KOH作用下稻壳制备高比表面积活性炭的研究

以稻壳为原料、KOH为活化剂,制备了高比表面积活性炭,研究了活化剂用量、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响.研究结果表明,活化剂与稻壳的质量比为3:1,在800℃活化1h,制得的活性炭碘吸附值为1520.32mg/g,亚甲蓝吸附值为3442.50mg/g,比表面积为2027.42m2/g.SEM和XRD观察发现,干馏过程及活化过程的共同作用使活性炭产生多孔结构.     

油菜秸秆基活性炭的制备与应用

以农业废料中的油菜秸秆为原料,利用化学活化的方法制备活性炭。利用活性炭对甲基橙的吸附探讨了料液比、活化剂磷酸浓度、活化时间、活化温度、浸泡时间对活性炭吸附能力的影响,得出了活性炭制备的最佳工艺条件,最佳的工艺条件为料液比1∶3,活化剂浓度60%,活化时间4h,活化温度400℃。     

农作物废弃物活性炭的制备及吸附性能研究

以毛豆秸秆、茄子秸秆为原料,KOH为活化剂制备活性炭。采用正交实验对活性炭的制备工艺进行了优化,并研究了该活性炭对正己烷蒸气的吸附、解吸特性。实验结果表明:毛豆秸秆活性炭吸附性能优于茄子秸秆活性炭;毛豆秸秆活性炭最佳制备条件为炭化温度450℃、碱炭质量比为1、活化时间90min、活化温度750℃,此条件下对正己烷蒸气的吸附率为60.44%;茄子秸秆活性炭的最佳制备条件为炭化温度450℃、碱炭质量比为5、活化时间60min、活化温度650℃,此条件下对正己烷蒸气的吸附率为55.60%;二者的吸附率均达到较高水平;随实验次数增加,2种活性炭对正己烷的解吸率升高,而吸附率降低。     

甘蔗叶活化时的热解历程及其活性炭的研制

采用热重分析仪(TG-DTG)分析了NH4H2PO4活化甘蔗叶时的热解历程和活化反应机理,研究了活化剂浓度、液料比、浸泡时间、活化温度及活化时间等工艺因素对甘蔗叶活性炭样品得率、碘吸附值的影响,并运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对甘蔗叶及其活性炭样品进行了表征。结果表明,甘蔗叶制备活性炭的反应为4C+2NH4H2PO4→P2O3+CH4↑+CO2↑+2CO↑+2NH3↑+H2O↑甘蔗叶活性炭的碘吸附值随着活化时间的延长而增加,随着活化剂浓度、液料比、浸泡时间、活化温度的增加而呈现先增后减的变化规律;甘蔗叶活性炭的最优制备工艺条件为活化剂浓度2.5%(质量分数),液料比为5∶1,浸泡时间为20 h,活化温度为700℃,活化时间为60 min,所制备的活性炭样品具有丰富的管束结构,其得率和碘吸附值分别为30.9%、993.33 mg/g。     

超高比表面积活性炭的制备与表征

以无患子残渣为原料,KOH与K2CO3作为活化剂,采用微波炭化和活化两步法制备超高比表面积活性炭,通过正交实验优化活性炭的制备工艺,探讨了碱炭比、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。利用N2吸脱附实验、XRD、FT-IR等实验技术,对制备的活性炭结构与性能进行了表征。结果表明,在碱炭质量比为4∶1、活化温度800℃、活化时间30 min的条件下,所制备的活性炭对亚甲基蓝吸附值为595 mg/g,BET比表面积为3 479 m2/g,吸附累积总孔容达1.8262 cm3/g,平均孔径为2.0997 nm。     

响应面法优化沙柳基活性炭的制备及其对磺胺类抗生素的吸附研究

以沙柳为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭。以磺胺二甲嘧啶钠(SMS)的吸附量为响应结果,采用Box-Behnken Design(BBD)响应面法对磷酸浓度、活化温度和活化时间3个因素进行优化,得到活性炭(SPAC)的最佳制备条件是:磷酸质量分数为68.75%,活化温度577℃,活化时间48min。以SPAC为吸附剂,对水体中的SMS进行吸附研究,考察了吸附剂用量、吸附时间和溶液初始浓度对SPAC吸附效果的影响,并对吸附机理进行了探讨。     

