Analytical study of beam-to-HSS/CFT column connections by trapezoidal external stiffener

Use of continuity plates in box columns is approved by design codes. To meet seismic parameters, considering performance problems and lack of confidence in the quality of the connections due to closed section, unsuitable vision and extreme welding and cutting at junction, continuity plates have been removed from the column and replaced by external stiffener. In this study, behavior of box beam-to-column connections with/without continuity plates, with external stiffener in two states with/without concrete (CFT/HSS) inside the column and finally reinforced connection by horizontal bar mats in CFT (Concrete Filled Tube) column have been studied by finite elements modeling and nonlinear analysis under monotonic and cyclic loadings. The results have shown that the use of external stiffener rather than continuity plate causes to increase 1% in rigidity and in turn 46.09% in strength. On the other hand, the use of filler concrete in column has caused to improve seismic behavior of the connection. When this connection containing the combination of external stiffeners and horizontal bar mats in CFT column is taken place, rigidity and strength parameters will be increased 3.01% and 108.8% respectively, compared to connections with no horizontal bar mats. In addition, the proposed connection has best performance in terms of both stress distribution and energy absorption and meets rigid connection criterion as well.     

Combination of mechanical and informational modeling to predict hysteresis behavior of I beam‐to‐CFT column connection

The behavior of beam‐to‐column connections is significantly complicated because it depends on the material, nonlinear relationship between different members, and contact of connecting elements. Their hysteretic response exhibits highly inelastic characteristics and continuous variation in stiffness, strength, and ductility. Therefore, accurate hysteretic models of bolted connections are essential to accurate seismic assessment and design. Composed (Hybrid) modeling approach is presented to represent the complex hysteretic behavior of I beam‐to‐concrete‐filled‐tube (CFT) column bolted connection. For the purpose in this study, experimental evaluation of I beam‐to‐CFT column connection with bolted end‐plate under cyclic loading is done. It must be mentioned to make the connection easily applicable practically and also prepare the column flanges continuity, a connection with the bolts penetrated into the CFT column are used since using the stiffeners in hollow sections is not easily applicable. In the composed mechanical–informational modeling framework, the conventional mechanical model is complemented by information‐based model components. Finally, moment–rotation curves of composed model have been compared with experimental results. Comparison showed that the composed model has a good agreement with experimental results. A newly designed specimen for validation purpose of the composed modeling was made and experimented. Composed model was well applied to predict the behavior of new connections. The presented results show that the composed model has a good ability to predict of hysteretic behavior.     

Foundation connections for circular concrete-filled tubes

Concrete filled steel tubes (CFTs) promote economical and rapid construction. They offer increased strength and stiffness relative to structural steel and reinforced concrete. The steel tube serves as formwork and reinforcement to the concrete fill, thereby reducing the labor requirements. CFT components encourage the optimal behavior of each material (concrete and steel) while providing a symbiotic relationship between the two to mitigate undesirable failure modes. The fill increases the compressive strength and stiffness, delays and restrains local buckling of the tube, and enhances ductility and resistance if composite action is achieved.Both rectangular and circular CFT have been employed, but circular CFT provide better performance, because they provide increased confinement of the concrete and composite action. A missing component for circular CFT construction is reliable and ductile connections. The research described herein that investigated and develops design procedures for simple and economical connections of circular CFT piers or columns to reinforced concrete foundations, pile caps and wide cap beams (bridge construction) is presented and evaluated. The connection requires no dowels or internal reinforcement connecting the tube to the footing or cap beam. Experiments and analytical studies evaluate the inelastic seismic performance and establish design criteria for the connection. The seismic performance of a CFT column and connection assembly is compared to a conventional reinforced concrete column. The research shows that the proposed connection develops the full capacity of the composite column. The assembly provides excellent ductility and inelastic deformation capacity under seismic loading while mitigating damage even at larger drift demands.     

