A Novel Circulant Approximation Method for Frequency Domain LMMSE Equalization

The coefficients of a Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) equalizer for a stationary random signal are defined by a Toeplitz system. The Toeplitz structure can be exploited to reduce computational complexity. In this paper we investigate the Levinson and Schur algorithm, as well as circulant embedding and circulant approximation methods applied to the Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) method and Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE). We develop a novel circulant approximation method which improves the performance/complexity tradeoff. We show that the optimal choice of algorithms largely depends on the antenna configuration. Investigated configurations are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). All considered algorithms are benchmarked in terms of implementation complexity and capacity achieved by a High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) receiver in a multipath fading scenario.     

Designing Fast Fourier Transform Accelerators for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Systems

Designing accelerators for the real-time computation of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms for state-of-the-art Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) demodulators has always been challenging. We have scaled-up a template-based Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Array device for faster FFT processing that generates special purpose accelerators based on the user input. Using a basic and a scaled-up version, we have generated a radix-4 and mixed-radix (2, 4) FFT accelerator to process different length and types of algorithms. Our implementation results show that these accelerators satisfy not only the execution time requirements of FFT processing for Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless standards that are IEEE-802.11 a/g and 3GPP-LTE but also for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) IEEE-802.11n standard.     

Heterogeneous performance evaluation of sophisticated versions of CFAR detection schemes

The detection of radar targets in a background, the statistical parameters of which are unknown and may not be stationary, can be effectively achieved through CFAR processors. The CA-CFAR scheme performs optimally for homogeneous and exponentially distributed clutter observations. However, it exhibits severe performance degradation in the presence of outlying target returns in the reference set or in regions of abrupt change in the background clutter power. The OS-CFAR processor has been proposed to solve both of these problems. Although this processor may treat target multiplicity quite well, it lacks effectiveness in preventing excessive false alarms during clutter power transitions. The TM-CFAR algorithm, which implements trimmed averaging after ordering, can be considered as a modified version of OS technique. By knowingly trimming the ordered samples, the TM detector may actually perform better than the OS processor. To simultaneously exploit the merits of CA, OS, and TM schemes, two combinations namely CAOS and CATM have been suggested. Each one of these versions optimizes good features of two CFAR detectors, depending on the characteristics of clutter and searched targets, with the goal of enhancing the detection performance under constant level of false alarm. It is realized by parallel operation of two standard types of CFARschemes. Our goal in this paper is to analyze these two developed versions in heterogeneous situations, to show to what extent they can improve the behavior of the conventional CFAR processors.     

On the use of NSGA-II for multi-objective resource allocation in MIMO-OFDMA systems

This paper investigates the problem of dynamic subcarrier and bit allocation in downlink of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) Systems. Using Singular Value Decomposition, the MIMO fading channel of each subcarrier is transformed into an equivalent bank of parallel Single Input Single Output sub-channels. To achieve the capacity bound, one must solve a multiuser subcarrier allocation and the optimal bit allocation jointly. To alleviate the computational complexity of joint subcarrier and bit allocation, several suboptimal solutions have been proposed. These suboptimal solutions handle subcarrier and bits individually. We propose the use of Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA)-II, which is a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm, for joint allocation of bits and subcarriers, in the downlink of MIMO-OFDMA system. NSGA-II is intended for optimization problems involving multiple conflicting objectives. Here the two conflicting objectives are Rate Maximization and Transmit Power Minimization. The simulation results indicate remarkable improvement in terms of convergence over previous approaches involving Evolutionary algorithms. At the same time capacity achieved by the proposed algorithm is found to be comparable with that of previous algorithms.     

