Investigation into magnetorheological abrasive honing (MRAH)

A scheme to finish external curved surfaces, by imparting rotation while the abrasive-mixed magnetorheological fluid (or abrasive-mixed MR fluid) is pushed up and down, is presented in this paper. Since the relative motions resemble those present in conventional honing, the proposed method is named as ‘Magnetorheological Abrasive Honing’ (MRAH). This paper outlines the design and development of magnetorheological abrasive honing setup. A DC electromagnet with cylindrical pole faces is used and measurement for magnetic flux density is done. Experiments are conducted with aluminum and austenitic stainless steel workpieces to understand the effect of magnetic field. Effect of initial roughness, workpiece rotation and process duration on finishing was investigated with ground austenitic stainless steel workpieces. It is observed that the improvement in finish is better for rougher surface and higher rotation speed of workpiece and a reduction in roughness is consistent with process duration.     

Fluid flow analysis of magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing (MRAFF) process

A new precision finishing process called magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing (MRAFF), which is basically a combination of abrasive flow machining (AFM) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF), has been developed for nano-finishing of parts even with complicated geometry for a wide range of industrial applications. This paper deals with the theoretical investigations into the mechanism of MRAFF process to study the effects of various process parameters. In the present work, an attempt has been made to analyze the medium flow through the fixture by finite difference method by assuming the medium as Bingham plastic to evaluate the stresses developed during the process. A capillary viscometer has been designed and fabricated to study the effect of magnetic field on the rheological properties of the medium. Microstructure of the mixture of ferromagnetic and abrasive particles in magnetorheological polishing fluid (MRPF) has been proposed, and normal force on the abrasive particles is calculated from the applied magnetic field. A model for the prediction of material removal and surface roughness has also been presented. Theoretical results compare well with the experimental data available in the literature.     

Design and development of nanofinishing process for 3D surfaces using ball end MR finishing tool

A new precision finishing process for nanofinishing of 3D surfaces using ball end MR finishing tool is developed. The newly developed finishing process is used to finish ferromagnetic as well as nonmagnetic materials of 3D shapes using specially prepared magnetorheological polishing (MRP) fluid. The existing MR finishing devices and methods are likely to incapable of finish 3D intricate surfaces such as grooves in workpiece or complex in-depth profiles in the mold due to restriction on relative movement of finishing medium and workpiece. In this newly developed finishing device, the ball end MR finishing tool is used for finishing different kinds of 3D surfaces, as there is no limitation on relative movement of finishing medium and workpiece. It can finish the work surfaces similarly as the machining of 3D surfaces by CNC ball end milling cutter and open a new era of its applications in future. The developed process may have its potential applications in aerospace, automotive and molds manufacturing industries. A computer controlled experimental setup is designed and manufactured to study the process characteristics and performance. The magnetostatic simulations were done on ferromagnetic as well as nonferromagnetic materials of 3D surfaces to observe the ball end shape of magnetic field at the tip of the MR finishing tool. The experiments were performed on flat EN31 and groove surface of copper workpieces in the developed MR finishing setup to study the effect of finishing time on final surface roughness.     

Study on the inner surface finishing of tubing by magnetic abrasive finishing

With the development of industry manufacturing technology, fine surface finish is in high demand in a wide spectrum of industrial applications. Presently, it is required that the parts used in manufacturing semiconductors, atomic energy parts, medical instruments and aerospace components have a very precise surface roughness. Amongst them, vacuum tubes, wave guides and sanitary tubes are difficult to polish by conventional finishing methods such as lapping, because of their shapes. The surface roughness of these tubes affects the performance of the entire system, but the finishing technology for these tubes is very scant in manufacturing fields. This project was proposed by a Shanghai Far East pharmaceutial and mechanical factory. They stated that the roughness of the inner surface must be less than 0.3 μm Ra after finishing. An internal magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process is proposed for producing highly finished inner surfaces of tubes used in this study. The process principle and the finishing characteristics of unbounded magnetic abrasive within internal tubing finishing are described first. MAF setup was designed for finishing three kinds of materials tubing, such as Ly12 aluminum alloy, 316L stainless steel and H62 brass. Experimental results indicated that finishing parameters such as polishing speed, magnetic abrasive supply, abrasive material, magnetic abrasive manufacturing process and grain size have critical effects on the material removal rate (MRR). How the inner surface micro shape changes course during finishing of an aluminous tube is demonstrated.     