圆形钢管混凝土柱的基础连接件

钢管混凝土柱促进了经济且快速的建设方式。两者的组合增大了结构钢和混凝土的强度和刚度,使用钢管作为模板和核心混凝土的约束减少了工作量。钢管混凝土柱为混凝土和钢材提供了一个共生关系来缓和其不良的失效模式,激发了各种材料的最优性能(混凝土和钢材)。综合作用下,混凝土抗压强度和刚度增大,延缓和抑制了钢管的局部屈曲,并提升其延展性和抗力。矩形钢管混凝土柱与圆形钢管混凝土柱都被应用于实际建设生产中,但由于圆形钢管混凝土柱可以提供更强的混凝土约束和综合作用而拥有更好的性能。对于圆形钢管混凝土柱来说,其缺少可靠的、有延展性的连接件。对这方面的研究调查进行介绍,包括关于圆形钢管混凝土柱柱脚或钢筋混凝土地基柱的简便经济的连接件的开发设计过程,并介绍和评价了桥梁结构中的桩帽与宽桩梁。这种连接件不需要销子和内在的加固就能将钢管与基脚或桩梁相连接。试验分析研究和评估了这种连接件的非弹性抗震性能,并确立了设计标准。将1个装配这种连接件的钢管混凝土柱的抗震性能与传统的钢筋混凝土柱相比较。结果显示,此种连接件进一步增强了组合柱的承载力。这种形式在地震荷载下能提供极佳的延展性和非弹性变形能力,甚至在大侧移情况下也能减轻损害。     

钢梁-钢筋混凝土柱单剪板连接节点约束弯矩试验研究

钢梁与混凝土柱单剪板连接节点形式简单、施工方便。在单剪板节点结构设计中,通常把该类节点简化成铰接节点,认为其只传递剪力和轴力,忽略梁端弯矩的作用,从而高估了预埋件的承载能力,给结构留下了安全隐患。为了研究单剪板连接节点的受力性能,对3个不同螺栓布置的钢梁-钢筋混凝土柱单剪板连接节点进行了静力加载试验,研究了螺栓数量、螺栓直径等因素对试件破坏模式、荷载-挠度曲线和约束弯矩的影响。结果表明：钢梁-钢筋混凝土柱单剪板连接节点的约束弯矩随螺栓群惯性矩的增大而增大;试件的承载力和刚度受高强螺栓布置数量的影响较大,受螺栓直径的影响较小。在试验研究的基础上,建立了单剪板连接节点的受力简化模型,根据模型给出了约束弯矩计算方法和弹性阶段节点折算偏心距计算公式,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

不同配筋率钢筋混凝土柱应变率效应

混凝土是一种率敏感性材料,正确把握应变率效应对钢筋混凝土构件在强震等动力荷载下力学性能的影响,对结构抗震和抗风设计至关重要。采用CEB规范建议的考虑混凝土应变率效应的动力本构关系,运用纤维模型对钢筋混凝土柱在不同加载速率下的动力性能进行了数值模拟。对4个钢筋混凝土柱构件的快速加载试验的试验结果与模拟结果进行比较,结果表明所建立的纤维单元模型能够较好预测混凝土柱恢复力特性,验证了基于动力本构的纤维单元模型的有效性。基于此模型,研究了不同纵向配筋率和体积配箍率对钢筋混凝土柱动力性能的影响,结果表明纵向配筋率和体积配箍率对动力性能的影响呈现出不同的特征。     

方钢管混凝土框架-侧边开洞薄钢板剪力墙受力性能研究

采用大型通用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS 6.10分别对4个方钢管混凝土框架-侧边开洞薄钢板剪力墙进行数值分析,明确其受力性能和破坏形态,分析侧边加劲构件对结构刚度、承载力、延性及滞回性能的影响,提出侧边加劲构件截面设计方法。结果表明:方钢管混凝土框架-侧边开洞薄钢板剪力墙具有良好的受力性能和滞回性能;当侧边加劲构件与钢梁铰接时,侧边加劲构件能够显著提高方钢管混凝土框架-侧边开洞薄钢板剪力墙的极限承载力、初始刚度、延性和耗能能力;有限元计算结果与侧边加劲构件设计公式计算结果吻合较好,可供工程应用参考。     