方差均值平方比恒虚警检测器

为了提高雷达恒虚警(Constant False Alarm Rate,CFAR)检测器在多目标背景下的鲁棒性,更好地检测目标,提出了一种新的基于方差均值平方比(VMSR)的恒虚警检测器,并建立了相应的检测器模型,得出了标称化因子T值和置信区间(a,b)。在均匀背景和多目标背景下,对VMSR检测器进行了仿真分析。在均匀背景下,VMSR检测性能优于OS,相比CA仅有很小的检测损失;在多目标背景下,VMSR检测性能相比OS得到了提升,特别是在干扰目标个数r>N-k时,OS不能有效检测出目标,而VMSR仍能保持较好的检测性能。结果表明,VMSR在多目标背景下检测性能优于OS,其在多目标背景下具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Esprit算法在单基地MIMO雷达中的应用

多输入多输出（MIMO）雷达是近年来提出的一种新体制雷达,由于发射正交信号,不同位置目标的回波信号相互独立,因此在DOA估计和目标分辨方面,比传统雷达具有较大优势。文中将Esprit算法应用于单基地MIMO雷达系统中,并对两种结构的MIMO雷达分别进行一维和二维DOA估计,仿真证明了算法的优越性。     

Universal filters of arbitrary order and type employing square-root-domain technique

Novel Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) universal filter topologies of arbitrary order and type are introduced in this paper. The proposed topologies have been realised by employing Square-Root Domain (SRD) technique. An offered benefit of the universal filter topologies is that only grounded capacitors are required for their implementations and the resonant frequency of the filters can be electronically controlled by an appropriate dc current. The proposed universal filters simultaneously offer all the five standard filtering functions i.e. Lowpass (LP), Highpass (HP) and Bandpass (BP), Bandstop (BS) and Allpass (AP) frequency responses. In addition, the SIMO topology is generic in the sense that it can yield four different stable filter configurations. Two design examples are provided in each configuration and the correct operation of the corresponding topologies has been evaluated through the PSPICE software with BSIM 0.35-µm CMOS process model parameters.     

多入单出正交空时分组码系统的调制识别

在现代无线通信系统中,采用正交空时分组码(STBC)的多天线发射技术是提高通信速率和可靠性,并且能够实现简单译码的关键技术。该文针对瑞利信道系统模型,提出一种适用于多入单出正交空时分组码(OSTBC)的调制识别算法。该算法通过对接收到的数据进行重排,将多入单出的系统模型转化为类似多入多出的系统模型,并且根据信源的特殊性用最大似然的思想实现调制类型的识别。仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Universal biquad filters using low-voltage current mirrors

Novel Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) current-mode universal biquad topologies are introduced in this paper. The proposed topologies have been realized by employing low-voltage current mirrors as active elements. As a result, an absence of resistors is achieved in the derived filter topologies; also only grounded capacitors are required. The resonant frequency of the filters can be electronically controlled by an appropriate dc current. In addition, the derived filters offer the feature of orthogonal adjustment between the resonant frequency and Q factor. The behavior evaluation of the proposed filters has been performed through a test chip prototype fabricated in AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology.     

Analysis of the Generalized Order Statistics Constant False Alarm Rate Detector

In this paper, we present an architecture of the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector called the generalized order statistics (GOS) CFAR detector, which covers various order statistics (OS) and cell-averaging (CA) CFAR detectors as special cases. For the proposed GOS CFAR detector, we obtain unified formulas for the false alarm and detection probabilities. By properly choosing coefficients of the GOS CFAR detector, one can utilize any combination of ordered samples to estimate the background noise level. Thus, if we use a reference window of size N, we can realize (2^N - 1) kinds of CFAR processors and obtain their performances from the unified formulas. Some examples are the CA, the OS, the censored mean level, and the trimmed mean CFAR detectors. As an application of the GOS CFAR detector to multiple target detection, we propose an algorithm called the adaptive mean level detector, which censors adaptively the interfering target returns in a reference window.     