Simulation for the prediction of surface roughness in magnetic abrasive flow finishing (MAFF)

The final machining (or finishing) of precision parts with high level of surface finish and close tolerance is making the application of magnetic abrasive finishing technology increasingly important. Magnetic abrasive flow finishing (MAFF) is a new abrasive finishing process combining the features of abrasive flow finishing (AFF) and magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF). MAFF provides a high level of surface finish and close tolerances for wide range of industrial application. This paper focuses on the modeling and simulation for the prediction of surface roughness on the workpiece surface finished by MAFF process. A finite element model is developed to find the magnetic potential distribution in the magnetic abrasive brush formed during finishing action and then it is used to evaluate machining pressure, surface finish and material removal. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results available in the literature. The simulated workpiece surface roughness shows features similar in nature to the experimental results.     

Experimental investigations into forces during magnetorheological fluid based finishing process

Magnetorheological fluid based finishing process is a fine finishing process that has been applied to a large variety of brittle materials, ranging from optical glasses to hard crystals. Under the influence of a magnetic field, the carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) and non-magnetic polishing abrasive particles remove material from the surface being polished. Knowledge of forces acting is important to understand the mechanism of material removal. A dynamometer and virtual instrumentation are used to on-line record the normal force and tangential force acting on the workpiece through the magnetorheological (MR) fluid. A full factorial design of experiments is used to plan the experiments and ANOVA to correlate the forces and process parameters. The selected process parameters (volume concentration of CIPs and abrasives, working gap, and wheel rotation) are varied over a range to measure forces during experimentation. The maximum contribution is made by a working gap on the forces developed on the workpiece surface followed by CIP concentration while the least contribution is noticed by the wheel speed.     

动态磁场集群磁流变抛光加工机理及试验研究

基于动态磁场集群磁流变平面抛光的加工机理以及动态磁场作用机理,对单晶硅基片进行动态磁场集群磁流变抛光试验研究。结果表明:动态磁场能使畸变的抛光垫实时自修复,磨料具有频繁的动态行为,克服了静态磁场作用下抛光垫变形难恢复且磨料堆聚的缺点,使材料去除过程稳定,抛光效果较好;在动态磁场作用下,不同抛光方式的加工效果也不同;在多工件同步抛光中,大尺寸的工具头高速自转使工件表面有更高的线速度,磨料对单晶硅表面缺陷去除作用更强。经过5 h抛光,硅片表面粗糙度R_a由0.48 μm下降到3.3 nm,获得超光滑表面。      

磁流变抛光技术的研究进展

磁流变抛光技术具有加工面形精度高、表面粗糙度小、加工过程易于控制、表面损伤小、加工过程中不产生新的损伤等优秀特点,因此多应用于加工要求高的精密和超精密领域,最常应用于光学加工方面。综述了磁流变抛光技术材料去除数学模型的建立进展,论证了该模型的正确性,总结出该基本模型具有通用性,模型能够适用于平面和凸球面等形面加工中,此外,对实现计算机控制抛光过程的准确性具有指导意义。概述了磁流变抛光工艺实验进展,总结磁流变抛光影响抛光效果的主要因素是磁场强度和磁场发生装置,在优化工艺参数组合下能够达到纳米级表面,能够消除亚表面损伤,还能够用以加工各种复杂形面等。就目前磁流变抛光技术的发展新方向作以总结,包括集群磁流变抛光技术、组合磁流变抛光技术以及磁流变-超声复合抛光技术,介绍这几种加工方法的工作原理以及能够达到的实验效果。最后对现阶段磁流变抛光技术中存在的问题做出总结,并针对各个问题提出相对应的思考和展望。     

蓝宝石光学曲面柱形宽缎带磁流变抛光仿真分析及实验研究

目的 针对目前光滑无损伤光学曲面蓝宝石加工成本高、效率低的问题,对加工过程中磁流变抛光缎带进行流体仿真,进而优化抛光轮表面结构。方法 设计并提出3种表面结构柱形宽缎带磁流变抛光轮,介绍了磁流变抛光轮加工的基本原理,建立了磁流变抛光垫Bingham流体特性加工仿真模型,分析了3种抛光轮表面结构对工件表面磁通密度模、流场流速、流场压力分布的影响。同时对3种抛光轮的抛光效果进行了实验探究,探究了抛光轮表面结构对材料去除率和抛光后表面粗糙度的影响规律。结果 仿真结果表明,抛光轮表面槽型结构具有能增强磁通密度模、增大流体流速和流体压力的特性。实验结果表明,螺旋槽抛光轮的抛光效果最好,在螺旋抛光轮作用下,材料去除率为0.22 mg/h,抛光后蓝宝石表面粗糙度为1.08 nm。最终抛光轮近壁区总压力和速度的乘积结果与抛光轮实验去除率结果具有较好的一致性。结论 槽型结构可以提高抛光液在抛光轮表面的固着效果,影响工件表面流场运动状态,增强工件表面受到抛光垫的作用力。相较于光滑和横条槽抛光轮,螺旋槽抛光轮的抛光效率最高,表面粗糙度最低,可有效提高抛光效果。     

