保温时间对瞬时液相扩散连接的Ti3Al /Ti2AlNb接头微观结构及力学性能的影响

采用Ni-Ti复合箔片作为中间层,在990 ℃、低连接压力（0.1 MPa）下,通过瞬时液相（TLP）扩散连接制备了Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb异种合金接头。分析了保温时间（10~90 min）对Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb接头微观结构及力学性能的影响,并研究了TLP扩散连接接头的界面演变和形成机制。结果表明,Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb接头具有典型的“Ti₃Al | Al_0.5Nb_0.5Ti₃ | 残余 Ni | NiTi | NiTi₂ | 残余 Ti | Al_0.5Nb_0.5Ti₃ | Ti₂AlNb”多层梯度结构。随着保温时间的延长,接头的抗剪切强度先增大后减小,当保温时间达到60 min时,Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb接头的抗剪切强度最大,达到167±12 MPa。另外,接头的断裂主要发生在Ti₂AlNb/Ti附近的NiTi₂层,并向Ti层延伸,呈现出脆性断裂的特征。     

Ti_3AlC_2掺杂SPS法制备Ti_2AlC/TiAl基复合材料的研究

通过2TiC-Ti-1.2Al体系的原位热压反应制备Ti_3AlC_2陶瓷,然后以59.2Ti-30.8Al-10Ti_3AlC_2(质量分数,下同,%)为反应体系,采用放电等离子烧结技术制备Ti_2AlC/Ti Al基复合材料。借助XRD、SEM分析产物的相组成和微观结构,并测量其室温力学性能。结果表明:原位热压烧结产物由Ti_3AlC_2和TiC相组成,Ti_3AlC_2呈典型的层状结构,TiC颗粒分布在其间;SPS法制备的Ti_2AlC/Ti Al基复合材料主要由Ti Al、Ti_3Al和Ti_2AlC相组成,Ti_2AlC增强相主要分布于基体晶界处,发挥了晶界/晶内内生型强化相的增强作用。力学性能测试表明:Ti_2AlC/Ti Al基复合材料的密度、维氏硬度、断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别为3.85 g/cm~3、5.37 GPa、7.17 MPa·m~(1/2)和494.85 MPa,穿晶、沿晶及层状撕裂等混合断裂特征对改善性能发挥了重要作用。     

Ti3AlC2材料的反应合成及其烧结行为

以Ti,Al和TiC为原材料,用无压煅烧合成法制备三元化合物Ti3AlC2。详细讨论了煅烧温度和铝含量对多晶Ti3AlC2纯度的影响。利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电镜和场发射透射电镜研究了粉末材料的组织结构、晶粒大小、层板厚度和选区电子衍射花样。结果表明1300℃是合成Ti3AlC2粉末的最佳煅烧温度,1:1.2:2是Ti/Al/TiC原材料的最佳摩尔比。用热压法制备了不同烧结温度下的Ti3AlC2块体试样,在1300℃热压制备的Ti3AlC2块体的相对密度可达99.9%,其维氏硬度和三点抗弯强度分别为5.7 GPa和630 MPa。通过场发射扫面电镜观察材料的断口形貌,进一步分析了Ti3AlC2块体材料的强化机理。     

原位生成TiCx增强Ni合金复合材料的制备及力学性能研究

以Ti₃AlC₂和Ni合金粉为原料,采用原位热压烧结法制备了TiC_x/Ni合金复合材料。高温下Ni合金引起Ti₃AlC₂分解形成TiC_x,Al原子和少部分Ti原子从基体中脱离,并与Ni合金发生反应。添加20Vol%Ti₃AlC₂和40Vol%Ti₃AlC₂时,TiC_x中x的值分别为0.625和0.715。利用XRD、SEM和 EDS等表征方法对复合材料进行物相分析以及微观结构分析。研究表明,原位生成的TiC_x与Ni合金基体结合牢固,所制备的复合材料具有优异的力学性能,添加20%Ti₃AlC₂和40%Ti₃AlC₂时,复合材料的压缩强度分别达到了2.2 GPa和2.09 GPa,相应的压缩断裂应变分别为9.6%和8.5%。     

微束等离子弧熔化沉积TiAl/Ti2AlNb梯度材料的组织与相变

采用微束弧热态焊技术熔化沉积Ti₂AlNb合金丝材,在TiAl基合金环状试样上制备出Ti₂AlNb基合金梯度材料。利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)方法及显微硬度测试,对沉积态TiAl/Ti₂AlNb梯度材料的显微组织、相组成和显微硬度进行了分析。结果表明：微束弧热态焊技术熔化沉积的Ti₂AlNb基合金组织由β相、O相和α₂相组成,并且随着距离母材距离的增加,梯度材料呈现出γ+α₂/γ→β(固溶体)+O→β₂+O+α₂(魏氏组织)→β(固溶体)+O的相变趋势。梯度材料的硬度呈现出波浪式的分布。另外结合各元素对组织稳定性的影响,以及微束等离子技术所具有的特殊热循环和热积累效应,对梯度材料在微束等离子沉积过程中的相变规律进行了解释。     

