Magnetic properties of boron-silicon-iron alloys decarburized at the hot-band stage

Magnetic properties of boron-silicon-iron alloys with various amounts of carbon have been investigated by the measurement of magnetic induction at a magnetizing force of 800 Am⁻¹. The amount of carbon was varied before and after hot rolling by adding carbon to the melts and by decarburization of hot bands at 700‡ C. Results show that high magnetic inductions are obtained from heats with 0.043 to 0.070 wt% carbon but that the heat with 0.024 wt% carbon does not result in high induction. Results also show that complete secondary recrystallization and high induction are obtained from heats whose hot bands have been decarburized to a level of 30 p.p.m. provided that the heat contained 0.043 to 0.070 wt% carbon during heating for hot rolling. From these results it can be said that carbon plays a significant role during heating for hot rolling in determining the texture and magnetic induction of boron-silicon-iron alloys.     

CrCoNi基多主元合金研究进展

总结了近期引起国内外众多学者关注的CrCoNi基多主元合金的研究现状.首先简要地介绍了CrCoNi基合金的发展历史,详细分析了该合金的变形机理,其中包括变形孪晶的形成原因及其对合金性能产生的影响.其次介绍了包括冷轧、 热轧和增材制造在内的多种加工工艺对该合金显微组织及力学性能的影响.目前制备CrCoNi合金应用最广泛的...     

Recent developments of soft magnetic alloys in Japan

Soft magnetic alloys that are now in practical use or under development in Japan are reviewed. In the field of Si-Fe alloys, the influence of various processing parameters, such as addition of elements, heat treatments, and alloy composition on the mechanical and the magnetic properties and recent developments in methods of measuring iron losses are described and discussed. As for Ni-Fe alloys, the effects of refining reagents or added elements adjusting the formation of the superlattice Ni3Fe on the magnetic properties are given. Finally systematic studies on the relation between degree of order and magnetic properties of Ni-Mn alloys are reviewed.     

Development of P/M Fe–P soft magnetic materials

Phosphorous is treated as an impurity in conventional steels owing to segregation of phosphorous and formation of brittle phosphides along the grain boundaries. It is responsible for cold and hot shortness in wrought steels. In conventional powder metallurgy, involving compaction and sintering, high phosphorous content (up to 0·7%) in Fe-based alloys exhibit attractive set of mechanical and magnetic properties. These powder-processed alloys suffer from increasing volumetric shrinkage during sintering as phosphorous is increased beyond 0·6%. Thus both cast as well as conventional powder metallurgy routes have their own limitations in dealing with iron?Cphosphorous alloys. Hot-powder forging was used in the present investigation for the development of high-density soft magnetic materials containing 0·3?C0·8% phosphorous to overcome these difficulties. It was observed that phosphorous addition improves the final density of the resulting product. It was further observed that hot-forged iron?Cphosphorous alloys have excellent hot/cold workability and could be easily shaped to thin strips (0·5?C1·0?mm thick) and wires (0·5?C1·0?mm diameter). The powder hot-forged alloys were characterized in terms of microstructure, porosity content/densification, hardness, soft magnetic properties and electrical resistivity. Magnetic properties such as coercivity 0·35?C1·24?Oe, saturation magnetization 14145?C17490 G and retentivity 6402?C10836 G were observed. The obtained results were discussed based on the microstructures evolved.     

高性能软磁合金的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

软磁材料是一种极为重要且应用十分广泛的能源材料,近年来,随着磁性元件的日益高频化和小型化,以及节能环保的号召,开发和研究高性能软磁材料具有重要意义。本工作概述了软磁合金的发展历史,重点归纳出各类软磁合金(包括传统软磁合金、非晶/纳米晶软磁合金、高熵软磁合金)的成分、微观组织、磁性能以及应用范围,并总结出不同软磁合金的优、缺点;指出典型合金的微观组织对合金软磁性能(尤其矫顽力)具有关键性的主导作用,进而探讨了影响软磁合金矫顽力的因素及其微观机制,发现控制晶粒尺寸(或纳米粒子尺寸)是获得低矫顽力的关键,并描述了矫顽力的微观影响机制在高熵软磁合金中的发展;最后,展望了高熵软磁合金因多主元混合的成分特性带来的组织多样化,更有利于实现对合金性能的调控,并有望作为新一代高温软磁体材料。     

Effect of thermomechanical treatment on the properties of Fe-11Al and Fe-14Al alloys

