硅钙基固废原料配比及蒸养条件对硅酸钙板力学性能的影响

研究协同利用硅钙渣、粉煤灰、水泥和脱硫石膏制备硅酸钙板时,原料配比、蒸养条件对硅酸钙板力学性能、水化产物的影响,并利用XRD、IR和SEM表征了原料的协同水化历程和水化产物的微观结构和表面形貌.试验结果表明:最佳原料配比为硅钙渣60%、粉煤灰24%、水泥10%和脱硫石膏6%;最佳蒸压养护条件为蒸养温度180℃,恒温蒸养时间8 h,硅酸钙板抗折强度满足国家标准强度的D1.3的Ⅱ级要求;随着蒸养温度升高,原料水化依次生成C-S-H凝胶、托贝莫来石和针状硬硅钙石,大量托贝莫来石和硬硅钙石的生成使得硅酸钙板的强度得以提升.     

高炉矿渣-粉煤灰-脱硫石膏-水泥制备硅酸钙板的协同水化机理

以高炉矿渣、粉煤灰、脱硫石膏和水泥为原料,通过搅拌-压力成型-预养-脱模-蒸压养护的工艺流程制备硅酸钙板,研究了原料配方、蒸养时间对硅酸钙板抗折强度的影响,并采用DSC、XRD、IR和SEM等方法研究了混合原料的协同水化历程和水化产物的微观结构.结果表明:高炉矿渣、粉煤灰、脱硫石膏和水泥最佳配比为50％、5％、25％和20％,最佳蒸压温度和时间分别为180℃和10 h,原料在协同水化历程中依次生成了C-S-H凝胶、片状托贝莫来石、纤维状钙矾石和针状硬硅钙石,硬硅钙石的生成使得硅酸钙板的强度得以提升.     

不同硅质原料水热合成水化硅酸钙物相及其反应效率的研究

为探究不同硅质原料对水热合成水化硅酸钙物相的影响，研究了温度和硅钙比对产物的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了水化硅酸钙物相，并探究了不同硅质原料与Ca(OH)₂的反应效率。结果表明，不同硅质原料与Ca(OH)₂的反应效率由高到低依次为硅藻土、石英、珍珠岩；在硅藻土-石灰体系中，硅藻土中非晶态二氧化硅的Si—O更易被破坏，具有不稳定性，致使硅藻土反应效率更高。在石英-石灰体系中，随着钙硅比的提高，空气中的CO₂参与反应，生成碳硅钙石与片柱钙石，且托贝莫来石与硬硅钙石会逐渐消失，通过合理调控硅钙比和水热温度可有效地控制反应产物，这对于不同硅质原料的选择、水热合成水化硅酸钙中产物的控制及水热合成水化硅酸钙应用领域具有重大意义。     

煅烧磷石膏对蒸压硅酸盐制品水化过程的影响

磷石膏经高温煅烧改性后与粉煤灰、砂粉、石灰及水泥熟料等制备蒸压硅酸盐制品,研究了不同温度煅烧的磷石膏对蒸压硅酸盐制品水化过程的影响,用蒸压制品中未反应的Ca(OH)₂量及结合水量分析它们的反应速率,用XRD测定蒸压硅酸盐制品的水化产物,并结合SEM分析,结果表明,经煅烧的磷石膏对蒸压硅酸盐制品的水化有明显的促进作用,托勃莫来石与C-S-H(1)等水化产物的迅速生长而形成密实的水化产物结构是其增强蒸压硅酸盐制品的根本原因。     

工业废渣-石灰-石膏硅酸盐制品的水化产物

本文采用X射线衍射、差热分析、扫描电子显微镜和重液分离等方法,对以工业废渣(粉煤灰、自燃煤歼石、沸腾炉渣、炉渣)为主要原料,掺石灰、石膏的硅酸盐制品,在100℃蒸养和175℃蒸压条件下的水化产物作了鉴定,发现在所有上述制品中,在蒸压条件下形成的水化硅酸钙是结晶较好的托勃莫来石和结晶较差的CSH(B)同时存在的连续相;在蒸养条种下形成CSH(B)。但不论蒸压或蒸养,Al都进入水化硅酸钙的结构中,形成含Al的水化硅酸钙。水化产物的相组成,不仅与反应的温度有很大关系,而且因石灰掺量的不同而有明显差别。在一定范围内提高石灰掺量,对形成托勃莫来石(包括含Al的托勃莫来石)和水石榴石有利。水化硫铝酸钙(包括高硫型和低硫型)只在100℃蒸养条件下存在。     