废旧竹材微波法制备活性炭工艺研究

为实现废旧竹材的二次利用,以废旧竹材为原料,采用微波法制备高性能的竹基活性炭。以亚甲基蓝去除率为指标,考察活化剂、浸渍条件、微波辐照条件对竹基活性炭吸附性能的影响。获得最佳的制备条件为:以40wt%的磷酸为活化剂,浸渍固液比1g∶12.5mL、浸渍时间14h、微波功率560W、活化时间5min、活化温度130℃、反应压力1.25×103kPa,此时竹基活性炭的亚甲基蓝去除率达87%。与传统马弗炉焙烧工艺相比,该工艺活化温度降低,活化时间缩短,但竹基活性炭吸附性能明显提高。     

化学活化法制备重质沥青基活性炭的研究

以重质沥青为原料，采用化学活化法制备重质沥青基活性炭，探究空气预氧化与硝酸钾预氧化、不同碱炭比及不同活化时间和活化温度对重质沥青基活性炭性能的影响，并采用碘吸附值与二氧化硫吸附量来确定活性炭的吸附性能。结果表明：在硝酸钾预氧化及碱炭比为4∶1的条件下，活化时间80min、活化温度850℃时制备的重质沥青基活性炭具有较为发达的微孔结构，碘吸附值为1052.2mg/g,二氧化硫吸附量为319.1mg/g。其性能优于物理活化法制备的活性炭，有望应用于吸附脱硫环保领域。     

磷酸法活化煤焦油渣制备活性炭研究

研究了以陕西煤焦油渣作为原料,用磷酸作为活化剂,在400～1000℃的条件下经一步炭活化法制备活性炭。研究了炭活化温度、时间、料剂比对煤焦油渣制备活性炭吸附性能及孔结构的影响。实验结果表明炭活化温度、炭活化时间主要影响活性炭产品的得率,高温和长时间会导致更多的碳损失;活性炭的吸附性能及孔结构主要受炭活化温度和料剂比影响。最佳活化工艺条件为850℃、3h、1∶3。通过其活性炭表面孔径分布及表面官能团含量变化表征,用磷酸浸泡煤焦油渣制备活性炭有利于大、中孔结构的产生,其最佳活化条件下孔径分布约在20～100nm。     

KOH活化制备石油焦基微孔活性炭及表征

以新疆克拉玛依石油焦为原料,KOH为活化剂,在N2保护下,采用化学活化法制备高比表面积活性炭。系统考察了碱焦比、活化温度、活化时间以及N2流速对所制备活性炭的碘吸附值及产率的影响。结果表明:当碱焦比为4∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为0.5h及N2流速为50mL/min时,制备出的活性炭BET比表面积高达2806.69m2/g,碘吸附值为2941mg/g,活化产率为62.1%。采用N2吸附-脱附及X射线衍射等实验手段对活性炭进行了表征。     

Production of activated carbon from a new precursor molasses by activation with sulphuric acid

Activated carbon has been prepared from molasses, a natural precursor of vegetable origin resulting from the sugar industry in Morocco. The preparation of the activated carbon from the molasses has been carried out by impregnation of the precursor with sulphuric acid, followed by carbonisation at varying conditions (temperature and gas coverage) in order to optimize preparation parameters. The influence of activation conditions was investigated by determination of adsorption capacity of methylene blue and iodine, the BET surface area, and the pore volume of the activated carbon were determined while the micropore volume was determined by the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation. The activated materials are mainly microporous and reveal the type I isotherm of the Brunauer classification for nitrogen adsorption. The activated carbons properties in this study were found for activation of the mixture (molasses/sulphuric acid) in steam at 750 degrees C. The samples obtained in this condition were highly microporous, with high surface area (> or =1200 m2/g) and the maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue and iodine were 435 and 1430 mg/g, respectively.     

