The support needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents in rural communities

Pregnant adolescents and teenage mothers in rural communities face extraordinary difficulties accessing appropriate and adequate support services, despite having recognised specialist health needs and unique support requirements. The Australian Rural Health Research Institute at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, is currently engaged in a federally funded project aimed it significantly improving access to services for this disadvantaged and often neglected group, through the publication and wide dissemination of a resource booklet identifying successful aspects of service delivery across a range of rural support settings. Five existing health and welfare support services for pregnant or parenting adolescent: in rural Australia have been selected for inclusion in the booklet, which is being developed for community use. Assessment is being undertaken during visits to each of the services, and, following interviews with staff, referral agencies and consumers. This paper outlines the strengths, attributes and access difficulties associated with two contrasting service models involved in the project, and stresses the importance of improving access to services for rural adolescents. A framework for establishing innovative and effective new services is also presented.     

Understanding the mental health needs of children and adolescents in residential treatment.

With the penetration of managed care approaches in child welfare, residential treatment services have come under increased scrutiny. In these circumstances it is critical to understand the clinically indicated use of these expensive interventions. As part of a community-reinvestment strategy of reform within a state child welfare agency, a needs-based assessment of children and adolescents was undertaken. A review of cases revealed that although the level of mental health need for many was significant, a substantial proportion of children in residential placement were not at high levels of risk. On the basis of these data, a process of placement review was designed and implemented for more effective use of residential treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship Between Dissolved Calcium and Total Calcium in Al-Killed Steels After Calcium Treatment

The variation of dissolved calcium content after calcium treatment in 37Mn5 pipeline steels was investigated. The content of [Ca] was calculated based on measured results of T.Ca and the composition of inclusions, which decreased from 16 to 0.07 ppm due to calcium vaporization. A comparison between the calculated and predicted [Ca] contents using Factsage indicated a good agreement. The effect of T.Ca, T.O., T.S, [Al]_s, and temperature on [Ca] was also discussed.     

Nutritional needs of seniors

The factors controlling the transfection efficiency of cationic lipid carrier systems following intravenous administration are poorly understood. Using N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) combined with Tween 80 as a carrier system and cDNA of luciferase or beta-galactosidase gene as a reporter, we investigated the importance of DOTMA to DNA ratio and the ratio of DOTMA to Tween 80 in the lipid formulation in determining the site and level of transgene expression following intravenous administration. The data show that all of the internal organs, including lung, liver, spleen, heart and kidneys, expressed the transgene upon systemic administration into animals with 25 micrograms of plasmid DNA when complexed with DOTMA-Tween 80 lipid formulation. The transfection efficiency was dependent on both DOTMA to DNA, and DOTMA to Tween 80 ratios. Among the organs examined, the lung appeared to be more transfectable than other organs. A better transfection activity was obtained with higher DOTMA to DNA and DOTMA to Tween 80 ratios. Time-response curve shows that gene expression was transient with a maximal level between 10 and 24 h after injection. Results from tissue distribution studies with 125I-labeled plasmid DNA and Southern analysis suggest that the transient expression is the result of the loss of transgene from the transfected cells. These results suggest that cationic lipid-based delivery systems can be efficient for gene delivery if the composition of the DNA-lipid complexes is properly controlled.     

Calcium homeostasis

This review deals with calcium homeostasis, the calciotropic hormones and the effector organs. The extracellular calcium concentration is influenced by gains or losses of calcium via the bone remodelling system, the kidney and the gut. These fluxes are all influenced by hormones (parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and calcitonin) whose secretion is partly governed by the plasma calcium level.     

Future care needs

This is a report on a series of twelve patients presenting ruptured echinococcus in the abdominal cavity, hollow abdominal organ and retroperitoneal space, observed in the period 1985 to 1997. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems faced are discussed with a special reference to the necessity of giving due consideration to these comparatively rare, but by no means less precarious complications in the clinical course of hydatid disease, particularly in endemic regions, such as Bulgaria.     