Al2O3/Ti2AlN复合材料在900℃,1000℃和1100℃空气中的氧化行为

利用综合热分析仪、背散射扫描电镜(BSE)和能谱分析(EDS)对Al₂O₃/Ti₂AlN复合材料在900 ℃,1 000 ℃和1 100 ℃/20 h空气中连续氧化20h后的氧化增重及氧化层截面进行了研究。结果表明：Al₂O₃/Ti₂AlN复合材料在空气中的氧化行为符合抛物线规律,在900 ℃,1 000 ℃和1 100 ℃/20 h氧化增重分别为2.78×10_-2 kg/m₂、10.4 ×10_-2 kg/m₂、21.9 ×10_-2 kg/m₂,抛物线速率常数相应为1.08×10_-8 kg₂/m₄s、1.44×10_-7 kg₂/m₄s、6.56×10_-7 kg₂/m₄s,氧化激活能为274 kJ/mol。氧化层主要由TiO₂和Al₂O₃组成的,连续的Al₂O₃次外层可以提高其抗氧化性能。氧化层结构的改变是由于氧化温度对Ti₄₊、Al₃₊由基体表面向外扩散和O_2-向内扩散的影响,以及TiO₂和Al₂O₃在不同温度下的形核生长速率导致的。对Al₂O₃/Ti₂AlN而言,控制材料与氧化气氛的界面是提高该材料抗氧化性能的关键。     

纳米Mg2Sn增强镁基复合材料组织与性能

利用纳米Sn粉高的表面活性,通过微米Mg粉与纳米Sn粉的机械合金化高效合成了含原位纳米Mg₂Sn相的复合粉末,将所得复合粉末热压烧结,获得高性能纳米Mg₂Sn增强镁基复合材料。对比研究了不同机械合金化时间对镁基复合材料组织、性能的影响,结果表明：随着机械合金化时间的延长,由纳米Mg₂Sn相组成的团簇尺寸不断减小,分布更加均匀,烧结态Mg₂Sn/Mg复合材料的各项力学性能也得到不断提高。     

氧化物/不锈钢梯度复合材料初步设计与评价

采用粉末层叠和整体热压烧结的方法,制备了Y₂Ti₂O₇/316L不锈钢功能梯度复合材料。经金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和电子探针分析确定,该材料在金属和氧化物界面处实现了成分和微观组织的梯度过渡。对不同梯度含量复合材料的力学性能测试表明,界面处的力学性能存在相应的梯度变化,即随各层金属相含量的逐渐增加,过渡区材料的致密度、抗弯强度不断提升,而硬度则不断下降。     

Ti_2AlC/TiAl基复合材料的制备及其力学性能北大核心CSCD

以Ti-Al-Ti_3AlC_2为反应体系,采用真空热压技术(1100℃×1 h)制备Ti_2AlC/TiAl基复合材料。借助XRD、SEM等测试手段分析相组成以及微观结构,并测量其密度、维氏硬度、抗弯强度、抗压强度和断裂韧性等室温力学性能。结果表明,产物主要由TiAl、Ti_2AlC和Ti_3Al相组成。利用Ti_3AlC_2分解反应原位自生的Ti_2AlC增强相主要分布于基体晶界处,部分钉扎于晶内,且随着Ti_2AlC生成量的增大,团聚现象加剧。室温力学性能测试表明,Ti_2AlC/TiAl基复合材料的力学性能明显优于单相TiAl材料,当Ti_3AlC_2掺杂量为10 mass%时,综合性能较好,密度、硬度、抗弯强度、抗压强度和断裂韧性分别为3.97 g/cm^3、4.82 GPa、488.61 MPa、1340 MPa和5.68 MPa·m^(1/2)。断裂机制主要表现为沿晶断裂、穿晶断裂、裂纹偏转与桥联;颗粒相增韧、裂纹偏转与桥联以及层状增韧是主要的增韧方式。     

SPS法制备Ti_2AlC/TiAl基复合材料的力学性能

采用放电等离子技术(SPS),利用Ti-Al-Ti_3AlC_2体系的原位反应制备Ti_2AlC/TiAl基复合材料。借助XRD、SEM和OM分析其组成及显微结构。结果表明,1100℃烧结后,Ti_3AlC_2全部转化为Ti_2AlC。产物由TiAl、Ti3Al和Ti_2AlC相组成。Ti_2AlC呈颗粒状分布于基体晶界处,部分钉扎于晶内。当Ti_3AlC_2掺杂量为10%时,综合力学性能最佳,维氏硬度、断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别达到了4.9 GPa、7.41 MPa·m1/2和699.9 MPa,较TiAl合金有较大提升。     