Preparation of activated carbons from coffee husks utilizing FeCl3 and ZnCl2 as activating agents

Ferric chloride was used as a new activating agent, to obtain activated carbons (AC) from agro industrial waste (coffee husks). This material was compared with two samples from the same raw material: one of them activated by using the classical activating agent, zinc chloride, and the other, activated with a mixture of the two mentioned activating agents in the same mass proportion. The carbonaceous materials obtained after the activation process showed high specific surface areas (BET), with values higher than 900 m(2)g(-1). It is interesting to observe that the activation with FeCl(3) produces smaller pores compared to the activation with ZnCl(2). An important fact to emphasize in the use of FeCl(3) as activating agent is the activation temperature at 280 degrees C, which is clearly below to the temperature commonly employed for chemical or physical activation, as described in the bibliography. All the studied materials showed different behaviors in the adsorption of methylene blue dye and phenol from aqueous solutions.     

石油焦系超级活性炭的孔结构控制

采用KOH活化法从大庆石油焦制得超级活性炭，而后对其进行微孔和中孔的调控。中孔调控采用热处理法，所得超级活性炭的中孔率在85％以上，比表面积大于1500m^2／g。同时对热处理后的超级活性炭进行表面硝酸氧化，引入部分含氧官能团。60min酸处理效果明显，羧基的增加量是20min酸处理的9倍。处理后的超级活性炭更适合作催化剂载体。微孔的控制采用化学气相炭沉积法（以苯为碳源），所得超级活性炭的微孔率从51％增加到87％。对CO2和CH4的分离能力从30mg／g提升到47mg／g，具有良好的筛分效果。     

沙柳基磁性多孔炭的制备及其吸附亚甲基蓝性能研究

采用水热法原位改性沙柳生物炭制备磁性多孔炭复合材料,利用SEM、XRD、FT-IR、XPS和BET分别对多孔炭的形貌、结构表征,并研究磁性多孔炭吸附去除废水中亚甲基蓝性能。系列表征分析结果表明磁性复合材料表面疏松多孔,比表面积为63.01 m²/g,含有-COOH、-OH等丰富的官能团。在亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度为50 mg/L、初始pH值为11,投加量为2 g/L、25℃吸附120 min时,亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达88.52%,最大吸附量为218.08 mg/g;吸附过程与Langmuir吸附等温模型拟合较好,符合准二级吸附动力学模型。吸附以化学吸附为主,吸附稳定,无二次污染,吸附剂廉价易得,便于分离,是理想的亚甲蓝废水处理试剂。     

Preparation of steam activated carbon from rubberwood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) and its adsorption kinetics

Activated carbon was produced from a biowaste product, rubberwood sawdust (RWSD) using steam in a high temperature fluidized bed reactor. Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of various process parameters such as activation time, activation temperature, particle size and fluidising velocity on the quality of the activated carbon. The activated carbon was characterized based on its iodine number, methylene blue number, Brauner Emmet Teller (BET) surface area and surface area obtained using the ethylene glycol mono ethyl ether (EGME) retention method. The best quality activated carbon was obtained at an activation time and temperature of 1h and 750 degrees C for an average particle size of 0.46 mm. The adsorption kinetics shows that pseudo-second-order rate fitted the adsorption kinetics better than pseudo-first-order rate equation. The adsorption capacity of carbon produced from RWSD was found to be 1250 mg g(-1) for the Bismark Brown dye. The rate constant and diffusion coefficient for intraparticle transport were determined for steam activated carbon. The characteristic of the prepared activated carbon was found comparable to the commercial activated carbon.     