A NEW CFAR DETECTOR WITH GREATEST OPTION

This paper presents a new CFAR detector based on Ordered Statistics (OS) and Cell-Averaging (CA) forming local estimates, and using Greatest-Of selection (GO) to form clutter power level estimate Z in test cell(OSCAGO). Under the Swerling II assumption, the analytic expressions of Pfa,Pd and ADT of this detector are derived, its detection performance in homogeneous background and in strong interfering targets environment are analyzed and compared it with OS, GOSGO detectors. The results show that the detection performance of OSCAGO in homogeneous background and in multiple-target situations are obviously better than those of OS and GOSGO. When the number of interfering targets is equal to certain value, the CFAR loss of OSCAGO is about 3dB less than that of GOSGO.     

一种新的最大选择恒虚警检测器

本文提出一种基于有序统计(OS)和单元平均(CA)产生局部估计,并应用最大选择(GO)产生检测单元杂波功率水平估计Z的新的恒虚警检测器(OSCAGO)。我们推导出了该检测器在Swerling Ⅱ型目标假设下的虚警概率(Pfa)、检测概率(Pd)和度量平均判决门限(ADT)解析表达式。分析了它在均匀背景和强干扰环境中的检测性能。并且把它与OS-,GOSGO-CFAR进行了比较。结果表明,OSCAGO在均匀杂波背景和多目标情况下的检测性能与OS和GOSGO相比,都有很明显的提高。在干扰目标数为某些值时,OSCAGO的CFAR损失比GOSGO小近3dB。     

Performance analysis of the modified versions of CFAR detectors in multiple-target and nonuniform clutter

A constant false alarm rate (CFAR) in the presence of variable levels of noise is usually a requirement placed on any modern radar. The CA- and OS-CFAR detectors are the most widely used ones in the CFAR world. The cell-averaging (CA) is the optimum CFAR detector in terms of detection probability in homogeneous background when the reference cells have identical, independent and exponentially distributed signals. The ordered-statistic (OS) is an alternative to the CA processor, which trades a small loss in detection performance, relative to the CA scheme, in ideal conditions for much less performance degradation in nonideal background environments. To benefice the merits of these well-known schemes, two modified versions (MX- and MN-CFAR) have been recently suggested. This paper is devoted to the detection performance evaluation of these modified versions as well as a novel one (ML-CFAR). Exact formulas for their false alarm and detection performances are derived, in the absence as well as in the presence of spurious targets. The results of these performances obtained for Rayleigh clutter and Rayleigh target indicate that the MN-CFAR scheme performs nearly as good as OS detector in the presence of outlying targets and all the developed versions perform much better than that processor when the background environment is homogeneous. When compared to CA-CFAR, the modified schemes perform better in ideal conditions, and behave much better in the presence of interfering targets.     

Performance Predominance of a New Strategy for CFAR Processors over the N-P Model in Detecting Four Degrees of Freedom χ<Superscript>2</Superscript> Fluctuating Targets

Modern radars have adopted adaptive processing techniques to mitigate the deleterious effects of unwanted clutter and jammer. In this situation, the CFAR algorithms play a vital role in achieving the heterogeneous detection of fluctuating targets. In this regard, while the CA-CFAR processor has the top homogeneous performance, the OS and TM techniques have been suggested to provide robust estimates of the threshold in heterogeneous situations. In order to simultaneously exploit the merits of CA and OS or TM processors, some their hybrid versions have been recently introduced. They are termed as CAOS and CATM models. Practically, the frequency diversity between noncoherent sweeps is widespread in actual radar systems. Additionally, the pulse integration strategy is often used in radar systems to improve the target signal-to-noise ratio and correspondingly the system detection performance. For this reason, this paper is focusing on analyzing these new models in the case where the radar receiver noncoherently integrates M-pulses to handle its detection. Closed-form expression is derived for their nonhomogeneous performance. The tested as well as the spurious targets are assumed to follow χ²-distribution with four degrees of freedom in their fluctuations. Our simulation results reveal that the new version CATM exhibits a homogeneous performance that outweighs that of the classical Neyman-Pearson (N-P) procedure, which is employed as a baseline comparison for other strategies in the field of adaptive detectors.     