Fe-Al alloys have the potential to be relatively inexpensive soft magnetic materials if their formability could be improved. An investigation has been made on the effect of thermomechanical treatment on the properties of Fe-11 wt%Al and Fe-14 wt%Al alloys (designated Fe-11Al and Fe-14Al respectively). For the former the room temperature mechanical properties were found to be determined principally by the recrystallised grain size. A good combination of properties for Fe-11Al, i.e. high strength and ductility, was obtained when the grain size was less than about 100 m. The small grain size was produced by warm rolling at 600°C followed by 1 hour annealing at 600–700°C. On the other hand hot rolling followed by annealing resulted in large grain size, hence rendered the alloy brittle. The cold formability also exhibited a grain size dependence, with the Fe-11Al alloy with a fine recrystallised grain size having good cold rollability. In contrast Fe-14Al was brittle irrespective of the treatment given; ductility of less than 1% was observed in all cases and the cold rollability was limited. Ordering was not seen to be a factor affecting the observed mechanical properties and rollability of either alloy as all the thermomechanical treatments, other than an ordering treatment of 500 hours at 400°C, resulted in a disordered structure. The stress required to work these alloys at elevated temperatures were estimated from compression tests and it is apparent that for Fe-11Al the stress is greatly reduced (50%) from the room temperature value at 600°C and that at 750°C both alloys required a similar stress which was about 15% of the room temperature value. The magnetic properties of Fe-11Al compared favourably with Fe-14Al; the former has a higher saturation induction, a similar coercive force but a lower permeability than Fe-14Al.     

Effect of NbC and TiC precipitation on shape memory in an iron-based alloy

This paper examines the effects of TiC and NbC precipitation and prior cold rolling on the shape memory behaviour of an iron-based alloy. A precipitate-free alloy was used as a reference to investigate the relative contributions of prior-deformation and precipitation on shape memory. Heat treatment of the Nb- and Ti-containing alloys at 700 °C and 800 °C resulted in carbide precipitates between 120 nm and 220 nm in diameter. Bend testing of these samples showed a marginal increase in shape memory compared to the precipitate-free alloy. Under these conditions TiC precipitation exhibited slightly better shape memory than for NbC. However, this small increase was over-shadowed by the marked increase in shape memory that can be produced by subjecting the alloys to cold rolling followed by recovery annealing. When processed in this way, fine carbides are formed in the Ti- and Nb-containing alloys during the heat treatment. For particles >25 nm in diameter the shape memory is unaffected, but, it was found that small <5 nm particles have a detrimental effect on shape memory due to pinning of the martensite plates, thereby inhibiting their reversion to austenite. The optimum shape memory was observed in the precipitate-free alloy after cold rolling and recovery annealing.     

Accelerated and conventional development of magnetic high entropy alloys

High-entropy alloys (HEA) are of high current interest due to their unique and attractive combination of structural, physical, chemical or magnetic properties. HEA comprise multiple principal elements, unlike conventional alloys. The composition space of HEA is enormous and only a minuscule fraction has been studied. Magnetic HEA are a promising alternative to conventional soft magnetic metallic materials, which typically exhibit poor mechanical properties. We review the progress in the development of magnetic HEA. The influence of alloy composition, crystal structure, phase fraction and processing parameters on the magnetic properties are discussed. Magnetic HEA processed by advanced experimental high throughput techniques such as additive manufacturing, co-sputtering, diffusion multiples, rapid prototyping, and designed via combinatorial computational techniques, such as thermodynamic and phase diagram calculations, density functional theory, machine learning etc. are reviewed. Conventional processing techniques are also discussed. Future trends in magnetic HEA are outlined.     

Texture development in high strength aluminium alloys

Abstract

Texture development during the thermomechanical processing of high strength aluminium alloys is reviewed. The alloys dealt with include both conventional heat treatable alloys, and unconventional materials such as rapidly quenched alloys and metal-matrix composites. The processing routes considered include hot and cold rolling, extrusion, forging, recrystallisation, and superplastic deformation. The information is presented as (111) pole figures and orientation distribution functions, in order to illustrate the much greater degree of detailed information that can be extracted from the latter method of analysis. The implications of texture development are considered by examining the effects that texture can have on tensile property anisotropy and fatigue and fracture behaviour.