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from marine macro-algal biomass

Activated carbons prepared from two macro-algal biomass Sargassum longifolium (SL) and Hypnea valentiae (HV) have been examined for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution. The activated carbon has been prepared by zinc chloride activation. Experiments have been carried out at different activating agent/precursor ratio and carbonization temperature, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. Developed activated carbon has been characterized by BET surface area (S(BET)) analysis and iodine number. The carbons, ZSLC-800 and ZHVC-800, showed surface area around 802 and 783 m(2)g(-1), respectively. The activated carbon developed showed substantial capability to adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Column studies have also been carried out with ZSLC-800 activated carbon.     

Preparation and characterization of the carbon–Microsilica composite sorbent

In this paper, Microsilica, one kind of industry solid waste, was utilized firstly to prepare carbon–Microsilica composite sorbent with core–shell structures from a partial carbonization, mixture, and sulfonation process. The prepared composite sorbent was characterized with XPS, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and gas sorption experiments. The characterization results indicated BET surface area (S_BET) and total pore volume (V_total) of the prepared composite sorbent enhance 255% and 136% than Microsilica, respectively, and an abundant of oxygen functional groups, such as carboxyl and sulfonic groups, were introduced into the surface of the prepared composite sorbent. The adsorption capacity of the prepared composite sorbent for methylene blue (MB) and Cr(VI) also was investigated and compared with Microsilica and activated carbon, the results shown that the adsorption capacity of the prepared composite sorbent for methylene blue and Cr(VI) enhance 406.6% and 657.5% than Microsilica, and reach about 70.0% and 72.3% of activated carbon adsorption capacity, respectively. This paper proposed a new approach of comprehensive utilization of Microsilica with a uncomplicated process, and the prepared carbon–Microsilica composite sorbent with excellent adsorbent performance could be used as a potential substitute of activated carbon for heavy metal ion or organic dye adsorption in waste water.     

用稻壳制备亚甲基蓝高吸附容量的超高比表面积活性炭

活性炭因具有高比表面积和丰富的孔结构而被广泛应用于吸附水处理中的污染物。稻壳具有独特的组成和微观结构, 是制备活性炭的优质碳源。以稻壳为原料, 利用过饱和KOH溶液的预活化和活化双重作用, 在不同温度下制备出超高比表面积活性炭。随着活化温度的升高, 活性炭的比表面积和总孔容逐渐增大。900 ℃下制得的活性炭具有超高比表面积, 达到3600 m²/g, 总孔容为3.164 cm³/g, 明显优于商用活性炭(YP-80, 比表面积为1310 m²/g, 总孔容为0.816 cm³/g)。具有最高比表面积的稻壳活性炭对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量达到983 mg/g, 几乎是YP-80 (525 mg/g)的两倍。通过吸附动力学拟合, 吸附亚甲基蓝的过程与拟二级动力学模型一致, 表明该过程为化学吸附。     

Pore structure and adsorption performance of the activated carbons prepared from plum kernels.

According to iodine number, amount of methylene blue adsorption, the BET specific surface area, and the yield, the conditions for preparing activated carbons as adsorbents from plum kernels were optimized. The activation temperature and time tested were in the ranges 750-900 degrees C and 1-4 h, respectively. Adsorption isotherms of two commercial dyes and phenol from water on such activated carbons were measured at 30 degrees C. It was shown that the optimal activation temperature and time depended on the molar mass of the solutes, and all equilibrium isotherms could be fitted by the Langmuir equation. The experimental results indicated that the prepared activated carbons were economically promising for adsorption removal of dyes and phenol, in contrast to other commercial adsorbents.     

活化剂用量对活性碳纳米管电化学容量的影响

采用KOH为活化剂，通过改变活化剂用量，得到不同活化程度的活性碳纳米管．将这些ACNTs分别作为电极材料应用于电化学超级电容器，经电化学容量性能测试，发现ACNTs的电化学容量随活化剂用量的变化而变化，当mKOH／mcNT要s=3时，达到最大值．同时用TEM和HRTEM对ACNTs进行形貌分析，用氮气自动吸附仪测试了ACNTs的比表面积和等温吸附曲线，发现ACNTs的电化学容量随活化剂用量的变化与其BET比表面积有直接关系，其BET比表面积的大小决定其电化学容量的高低．