水热合成水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)的制备与表征

本论文以高纯氧化钙与白炭黑为原料,通过水热法合成了水化硅酸钙(C-S-H).采用XRD、SEM对分别选取温度为100℃、120℃、150℃、180℃水热反应6h的水化硅酸钙样品,与150℃分别反应2h、6h、10 h的样品做了物相变化与显微结构的分析,结果表明在低于120℃时产物为结晶度较低的凝胶,随着温度的升高,水化硅酸钙凝胶的结晶度逐渐提高,在150℃和180℃时,生成结晶度较高的托勃莫来石和硬硅钙石;反应时间从6h延长到10h只提高了晶体的结晶度,而没有改变晶体结构.这一结果对改善蒸压制品的蒸压制度具有重要的指导意义.     

无水硫铝酸钙在石膏和氢氧化钙水溶液中的水化试验研究

基于无水硫铝酸钙水化固液反应的机理,分别在20℃和60℃恒温条件下研究了不同的n(C4A3S∶C SH2∶CH)对C4A3S的水化程度以及水化产物的影响.利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表征水化试样的矿物种类和微观结构.研究结果表明,CH对C4A3S的水化有一定的抑制作用,温度的升高都有利于C4A3S的水化.在溶液中有CH存在的条件下,温度的提高使得C4A3S在水化早期形成AFm相;由于C SH2量充足,最终的水化产物为AFt相.(在本文缩写中,C=CaO,A=Al2O3,H=H2O,S=SO3,S=SiO2)     

养护制度对粉煤灰水化产物的影响

以粉煤灰、生石灰为原料,利用水热合成方法研究了粉煤灰制品在蒸养(在80℃下养护10 h)、蒸压(分别在120、140、160、180℃下养护6 h)两种养护条件下水化产物的矿物组成和微观形貌。利用SEM、XRD、TG-DSC对水化产物的矿物组成和微观形貌进行了表征。结果表明:粉煤灰在不同养护制度下的水化产物种类和形貌有显著变化。蒸汽养护条件下,粉煤灰颗粒表面除了有卷箔状水化硅酸钙外,还有团絮状水化硅酸钙和板状水化石榴石生成;蒸压养护条件下,随着反应温度的升高,卷箔状水化硅酸钙的宽度收缩,结晶度逐渐提高,在160℃时,出现了片状的托贝莫来石。     

硝酸锶对水热合成硬硅钙石球形团聚体的影响

硬硅钙石是一种用途广泛的保温材料，本工作以硝酸锶作为矿化剂，研究了在动态水热合成硬硅钙合成中，硝酸锶对硬硅钙石球形团聚体的影响。研究表明：在合成时添加硝酸锶，可以使水化硅酸钙（C－S－H）凝胶的ξ电位的绝对值减小，从而C－S－H胶团的凝聚长大，C－S－H凝胶粒度的增大是硬硅钙石球形团聚体增大的基础，Sr^2 进入到硬硅钙石晶体内引起其晶胞常数a和c的增大，促进硬硅钙石的纤维状晶体以及球形团聚体的长大，从而有利于得到轻质硬硅钙石材料。     

水泥石脱水相结构特征及其再水化能力

将水泥石在不同温度进行低温煅烧,得到不同的脱水相物质,通过热重-差示扫描热分析、X射线衍射、红外光谱及29Si核磁共振等对水泥石在400,650℃及900℃的脱水相结构特征及其再水化性能、再水化产物的结构特征进行研究.结果表明:在400℃,由水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶脱水生成了无定形相,在650℃生成了不完全结晶的β-硅酸二钙(C2S),而900℃脱水相中存在结晶程度高的β-C2S.在再水化过程中,400℃和650℃脱水相水化生成了C-S-H凝胶,并且650℃脱水相的水化活性和水化产物聚合程度更高;900℃脱水相的水化活性极低,水化前后矿物结构特征几乎没有发生变化.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。