螺栓灌胶节点对螺栓钢板加固钢筋混凝土连梁抗震能力影响的试验

为了提高小跨高比既有连梁的抗震性能,提出了一种新型的螺栓钢板加固法和一种新型的钢板屈曲控制装置。按照1∶2比例制作3个钢筋混凝土连梁试件,通过低周往复荷载试验研究了螺栓灌胶节点对钢板加固钢筋混凝土连梁的影响。结果表明:未采用螺栓钢板法加固的连梁呈现出脆性剪切破坏;采用螺栓钢板法进行普通高强螺栓加固的连梁,其强度和延性并没有提高;采用螺栓钢板法进行螺栓灌胶节点加固的连梁,其强度、延性和耗能能力得到大幅度提高。     

约束钢管混凝土柱的开发研究(英文)

本文提出了一种更适合抗震设计的新型钢管混凝土体系———约束钢管混凝土柱体系。它建立在清楚的力学概念基础上,其设计着眼于在可能出现塑性铰的部位附加横向约束以控制钢管的局部屈曲和更有效地约束混凝土。这一新型钢管混凝土柱体系兼具了钢管混凝土及套管混凝土柱两者的优点,克服了传统钢管混凝土柱的抗震缺陷,为抗震地区的高层结构和桥梁设计提供了理想的选择。在本研究的第一阶段,作者们对FRP约束的圆钢管柱和钢板约束的方钢管柱进行了模拟地震力的加载试验。其结果验证了约束钢管混凝土柱的良好抗震性能。     

Investigation of Proposed Concrete Filled Steel Tube Connections under Reversed Cyclic Loading

Concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns are used in the primary lateral resistance systems. The objective of this research is to analyse the behavior of the steel beam to CFT column connections. A three-dimensional numerical model for simulating the behavior of CFT connections was developed with the aid of the general purpose nonlinear finite element analysis package ABAQUS. In this paper, 90 CFT connection specimens include simple and moment connections that were tested under reversed cyclic loading. Shear capacity of joint, moment-drift response, energy absorption, and displacement ductility were studied in those models. The results have indicated that, the hysteresis curve of CFT columns was plump; no pinch phenomenon can be found; the damage and degradation degree of the strength and stiffness of specimens is lower; and high energy dissipation capacity can be achieved. Improvement in the behavior of CFT connection depends on the beam characteristics and column features.     

Hysteretic behavior of exterior post-tensioned flat plate connections

The purpose of this study is to evaluate hysteretic behavior of exterior post-tensioned flat plate slab–column connections (PT connections) designed to resist only gravity loads. For this purpose, experimental studies were conducted using three approximately two-thirds-scale test specimens; two exterior PT connection specimens having different tendon layouts and one exterior reinforced concrete flat plate slab–column connection (RC connection) specimen. Quasi-static cyclic loading was applied to the specimen with a constant gravity load. All specimens had bottom bonded reinforcement around the column as required by ACI 352.1R-89. This study collects previous test results to draw a general conclusion for the hysteretic behavior of the PT exterior connections. This study observed that the tendon layout influenced the hysteretic behavior of PT exterior connections, which means that lateral drift capacity, dissipated energy, failure mechanism, and ductility vary with respect to tendon layouts. Moreover, this study shows that the amount of bottom reinforcement specified by the ACI 352.1R-89 is sufficient for resisting positive moments resulting from moment reversal under the cyclic loading. Shear strength of the test specimens is more accurately predicted by the shear strength equation considering average compressive strength (f_pc) due to post-tensioning tendons than that without considering f_pc.     

Experimental Study of Composite Steel Plate Shear Wall with Flush End-Plate Connection

This paper presents an investigation on the structural performance of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) with flush end-plate beam–column connections and infill precast reinforced concrete (precast RC) panels. Two single-span two-story SPSW specimens, including unstiffened SPSW (NBRP) and precast RC panel restrained SPSW (Con-BRP), are first tested, followed with a parametric study by finite element method. Precast RC cover panels are installed on both sides of the infill steel plate and are disconnected from steel frame. Test results indicate that the use of precast RC cover panels increases the load carrying and energy dissipation capacities of the SPSW structure, but decreases its ductility. It is also effective in reducing the inward flexural deformation of columns. Moreover, the stiffening effect of the infill steel plate on the beam–column connections remains, which is a result of the precast RC cover panel’s resistance to the local buckling and the tears of the infill steel plates. The influence of the gap size between the precast RC cover plate and frame members on the failure mode of the specimen Con-BRP is also investigated, based on which a maximum gap size is recommended. Conclusions are drawn that SPSW structure with flush end-plate beam–column connections and precast RC cover panels fully exploits the strength of infill steel plates and exhibits excellent structural performance.     

