乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC-80和WPC-34)对酸奶品质特性影响的研究

酸奶的生产主要以鲜奶、奶粉、乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)等乳成分为主要原料，原料的选择直接影响到酸奶的品质。本文对乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC-80和WPC-34)代替部分全脂奶粉和脱脂奶粉生产酸奶时，对产品的保水性、粘度、口感及组织状态进行了比较分析。结果表明WPC-80和WPC-34代替10％-20％全脂奶粉和脱脂奶粉生产酸奶时，可改善酸奶的品质，提高酸奶的保水性。     

乳清蛋白的流变性质

主要研究了乳清蛋白溶液在升温过程中贮能模量G′与损耗模量G″的变化及其形成凝胶的温度。乳清浓缩蛋白（WPC-80）形成凝胶的临界质量分数为8％。质量分数为20％的WPI-90、WPC-80乳清蛋白的胶凝温度分别为76．9，77．6℃，相同质量分数的WPC-34不能形成凝胶。质量分数为20％的WPC-80添加质量分数0～1．5％无水氯化钙后，胶凝温度从77．6℃下降到71．0℃。     

蛋白质强化对搅拌型酸奶品质特性的影响

为了研究蛋白质强化对搅拌型酸奶品质特性的影响,以脱脂奶粉(SMP)和乳清浓缩蛋白-80(WPC-80)作为蛋白源,研究了强化不同种类及不同含量(2.7%、3.1%、3.5%、3.9%)的蛋白质强化对搅拌型酸奶感官品质、黏度和持水性的影响。结果表明:用SMP和WPC-80强化原料乳的蛋白质均可提高搅拌型酸奶的感官品质、黏度和持水性;比较同种蛋白源、不同蛋白质强化水平制得的搅拌型酸奶,其组织状态变化明显,风味稍有变化,色泽保持不变;酸奶的黏度和持水性都随蛋白质水平的上升而显著提高。SMP强化蛋白质含量至2.7%时,酸奶的感官品质最好;WPC-80含量则在3.5%时,酸奶的感官品质最好。同一蛋白质水平、不同强化蛋白相比较,WPC-80强化酸奶比SMP有更好的感官品质和更高的持水性,而SMP强化则得到更高的黏度值;从感官评定的黏稠度得分和测得的黏度值对比得出,搅拌型酸奶的黏度并不是越高越好,最佳黏度值在537～712mPa.s之间。实验中搅拌型酸奶的最佳蛋白强化配方为WPC-80强化蛋白质含量3.5%。     

红枣多糖对乳酸菌发酵及酸奶品质的影响

以红枣多糖为研究对象,通过测定酸奶中乳酸菌活菌数、酸奶酸度、乳清析出率、持水力及感官等指标,研究红枣多糖对乳酸菌发酵酸奶在发酵、贮藏过程中品质的影响。研究结果表明:当红枣多糖添加量为1.0%时,可促进乳酸菌的生长,红枣多糖酸奶的酸度在贮藏期间的变化最小,持水力高、可达77%,乳清析出率最低,为4.40%;在不同温度贮藏的过程中,红枣多糖酸奶的p H、乳清析出率、持水力以及感官品质的变化均低于未添加红枣多糖的酸奶。红枣多糖一定程度上可延长酸奶的酸化过程、延长保质期。本实验通过探索红枣多糖对乳酸菌发酵和酸奶品质的影响,以期为红枣多糖酸奶的制作提供理论和技术依据。     

富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶贮藏品质变化

为了研究富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶贮藏期间的品质变化，对富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶(富硒酸奶)与非富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶(对照酸奶)的感官性状、理化指标以及两种酸奶4℃贮藏过程中的菌落总数、滴定酸度、黏度、保水性、色泽、抗氧化性和感官评分进行分析。结果表明，贮藏第1 d时与对照酸奶相比，富硒酸奶的pH较高，总固形物含量和硒含量较高(对照酸奶的14.3倍)，颜色更偏红、偏黄。富硒酸奶的乳酸菌菌落总数在贮藏第7 d后高于对照酸奶(P>0.05)，而整个贮藏过程中滴定酸度、黏度低于对照酸奶(P<0.05)，持水性低于对照酸奶(P>0.05)。相同贮藏期内富硒酸奶的过氧化值低于对照酸奶(P>0.05)，对DPPH自由基、ABTS⁺自由基的清除活性高于对照酸奶(P<0.05)，二者的感官评分接近(P>0.05)。富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶具有较高的抗氧化活性、较低的后酸化，更有利于贮藏过程中品质的保持。     