基于MWF的非线性Volterra滤波

结合Volterra滤波的多人单出(MISO)模型,本文将多级维纳滤波(MWF)应用于非线性Volterra滤波,提出三种实现结构及其降秩滤波算法.MWF将期望信号连续投影到正交的低维子空间,利用嵌套的一组标量维纳滤波器实现滤波,避免求解观测矢量的自相关矩阵及其逆;而基于MWF的降秩滤波算法不需要进行计算复杂的特征值分解.结合中继卫星信道的非线性均衡对算法进行仿真,仿真结果表明三种结构均可以很好地收敛;降秩算法在减小运算量的同时,性能接近全秩算法.     

基于MIMO通信的OFDM／SC～FDE码分多址接人技术研究

为有效克服正交频分复用（OFDM）系统存在的不足,提高系统性能,将OFDM技术及单载波频域均衡（SC—FDE）技术分别与码分多址接入（CDMA）技术相结合,并在多输入多输出（MIMO）空间复用技术的高速率通信基础上,研究了相应的两种基带系统结构,讨论了系统所用的频域均衡算法及系数,最后给出性能仿真结果。结果表明,MIMO—SC—FDE—CDMA技术相结合能够更有效地提高系统性能,降低用户间干扰,有着良好的应用前景。     

单元筛选后作最大选择的CFAR自适应检测器

提出一种新的CFAR自适应检测方法，对这种新的检测方法在斯威林2型目标的假设下进行了检测性能的分析，得到了在均匀背景和强干扰目标存在的情况下的虚警概率和检测概率，并把它同CA、GO、SO等检测方法进行了比较。分析结果表明：这种方法在均匀背景和非均匀背景情况下都有很好的检测性能。     

小斜视角单输入多输出稀疏线性阵列相参频率分集成像

现代高分辨雷达通过大带宽获得高距离分辨率,通过大孔径获得高方位分辨率。该文根据单输入多输出(SIMO)线性阵列天线的基本原理,借鉴了频率分集相参处理的思路,用两个阵元实现了多阵元所形成的波束,并结合高分辨1维距离像(HRRP)方法,实现了目标的2维成像。进而为了减小频率分集所需的发射阵元工作带宽,该文结合稀疏天线阵元思想,通过设计阵元分布,用较少的频率分集实现了大孔径。仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。     

A High Resolution Wide Swath SAR method based on intra-pulse null steering and MIMO

High Resolution Wide Swath （HRWS） Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） often suffers from low Signal-to-Noise Ratio （SNR） due to small transmitting antenna, especially in phased array antenna systems. Digital Beam Forming （DBF） based on Single Input and Multiple Output （SIMO） achieves receiving array gain at the cost of increasing data rate. This letter proposes a new HRWS SAR method, which employs intra-pulse null steering to get receiving gain in elevation and decrease the data rate, and Multiple Input and Multiple Output （MIMO） using Space-Time Block Coding （STBC） in azimuth to get transmitting gain and receiving array gain simultaneously. The feasibility is verified by deduction and simulations.     

Performance comparison of a linearly combined ordered-statistic detectors under postdetection integration and nonhomogeneous situations

Several Constant False Alarm Rate （CFAR） architectures, where radar systems often employ them to automatically adapt the detection threshold to the local background noise or clutter power in an attempt to maintain an approximately constant rate of false alarm, have been recently proposed to estimate the unknown noise power level. Since the Ordered-Statistics （OS） based algorithm has some advantages over the Cell-Averaging （CA） technique, we are concerned here with this type of CFAR detectors. The Linearly Combined Ordered-Statistic （LCOS） processor, which sets threshold by processing a weighted ordered range samples within finite moving window, may actually perform somewhat better than the conventional OS detector. Our objective in this paper is to analyze the LCOS processor along with the conventional OS scheme for the case where the radar receiver incorporates a postdetection integrator amongst its contents and where the operating environments contain a number of secondary interfering targets along with the primary target of concern and the two target types fluctuate in accordance with the Swerling Ⅱ fluctuation model and to compare their performances under various operating conditions.