超高层钢管混凝土重力柱-混凝土核心筒结构振动台试验研究

提出一种新型的钢管混凝土重力柱-核心筒结构体系,通过地震模拟振动台试验验证其抗震性能。以实际超高层钢管混凝土柱框架-混凝土核心筒建筑结构为参考,将钢框架梁与柱或核心筒的刚性节点改为螺栓连接的铰接节点,简化结构并制作1/40的缩尺结构模型,采用4条地震动记录进行不同工况的振动台试验,分析结构的震损特点、动力特性、侧向位移、层间位移角、扭转角、地震惯性力、楼层剪力和倾覆弯矩等。结果表明：震损主要出现在下部楼层的混凝土楼板与柱连接、楼板与核心筒连接、楼板与钢梁连接、核心筒角部等部位;基本自振周期和阻尼比随震损增加而增大,动力放大效应减小,长周期地震动反应显著,侧向变形和层间位移显著增大;外排架柱的层间位移主要为不产生内力的刚体转动,核心筒层间位移角达1/26,超过规范JGJ 3—2010中规定的框架-核心筒结构体系不倒塌限值的3.85倍而未出现倒塌;外排架抗扭刚度小,结构扭转反应由核心筒主导;地震惯性力和楼层剪力受地震长周期分量的影响小,随结构损伤增大楼层内力增加幅度减小。     

Thickness of shear flow zone in a circular RC column under pure torsion

This study proposes a rational method capable of analyzing the behavior of circular reinforced concrete (RC) columns under pure torsion with or without axial compression. The developed method is based on the concept of the rotating-angle softened truss model (RA-STM) and incorporates the recently updated material models. In particular, the most important factor in estimating torsional capacity of RC structures-thickness of shear flow zone-is investigated in-depth for the circular RC column and discussed together with other mechanical aspects. The concept of thickness of shear flow zone for rectangular RC members is theoretically well established, while it is not clearly understood for circular RC members. This is due to the lack of existing experimental and analytical research work in this area. Recently, a circular RC column under pure torsion was tested at Missouri S&T. Test results of the column were used to validate the proposed method in terms of overall column behavior and local behavior of each component (concrete, both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement). The comparisons proved that the proposed method was in reasonable agreement with experimental results. In addition, the concept of the proposed method can be applied for any arbitrary section and is free from mechanical assumptions such as concrete cover spalling.     

楼板对钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁空间组合体抗震性能影响研究

楼板在地震作用下对钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁组合体抗震性能的影响是建立地震作用下节点计算模型的基础,也是准确评价组合结构体系抗震性能的关键问题之一。为此,完成了3个钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁(RCS)空间组合体试件在考虑不同楼板宽度情况下的抗震性能试验,分析整个受力过程中楼板受力性态对组合构件受力特征、破坏模式等抗震性能的影响。各试验模型在加载过程中均产生梁铰破坏,并表现出较好的延性和耗能能力,最终因节点区钢梁屈曲、扁钢箍开裂和柱端混凝土压碎而丧失承载力。分析表明,楼板裂缝以横向裂缝为主,随着楼板宽度增加,次生斜裂缝增多,板底混凝土压碎区域增大;混凝土楼板与钢梁组合体对节点核心区的约束作用较明显地改善了空间组合体受力性能。对楼板混凝土和板内纵筋在受力过程中的应变进行分析,结果表明,随着楼板宽度的增加,楼板对RCS空间组合体刚度、承载力的贡献值有限。对现浇板受拉有效翼缘宽度进行分析,结果表明考虑钢-混凝土组合梁翼缘有效宽度对梁端受弯承载力、惯性矩影响较大。     