乳清浓缩蛋白在酸奶生产中的应用

以鲜奶，奶粉，乳清蛋白等乳成分为主要原料，研究了乳清浓缩蛋白在酸奶生产中的制做方法，对乳清浓缩蛋白代替部分高档脱脂奶粉生产酸奶产品的保水率，粘度，口感及组织状态进行了比较分析。结果表明，在酸奶生产中，添加一定的浓缩乳清蛋白代替高档脱脂奶粉是可行的，产品较为理想。     

不同原料生产乳酸菌口嚼片及其稳定性研究

分别以“酸奶”和“冻干酸奶粉”为原料,对口感和菌活力等指标进行综合研究以筛选乳酸菌口嚼片最佳配方,并将其置于不同环境中贮藏,研究乳酸菌的稳定性。结果表明,用“酸奶”生产乳酸菌口嚼片的最佳配方为酸奶5%,全脂奶粉15%,脱脂奶粉25%,蔗糖粉20%,葡萄糖粉10%,糊精5%,硬脂酸镁1.0%。用“冻干酸奶粉”生产乳酸菌口嚼片的最佳配方为冻干酸奶粉5%,全脂奶粉15%,脱脂奶粉45%,蔗糖粉20%,葡萄糖粉20%,糊精4%,硬脂酸镁1.0%。“冻干酸奶粉”生产的口嚼片的稳定性比“酸奶”生产的口嚼片好,在低温贮藏时依然可以保持较高的活菌数和菌活力,工业化生产是可行的,但成本太高,这在一定程度上制约了乳酸菌口嚼片的工业化生产。     

市售酸奶在贮藏过程中品质的变化

以感官评价、乳酸菌总数等为指标,对市售同一批次的两个厂家酸奶分别置于4℃和常温条件下,研究了23 d内的品质。结果表明:密封状态下,4℃冷藏的两种样品第2～8 d感官状态和品质最好,货架期第5天乳酸菌总数分别最高达3.4×10~8mL~(-1)和2.5×10~9mL~(-1);常温下贮藏的两种样品第2～4 d感官状态和品质最好,货架期第4天乳酸菌总数分别最高达3.5×10~8mL~(-1)和2.6×10~9mL~(-1)。拆封状态下,4℃冷藏的两种样品在货架期第8天很难被接受,8 d之内可饮用,状态良好,无乳清析出,最佳饮用期为5 d内;拆封后常温贮藏的酸奶在第3～4 d感官较差,口感略酸,有少量乳清析出。综合得出,4℃冷藏密封的样品最佳饮用期为第12 d之前,常温贮藏8 d内饮用最好;拆封过的酸奶,在4℃冷藏5 d之内饮用最好,常温贮藏最好2 d内饮用完。     

肉桂多糖对乳酸菌发酵及酸奶品质的影响

以肉桂多糖为研究对象,通过测定pH、乳酸菌菌落数、乳清的析出率、黏度、保水性、滴定酸度以及感官评定等指标,从而进行研究肉桂多糖对乳酸菌发酵及酸奶在常温贮藏与冷藏贮藏过程中的品质变化影响。研究结果表明:通过加入0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%的肉桂多糖进行研究,肉桂多糖的添加量在1.0%时,感官评分最高,达90.8,乳清的析出率最低,肉桂多糖既可以稳定维持酸奶酸度变化,又能促进乳酸菌变化,黏度比空白对照组高,酸奶的保水性得到了提高。在冷藏与常温条件下对比,冷藏比常温条件下的酸奶乳清的析出率少、酸度稳定、黏度大、保水性好,添加适量的肉桂多糖在一定程度上可以延长酸奶保质期,同时冷藏保存也有利于提高酸奶的品质。     

黑布林双歧酸奶的制作

黑布林双歧酸奶是以具有保健功能的黑布林果肉及全脂乳粉为主要原料,并添加益生元-低聚果糖,以益生菌乳酸菌为发酵剂,蔗糖为辅料,发酵而成的一种新型的富果粒酸奶。经正交试验确定了该新型果肉酸奶的基本配方为(以1kg成品计):全脂奶粉95g、白砂糖75g、果酱150g、低聚果糖12g、浓缩乳清蛋白适量,果味香精适量。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the