MST/1292     

Effect of thermomechanical treatment on spray formed Cu – Ni – Si alloy

Abstract

The heat treatment response of a spray formed Cu – 2.4Ni – 0.6Si (wt-%) alloy has been investigated. The spray formed alloy was given various thermomechanical treatments prior to isothermal aging. These treatments included solutionising and/or cold rolling with different reductions in original thickness. The variation in hardness and electrical conductivity of the alloys was measured as a function of the aging time. The results indicated the highest peak hardness value of ~250 kg mm^-2 for the alloy aged after solution treatment and cold rolling to 40% reduction in thickness, compared with the maximum hardness of 220 kg mm^-2 for specimens aged directly in the as spray formed condition. However, the electrical conductivity after aging was observed to be a maximum of 65%IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) in specimens cold rolled to 80% reduction in thickness before aging. The aging response was observed to accelerate with the degree of cold working. Optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy were used for microstructural characterisation of the materials. Precipitation of the second phase was observed to dominate in deformation bands. The alloy showed evidence of discontinuous precipitation, particularly when the alloys were cold rolled before aging. The onset of discontinuous precipitation led to a drastic deterioration in hardness of the alloys. The precipitation behaviour of the alloy is discussed in the light of microstructural characteristics associated with various processing conditions of the alloy.     

The effects of the processing variables on the microstructure and tensile properties of naturally aged AA6022 wrought alloys

Abstract

The 6xxx series (Al‐Mg‐Si) alloys have properties of medium to high strength, excellent formability, good corrosion resistance, and weldability. In the present paper, we discuss the tensile properties of T4 heat‐treated AA6022 alloys produced by different fabrication processes, including differences in the homogenization temperature, the hot rolling temperature, the cold rolling reduction ratio, and the solid solution temperature. The analysis was done by differential scanning calorimetry, tensile strength testing, by measuring the electrical resistivity, and optical microscopy. The results indicate that the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength of naturally aged AA6022 alloys increases with increases in the homogenization treatment temperature, hot rolling temperature, cold rolling ratio and solution treatment temperature.     

几种新型铁基纳米晶软磁合金的磁性能

用较便宜的元素Mo、W、V和Cr部分或全部代替较昂贵的Nb,我们发展了一些新的铁基纳米晶软磁合金,它们仍象Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B纳米晶合金那样具有优良的综合软磁性能。本文扼要地报道新开发的5种铁基纳米晶合金的直流和交流磁性能,并与已报道的Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B合金和功率Mn-Zn铁氧体H_(74)的性能做了比较。特别是新发展的Fe-Cu-Cr-V-Si-B合金的高频铁损已达到P_(2/100k)=171kW/m~3,P_(2/100k)=395kW/m~3和P_(2/200k)=579kW/m~3的水平,这明显优于Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B的水平。     

High performance of low cost soft magnetic materials

The consistent interest in supporting research and development of magnetic materials during the last century is revealed in their steadily increasing market. In this work, the soft magnetic nanocrystalline FINEMET alloy was prepared with commercial purity raw materials and compared for the first time with the generally studied high purity one. The exhaustive characterization covers several diverse techniques: X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis and magnetic properties. In addition, a brief economic analysis is presented. For the alloys annealed at 813 K, the value of the grain size was 16 nm with 19·5% of Si, the coercivity was 0·30 A m^?1 while the saturation was 1·2 T. These results prove that structural, magnetic and thermal properties of this material are very close to the expensive high purity FINEMET alloy, while a cost reduction of almost 98% seems highly attractive for laboratories and industry. The analysis should be useful not only for the production of FINEMETs, but for other type of systems with similar constitutive elements as well, including soft and hard magnetic materials.     

Workability,hardness, and strength of aluminium alloys

Abstract

Binary alloys of Al with elements of the first long period, from Ca to Zn inclusive, and also with Li, Mg, Si, Ag, Y, La, and Gd have been examined regarding their working response and tensile properties after forging and cold rolling of arc melted specimens. The results are correlated with the solid solubilities of the alloying elements and their positions in the periodic table.

MST/3059     

快速凝固Al-Fe系耐热铝合金的研究进展

通过快速凝固技术制备Al-Fe系耐热铝合金,可以获得弥散细小且在高温下扩散率低的第二相粒子,从而获得良好的耐热性能。本文综述了快速凝固Al-Fe系合金的发展现状,介绍了各系列Al-Fe合金,着重介绍了Al-Fe-V-Si合金及其复合材料;综述了制备合金的快速凝固技术的发展历程;概述了几种快速凝固Al-Fe系耐热铝合金常用的致密方法,并介绍了能在小吨位设备上致密大块多孔材料的楔形压制工艺、外框限制轧制和陶粒包覆轧制工艺;展望了快速凝固Al-Fe系耐热铝合金的发展趋势,认为合金的耐热性能有待进一步提高,提出了制备方法将朝高冷却速率下制备组织均匀且致密度高的大尺寸坯料方向发展,而致密化技术也将朝小型设备制备大尺寸致密材料的方向发展。     