Ultimate bearing capacity factor and whole process analysis for large size concrete filled steel tube columns

Based on the general theory of concrete filled steel tube (CFT), nonlinear analysis of large size CFT is performed using ANSYS, a commercially available finite element (FE) programme. A nonlinear 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) model is developed to predict the behaviour of axially loaded CFT columns. Comparisons between the predicted results and the curves of axially loaded CFT column published in the open literature show that the trend of the curves fit well. This also shows that the constitutive relation model and the basic assumptions can accurately predict the behaviour of the large size CFT. The FEA model is then used to investigate the influence of steel tube wall thickness, the width to thickness of built-in stiffener for ultimate bearing capacity of large size square CFT and so on. In addition, the whole construction process of large size rectangular CFT with holes in the middle vertical plate is analysed. The study presents the main influential factors for CFT ultimate bearing capacity and the concrete crack distribution.     

钢法兰-榫式连接的装配式RC柱抗震性能试验研究

结合干式连接和湿式连接的优点提出了一种用于装配式钢筋混凝土柱(reinforced concrete,RC)的钢法兰-榫式连接,采用试验方法研究了该类连接的装配式RC柱的抗震性能.设计并制作了1个现浇柱试件和3个钢法兰-榫式连接的装配式柱试件,开展了试件的拟静力试验,研究了各试件的破坏过程及破坏形态,分析了钢法兰-榫式...     

Evaluation of the moment-rotation curve of I beam-to-CFT column connection with endplate,using mechanical modeling

Through this study, a method is presented to estimate moment-rotation (M-) curve of I beam-to-the concrete filled tube (CFT) connections. This method is based on the components method in which components are analyzed and modeled as different mechanical models. These components are considered as springs with specific mechanical properties of stiffness, strength, and rigid bars. Their force-displacement relationship is assumed bi-linear and 3-linear. The connection behavior is assumed through assembling the stiffness of different components. In this study, connection of I beam-to-CFT column with bolted endplate connection under monotonic loading, which has been tested in the laboratory, is evaluated. It must be mentioned that those bolts which penetrated into the column depth have been used in order to create continuity between flanges of the column. The suggested method has been compared with the experimental test and the advanced finite element model in terms of stiffness, strength, and rotational capacity; moreover, its operation was satisfactory.     

A novel steel section for concrete-filled tubular columns

In modern structural constructions, concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns have gradually become a central element in structural systems like tall buildings, bridges and so forth. The effective parameters on load carrying capacity of CFT columns are the bond between the steel and internal concrete, local buckling strength of steel tube, creep of concrete and loading conditions of column at connections. Considering these effective parameters, a novel section is suggested which can be used for columns of tall buildings and bridges with large spans. The main characteristic of the suggested steel section is internal longitudinal symmetric stiffeners. In the present study, a comparative investigation into the behavior of this novel section (with circular and octagonal shapes) and the most common used sections of CFT columns has been carried out under axial and cyclic loading. Having verified the finite element modeling, several different analyses have been undertaken. The results of the analyses clearly exhibit the increase in strength and ductility of the suggested novel section under axial and cyclic loading and therefore, its application is recommended in construction practice.     

Seismic behavior of exterior connections with steel beams bolted to CFT columns

In order to improve the constructability and meanwhile ensure satisfactory seismic behavior, an innovative type of connection for concrete filled circular steel tube (CFT) column-to-steel beam composite structures was conceived and studied. The proposed connection details are characterized by an extended endplate that is welded to a steel beam in factory and then bolted to a CFT column using high-strength steel rods in the field. An experimental investigation on seismic behavior of the proposed bolted endplate connection and evaluation of the effect of concrete floor slabs and reduced beam sections was conducted by testing three full scale joint models. The experimental results indicated that the presence of floor slabs contributed to the strength of joints significantly and reduced beam sections were effective in moving the buckling zone away from the welds. Analytical models for the bolted endplate connections were also constructed using OPENSEES1.7.3 to simulate the experimental results.