微波消解溶样滴定法测定硅钙合金中的钙

采用微波消解法溶解硅钙合金，溶样完全、操作简单且样品不易损失。本方法有很好的准确度和精密度，工作效率大大提高。     

Calcium antagonists--pharmacologic considerations

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the impact of body mass on survival and morbidity of patients with new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IB1 and IB2 cervical carcinoma managed with radical hysterectomy. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-nine patients with Stage IB1 or IB2 cervical carcinoma treated with radical hysterectomy were studied in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. The body mass index (BMI) and the ponderal index (PI) were used as measures of body mass and were analyzed as predictors of recurrence, survival, and complications in light of the new staging system. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of 229 patients died of recurrent disease. A low BMI or a high PI were predictive of poor survival. Tumor greatest dimension, lymph node involvement, BMI, and PI were all independent predictors of survival (P=0.0006). The only independent predictor of complications was para-aortic lymph node dissection (P=0.0026). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical carcinoma patients with a low body mass, as indicated by a low BMI or a high PI, were found to have poor survival after undergoing radical hysterectomy. Additional predictors of poor survival included lymph node metastases and increased tumor size. BMI and PI are more important predictors of survival than the new FIGO Stages IB1 and IB2. Body mass is not predictive of complications.     

Behavior and behavioral needs

An understanding of behavior is important in any consideration of poultry welfare. Behavior is a good indicator of states of suffering such as fear, frustration, and pain. It might also be possible to use social interactions as indicators of welfare. The possibility of using "luxury" behavior, such as play and exploratory behavior, as an indicator of positive emotional states, requires investigation. Important welfare consequences arise from the fact that some behavior may be so strongly motivated as to constitute a "need". A behavioral need will arise in the case of behavior, such as nesting, that is controlled largely by internal factors, because these factors will be present no matter what type of environment is provided. Behavior triggered largely by external stimuli, such as responses to predators, will not give rise to a need if the external factors can be removed from the environment. Dustbathing is an example of behavior controlled by complex interactions between internal and external factors; the extent to which this constitutes a need is still being debated. If a behavioral need arises, then it is important that the environment provided allows it to be performed without damage to the performer or other birds. It should also be remembered that birds may need to perform behavior, including appetitive as well as consummatory elements, although the functional consequences of these are no longer required for survival. Finally, the performance of certain behavior leads to an increase in health or physical condition that improves welfare later in life.     

Calcium and osteoporosis

Calcium is an essential nutrient that is involved in most metabolic processes and the phosphate salts of which provide mechanical rigidity to the bones and teeth, where 99% of the body's calcium resides. The calcium in the skeleton has the additional role of acting as a reserve supply of calcium to meet the body's metabolic needs in states of calcium deficiency. Calcium deficiency is easily induced because of the obligatory losses of calcium via the bowel, kidneys, and skin. In growing animals, it may impair growth, delay consolidation of the skeleton, and in certain circumstances give rise to rickets but the latter is more often due to deficiency of vitamin D. In adult animals, calcium deficiency causes mobilization of bone and leads sooner or later to osteoporosis, i.e., a reduction in the "amount of bone in the bone" or apparent bone density. The effects of calcium deficiency and oophorectomy (ovariectomy) are additive. In humans, osteoporosis is a common feature of aging. Loss of bone starts in women at the time of the menopause and in men at about age 55 and leads to an increase in fracture rates in both sexes. Individual fracture risk is inversely related to bone density, which in turn is determined by the density achieved at maturity (peak bone density) and the subsequent rate of bone loss. At issue is whether either or both of these variables is related to calcium intake. The calcium requirement of adults may be defined as the mean calcium intake needed to preserve calcium balance, i.e., to meet the significant obligatory losses of calcium through the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and skin. The calcium allowance is the higher intake recommended for a population to allow for individual variation in the requirement. The mean requirement defined in this way, calculated from balance studies, is about 20 mmol (800 mg) a day on Western diets, implying an allowance of 25 mmol (1000 mg) or more. Corresponding requirements and allowances have been calculated for pregnancy and lactation and for children and adolescents, taking into account the additional needs of the fetus, of milk production, and of growth. There is a rise in obligatory calcium excretion at menopause, which increases the theoretical calcium requirement in postmenopausal women to about 25 mmol (1000 mg) and implies an allowance of perhaps 30 mmol (1200 mg) or even more if calcium absorption declines at the same time. At issue here, however, is whether menopausal changes in calcium metabolism are the cause or the result of postmenopausal bone loss. The first interpretation relies on evidence of a positive action of estrogen on the gastrointestinal absorption and renal tubular reabsorption of calcium; the latter interpretation relies on evidence of a direct inhibitory effect of estrogen on bone resorption. The calcium model for postmenopausal bone loss tends to be supported by the effect of calcium therapy. An analysis of the 20 major calcium trials in postmenopausal women reported in the last 20 years yielded a mean rate of bone loss of 1.00% per annum (p.a.) in the controls and 0.014% p.a. (NS) in the treated subjects (P < 0.001). However, trials in which calcium and estrogen have been directly compared have shown that the latter is generally more effective than calcium in that it produces a small, but often significant bone gain. This superiority of estrogen over calcium could be due to the former's dual action on calcium absorption and excretion or to a direct action of estrogen on bone itself. In older women, the importance of calcium intake is overshadowed by the strong association between vitamin D insufficiency and hip fracture. Whether this insufficiency arises primarily from lack of exposure to sunlight or to a progressive failure to activate the vitamin D precursor in the skin or both is uncertain but it is compounded by a general decline in dietary vitamin D intake with age. The biological effect is probably an impairment of calcium absorption and c     