Preparation of Ti3AlC2 by mechanically activated sintering with Sn aids

The mechanically activated sintering process was adapted to synthesize Ti₃AlC₂ using 3Ti/Al/2C/0.05Sn powder mixtures. The result showed that the powders containing TiC, Ti₃AlC₂ and Ti₂AlC were obtained by mechanical alloying (MA) 3Ti/Al/2C powders. Addition of appropriate Sn reduced the content of Ti₂AlC and enhanced the synthesis of Ti₃AlC₂ significantly. The powders with highest content of Ti₃AlC₂ were obtained by MA 3Ti/Al/2C/0.05Sn powders. Through pressureless sintering the mechanical alloyed powders at 900–1100 °C for 2 h, the high purity Ti₃AlC₂ material with fine organization was produced.     

Ti3AlC2-Al2O3-TiAl3 composite fabricated by reactive melt infiltration

Porous preforms were fabricated by cold-pressing process using powder mixture of TiC, TiO₂ and dextrin. After pyrolysis and sintering, Al melt was infiltrated into the porous preforms, leading to the formation of Ti₃AlC₂-Al₂O₃-TiAl₃ composite. Effects of cold-pressing pressure of preforms on microstructures and mechanical properties of the composites were studied. Synthesis mechanism and toughening mechanism of composite were also analyzed. The results shows that TiO₂ is reduced into Ti₂O₃ by carbon, the decomposition product of dextrin, which causes the spontaneous infiltration of Al melt into TiC/Ti₂O₃ preform. Then, Ti₃AlC₂-Al₂O₃-TiAl₃ composite is in-situ formed from the simultaneous reaction of Al melt with TiC and Ti₂O₃. With the increase of cold-pressing pressure from 10 MPa to 40 MPa, the pore size distribution of the preforms becomes increasingly uniform after pre-sintering, which results in the reduction of defects, and the decrease of property discrepancy of composites. Nano-laminated Ti₃AlC₂ grains and Al₂O₃ particles make the fracture toughness of TiAl₃ increase remarkably by various toughening mechanisms including stress-induced microcrack, crack deflection and crack bridging.     

Effects of TiC and Al4C3 addition on combustion synthesis of Ti2AlC

Preparation of the ternary carbide Ti₂AlC was conducted by combustion synthesis in the mode of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from the elemental powder compacts of Ti:Al:C = 2:1:1, TiC-containing samples with TiC of 6.67–14.3 mol%, and Al₄C₃-containing samples with Al₄C₃ of 1.96–10 mol%. Effects of TiC and Al₄C₃ addition were studied on combustion characteristics and the degree of phase conversion. Due to the growth of laminated Ti₂AlC grains, the reactant compact was subjected to an axial elongation during the SHS process. Because the addition of TiC and Al₄C₃ led to a decrease in the reaction temperature, the flame-front propagation velocity was correspondingly reduced for the TiC- and Al₄C₃-containing samples when compared with the elemental reactants. Based upon the XRD analysis, formation of Ti₂AlC along with a secondary phase TiC was identified in the synthesized products. The grains of Ti₂AlC are typically plate-like with a size of 10–20 μm and several laminated Ti₂AlC grains form a layered structure. The content of Ti₂AlC yielded from the elemental powder compacts is about 85 wt%. The addition of TiC was found to facilitate the formation mechanism and therefore to enhance the extent of Ti₂AlC conversion approaching 90 wt%. As a result of the reduced exothermicity of the reaction, however, the content of Ti₂AlC decreased slightly in the products synthesized from the Al₄C₃-added samples.     

Strengthening of Ti2AlC by substituting Ti with V

Ti₂AlC is strengthened by substituting Ti with V to form (Ti,V)₂AlC solid solutions. The Vickers hardness, flexural strength, shear strength and compressive strength are enhanced by 29%, 36% and 45% for (Ti_0.8,V_0.2)₂AlC solid solution, respectively. The strengthening mechanism is discussed.     

Formation of TiC/Ti2AlC and α2+γ in in-situ TiAl composites with different solidification paths

In order to improve the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys, TiAl composites with different solidification paths were synthesized by metallurgical method. Results show the TiC disappears and Ti₂AlC increases when the Al content is more than 42% (at.%, similarly hereinafter). Small TiC particles are located in Ti₂AlC grains with irregular shapes when the Al content is 40%, and they translate into clubbed Ti₂AlC with increasing of Al. This metallurgy method can solve the defects of the Al lacking and the residual TiC. The γ phase increases between lamellar colonies with the increasing of Al. When the Al content is 48%, the fully lamellar structure transforms into a duplex microstructure and there are small Ti₂AlC phases in γ phases, because the forming of Ti₂AlC phase must consume Al. The compressive strength increases up to 1678.68 MPa as Al content is 46 at.%, and then decrease to 1460.22 MPa, the compressive strain increases and then keeps stabilization with the increasing Al. The maximum strength improves 38.82% and the maximum strain improves 121.37%. The Ti₂AlC/TiAl composites fracture behaviors are load transferring behavior, crack deflection, trans-lamellar cracking and extraction of carbide reinforcements. The Ti₂AlC phase and the fully lamellar structure improve the mechanical properties.     