高性能轧制镁合金研究进展

随着轻量化需求的不断增加,镁合金作为最轻的结构金属材料受到了广泛关注。商用镁合金的强度与塑性仍然较低,限制了其在各领域的广泛应用,深入研究高性能镁合金板材制备工艺是打破其应用限制的关键所在。目前,轧制是生产高性能镁合金板材的重要手段,短流程、高效率、低成本的镁合金板材轧制工艺研发是国内外研究的焦点。综述了近几年先进轧制技术（如衬板控轧、非对称轧制、交叉轧制、叠轧、电脉冲辅助轧制及铸轧等）在制备高性能镁合金板材上的最新进展,浅析了几种新型轧制方法在工业应用方面的局限性,提出了未来高性能镁合金板材的研发需基于对工艺-组织-性能关系的深入探索,从新型低合金化体系开发和低成本短流程制备工艺两方面探索优化,为进一步满足镁合金工业应用需求提供思路。     

Preparation of nanocrystalline Ni–Fe strip via mechanical alloying–compaction–sintering–hot rolling route

Nanocrystalline structures offer opportunity for the development of soft magnetic materials, such as 80 wt% Ni–20 wt% Fe, with superior properties. In recent years, nanocrystalline 80Ni–20Fe (wt%) alloy has been prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental powders. However, retention of nanocrystallinity during consolidation of powder is the key issue to take advantage of improved magnetic properties. In the present work, it has been shown that near-full density bulk nanocrystalline 80Ni–20Fe strip can be prepared via a route consisting of mechanical alloying, cold compaction, sintering, and multi-step unsheathed hot rolling. A crack-free strip of nanocrystalline 80Ni–20Fe, having 99% theoretical density and a grain size of approximately 55 nm, was successfully prepared by sintering and hot rolling of mechanically alloyed powder preforms at 1140 °C. The bulk nanocrystalline 80Ni–20Fe material resulted in a very narrow hysteresis loop indicating a very small hysteresis loss. The present study shows that mechanical alloying–sintering–hot rolling route can be a promising method for producing bulk nanocrystalline materials.     

Effects of thermo-mechanical processing and trace amount of carbon addition on tensile properties of Cu–2.5Fe–0.1P alloys

The effects of thermo-mechanical processing, including intermediate aging treatment and/or solution heat treatment, and a trace amount of carbon (C) addition were studied on tensile behavior of Cu–2.5Fe–0.1P alloys. In this study, Cu–2.5Fe–0.1P alloy sheets without and with a carbon content of 0.05 wt.% were cast and subsequently rolled and thermo-mechanically treated following various processing routes. The introduction of intermediate aging treatment between cold rolling improved the tensile strength of Cu–2.5Fe–0.1P alloys. Solution heat treatment prior to aging was proved to be detrimental on the tensile strength, probably due to recovery and recrystallization causing the complete loss of work hardening during previous cold rolling. The present study also suggested that two-step aging is more effective in improving the strength of Cu–2.5Fe–0.1P alloys than one-step aging. The effect of C addition on improving the tensile strength of Cu–2.5Fe–0.1P alloys was real but marginal, probably due to the limited solubility of C in Cu–2.5Fe matrix. The effects of intermediate heat treatments between cold-rolling processes on tensile properties of Cu–2.5Fe–0.1P specimens with and without C addition are discussed based on optical, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs, and SEM fractographs.     

Influence of thermomechanical processing on superplastic forming of Mg–Al alloys

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the initial microstructure of several Mg–Al alloys on their superplastic formability and on their post-forming microstructure and mechanical properties. Various thermomechanical processing routes, such as annealing, conventional rolling, severe rolling and cross rolling, were used in order to fabricate AZ31 and AZ61 alloys with different grain sizes. These materials were then blow formed into a hat shaped die. It was found that the processing route has only a small effect in the formability of Mg–Al alloys or on the post-forming microstructures and properties due to rapid dynamic grain growth taking place at the forming temperatures. Nevertheless, good formability is achieved as a result of the simultaneous operation of grain boundary sliding and crystallographic slip during forming.     

磁粉芯的研究进展

磁粉芯具有良好的软磁性能和频率特性,广泛应用于电感元件和变压器.分类介绍了纯铁粉芯、坡莫合金粉芯、铁硅铅粉芯、非晶和纳米晶粉芯的成分组成及其磁性能,重点阐述了粉末制备、绝缘包覆、压制成型和热处理等工艺参数对磁粉芯软磁性能的影响,最后指出新制备工艺的开发和相关理论模型的构建将成为未来磁粉芯研究的热点.