Epilepsy needs revisited: a revised epilepsy needs document for the UK

We revisit epilepsy needs in the United Kingdom, and update our previous publication to take into account new epidemiological data, changes in investigation and treatment and trends in the organization of health and other caring agencies. This document attempts to define and quantify the scope, content and standards of services required, from primary care settings to specialized centres. Reference is also made to the role of other agencies.     

Calcium channel blocker

In the treatment of coronary heart disease, augmentation of oxygen supply and reduction of oxygen demand are necessary. Calcium antagonists (CA) have potent coronary vasodilating (augmentation of oxygen supply) and hypotensive (reduction of oxygen demand) effects without serious side effects, and are most popular agents in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and hypertension. Short acting CA are reported to be risks for coronary heart disease presumably due to a steal phenomenon, a marked hypotensive effect, and an increased sympathetic nerve activity. Therefore, nowadays long acting CA are usually used in the treatment of CHD and hypertension. However, long term treatment effects of long acting CA in patients with CHD are not clear. Further clinical trials (including primary prevention) concerning long acting CA are needed.     

3104铝合金熔体中Ca的来源分析及其除钙方法

分析计算了3104铝合金中碱土金属元素Ca的主要来源,确定了保温炉内铝液精炼时所采用的除钠剂、打渣剂和覆盖剂中的Ca是铝熔体Ca含量高的主要原因,认为熔剂精炼不能满足高品质3104罐料对Ca含量的要求,采用以高纯氩气为载体向铝熔体中通入四氯化碳并进行二次精炼是确保熔体中低Na、Ca含量的有效方法。     

Calcium antagonists--clinical considerations

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following major arthroplasty with spinal anaesthesia and intrathecal morphine is reported in 45-74% of patients. This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to determine whether a subhypnotic infusion of propofol has a prophylactic antiemetic effect in this patient population. METHODS: 82 patients undergoing hip or knee replacement under subarachnoid bupivacaine anaesthesia plus morphine 0.25 mg were randomised at the end of surgery to receive either propofol 30 mg x h(-1) or fat emulsion (Intralipid) 3 ml x h(-1) for 20 h postoperatively. Blinded observers recorded episodes of nausea, vomiting and pruritus. RESULTS: PONV in the intervention group was 40% vs 59% in the controls (P=0.1, not significant). Pruritus occurred in 34%, with a similar rate in both groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that routine use of postoperative, subhypnotic propofol infusion as PONV prophylaxis is not justified in this patient population.