Corrosion behavior of select MAX phases in NaOH, HCl and H2SO4

In this paper we report on the electrochemical corrosion of select MAX phases, namely Ti₂AlC, (Ti,Nb)₂AlC, V₂AlC, V₂GeC, Cr₂AlC, Ti₂AlN, Ti₄AlN₃, Ti₃SiC₂ and Ti₃GeC₂ in 1 M NaOH, 1 M HCl and 1 M H₂SO₄ solutions. Polarization characteristics recorded in 1 M NaOH show that V₂AlC, V₂GeC and Cr₂AlC undergo active dissolution at potentials more positive than the corrosion potential, while Ti₂AlC, (Ti,Nb)₂AlC, Ti₃SiC₂ and Ti₃GeC₂ passivate. In the 1 M HCl solutions, Ti₂AlC, V₂AlC and V₂GeC actively dissolve; Ti₃SiC₂ and Ti₃GeC₂ passivate. Depending on potential, (Ti,Nb)₂AlC and Cr₂AlC showed trans-passive behavior. In 1 M H₂SO₄ solutions, Ti₂AlC, (Ti,Nb)₂AlC, Ti₃SiC₂ and Ti₃GeC₂ passivate, V₂AlC and V₂GeC show active dissolution, while Cr₂AlC exhibits trans-passive behavior. Ti₂AlN and Ti₄AlN₃ were passive in all solutions except in 1 M HCl, where Ti₂AlN showed trans-passive behavior. Given that the corrosion behavior of (Ti,Nb)₂AlC is unlike either Ti or Nb, the behavior of the former cannot be predicted from that of the latter.     

Rapid fabrication of the Ti3SiC2 bonded diamond composite by spark plasma sintering

A mixture of Ti/Si/TiC/diamond powders was employed to fabricate the Ti₃SiC₂ bonded diamond composite using the spark plasma sintering-reactive synthesis method. The addition of diamond does not inhibit the synthesis of Ti₃SiC₂ in the sintered product. In the matrix Ti₃SiC₂ grains developed lamellar morphology with an average length size of 5-10 μm. Ti₃SiC₂ matrix displays good pullout strength with diamond, and the Ti₃SiC₂ bonded diamond material exhibits good wear resistance.     

Oxidation of Ti2AlC bulk and spray deposited coatings

The oxidation behaviour of Ti₂AlC bulk and high velocity oxy-fuel spray deposited coatings has been investigated for temperatures up to 1200 °C. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy show that bulk Ti₂AlC forms a continuous layer of α-Al₂O₃ below a layer of TiO₂ at temperatures as low as 700 °C. Oxidation of the Ti₂AlC coatings is more complex, and also involves the phases Ti₃AlC₂, TiC, and Ti_xAl_y, formed during the spraying process. α-Al₂O₃ is observed, however, it is unevenly distributed deep into the material, and does not form a continuous layer essential for good oxidation resistance.     

Oxidation behavior of Ti3AlC2 at 1000-1400 °C in air

The isothermal oxidation behavior of bulk Ti₃AlC₂ has been investigated at 1000-1400 °C in air for exposure times up to 20 h by means of TGA, XRD, SEM and EDS. It has been demonstrated that Ti₃AlC₂ has excellent oxidation resistance. The oxidation of Ti₃AlC₂ generally followed a parabolic rate law with parabolic rate constants, k_p that increased from 4.1×10⁻¹¹ to 1.7×10⁻⁸ kg² m⁻⁴ s⁻¹ as the temperature increased from 1000 to 1400 °C. The scales formed at temperatures below 1300 °C were dense, adherent, resistant to cyclic oxidation and layered. The inner layer of these scales formed at temperatures below 1300 °C was continuous α-Al₂O₃. The outer layer changed from rutile TiO₂ at temperatures below 1200 °C to a mixture of Al₂TiO₅ and TiO₂ at 1300 °C. In the samples oxidized at 1400 °C, the scale consisted of a mixture of Al₂TiO₅ and, predominantly, α-Al₂O₃, while the adhesion of the scales to the substrates was less than that at the lower temperatures. Effect of carbon monoxide at scale/substrate was involved in the formation of the continuous Al₂O₃ layers.