitors. Considerable research has been done to isolate and characterize components of the plasmin system, determine how they interact, develop and compare quantitation methods, and determine how they are affected by cow characteristics, processing conditions, other milk components, storage conditions, and bacterial proteases. Considerable research has focused on enhancing or minimizing the activity of plasmin system components. The intent has been to control protease activity in casein and whey fractions, depending on the final food or ingredient application. Controlling the activity of plasmin has a great potential to improve dairy product quality and reduce their processing costs.     

Proteolysis and Its Control Using Protease Inhibitors in Fish and Fish Products: A Review

Texture is one of the food quality attributes affecting the consumer's acceptability and the market value. Fish and shellfish undergo weakening or softening of muscle, particularly during extended storage under inappropriate conditions. The phenomenon is governed by endogenous proteases, both digestive and muscle proteases. Proteases present in the gastrointestinal tract that leach out to muscle tissue can induce proteolysis of myofibrillar and collagenous proteins. Furthermore, the muscle proteins present in gels fabricated from fish or shellfish meat also encounter degradation during thermal processing. Endogenous heat‐activated proteases strongly bind to muscle proteins and are activated during heating, thereby degrading myofibrillar proteins, which are abundant in muscle tissue. This deterioration of the proteins directly leads to a weakened gel with poor water‐holding capacity. Both cysteine and serine proteases are responsible for the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in several aquatic animals. Effective pretreatment of fish and shellfish, as well as the use of food‐grade protease inhibitors (PIs), have been implemented to inactivate endogenous muscle and digestive proteases. For this review, proteolysis of muscle proteins and its control by food‐grade PIs are revisited. Improved and effective lowering of proteolysis should be gained, thereby maintaining the quality of fish and their products.     

Novel technologies in utilization of byproducts of animal food processing: a review

Abstract

China is one of the countries with most abundant livestock and poultry resources in the world. The average annual growth rate of output value of livestock and poultry industry reaches 13%, and the output value of livestock and poultry industry accounts for more than 35% of total agricultural output. A large number of byproducts are produced in animal slaughtering and processing operations. If livestock and poultry byproducts are effectively utilized, this will make a huge contribution to GDP. At the same time, aquaculture is China's pillar industry. During fish processing, a large number of byproducts (including fish heads, fish skins, fish bones, fish scales, and viscera) are produced, which weighs approximately 40-55% of the raw fish. The byproducts of freshwater fish are more than 2.5 million tons per annum, most of which are not used. The effective use of byproducts has a direct influence on China's economic and environmental pollution. The nonuse or underutilization of byproducts not only leads to loss of potential revenue, but also results in to an increase in these products and their disposal costs. This paper makes a comprehensive review of the research progress of animal byproduct utilization to date, and aims to provide reference for the utilization and research of animal byproducts.     

Enzymes in fish processing,biosensors and quality control: A review

Abstract

A number of enzymes have uses in fish processing and quality control. Then‐applications may be broadly grouped into: modifications of proteins, enrichment of polyuasaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in lipids, shelf life extension, and as components of biosensors and also in direct assays for quality evaluation of fishery products. Protein processing using proteases include preparation of protein hydrolysates, debittering of protein hydrolysates, removal of scales from some fish species, recovery of proteins from filleting wastes, roe processing, extraction of flavours, carotenoids and other ingredients from fish waste etc. The importance of PUFA in health care has encouraged processes for enrichment of fats and oils using lipases. Glucose oxidase, catalase, and rysozyme have shown potential as food additives for preservation of fish quality. Apart from their role in process developments, a number of enzymes may also be used as components of biosensor systems for rapid evaluation of fish quality. Many of these enzymes may also be extracted from fish wastes generated during commercial fish processing. Recovery of such enzymes from the waste serves the dual purposes of waste disposal as well as providing novel tools for fish processing. This article summarises the status in the field.