基于响应面法的钛合金Halbach阵列增强磁流变抛光工艺参数优化

目的 提高钛合金磁流变抛光的表面质量和抛光效率。方法 用Halbach磁场阵列强化磁场,通过载液盘与磁铁反向旋转来增强磁流变抛光效率,使抛光头拥有更强的恢复性与自锐性。通过仿真模拟和实际测量对比研究Halbach阵列与N-S阵列的磁场分布和磁场梯度。依照试验结果描述抛光剪切力、表面粗糙度与表面微观形貌随时间的变化规律。采用响应面法优化载液盘转速、磁铁转速和加工间距等3个工艺参数,建立剪切力和表面粗糙度的拟合方程数学预测模型,并对其中的不显著项进行优化。结果 在响应面交互作用分析中,工艺参数对剪切力的影响的大小顺序为加工间距、磁铁转速、载液盘转速;对表面粗糙度影响的大小顺序为载液盘转速、磁铁转速、加工间距。根据不同的需求,确定选定范围内的工艺参数组合,需要快速去除材料时,使剪切力趋于最大值的工艺参数组合为载液盘转速227 r/min,磁铁转速64 r/min,加工间距0.1 mm,通过20 min抛光后得到了表面粗糙度Sa为34.911 nm的光滑表面。抛光过程中,钛合金抛光所受剪切力τ为0.812 N。需要最优表面质量时,使表面粗糙度值趋于最小值的工艺参数组合为载液盘转速300 r/min,磁铁转速150 r/min,加工间距0.1 mm,通过20 min抛光后得到了表面粗糙度Sa为26.723 nm的光滑表面。抛光过程中,钛合金抛光所受剪切力τ为0.796 N。结论 Halbach阵列拥有较高的磁场强度和富有空间变化的磁感线,能够使磁流变液中的磁链呈现出更多的姿态变化。根据响应面法优化后的剪切力和表面粗糙度预测模型,预测结果与验证试验结果相差很小,预测模型的准确度与可信度较高。     

Ultrasonic assisted magnetic abrasive finishing of hardened AISI 52100 steel using unbonded SiC abrasives

Ultrasonic assisted magnetic abrasive finishing (UAMAF) integrates the use of ultrasonic vibrations and magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process to finish surfaces to nanometer order in a relatively short time. The present study emphasizes on the fabrication of UAMAF setup. Using this experimental setup, experimental studies have been carried out with respect to five important process parameters namely supply voltage, abrasive mesh number, rotation of magnet, abrasive weight percentage, and pulse on time (T_on) of ultrasonic vibrations selected based on literature available in the area of MAF process and ultrasonic generator controls. Percentage change in surface roughness (?Ra) for AISI 52100 steel workpiece has been considered as response and unbonded SiC abrasives are used in the work. The experimental results showed that the UAMAF process has better finishing potential as compared to those obtainable by using MAF process for similar processing conditions. The surface roughness value obtained by UAMAF was as low as 22 nm within 80 s on hardened AISI 52100 steel workpiece using unbonded SiC abrasives. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies were carried out to feel the surface texture produced and to identify finishing mechanism.     

基于磁力研磨加工的法兰类零件表面质量的试验研究

管道、管件或器材连接处所使用的法兰盘在加工时因其内表面会产生微裂纹、褶皱等缺陷,导致使用寿命下降。用传统的抛光工艺难以实现对法兰盘管内表面的光整加工,使用磁力研磨加工工艺却可以很好地解决这一难题。通过对XK7136C数控铣床的主轴进行改造而成的研磨试验平台,其磁极主轴在给定数控程序的走刀路径下,带动侧面开槽的磁极进行转动,从而实现磁性磨粒对法兰盘管内表面光整加工的目的。对磁研磨法加工法兰盘管内表面的原理及磁性磨粒的受力情况进行了的分析,试验结果表明:法兰盘零件弯管内表面经过研磨后,原有的表面质量明显改善,表面粗糙度的值由3.46μm降低到1.18μm,验证了磁力研磨对法兰盘管内表面的光整加工效果良好。     

环形磁流变抛光工具的加工性能研究

半球谐振子的加工效率是影响半球谐振陀螺仪应用的主要因素。在环形磁流变抛光方式的基础上,提出平面化类比的简化加工抛光器并探索其加工性能。通过单因素探索试验和正交试验研究磁感应强度、抛光器转速、加工间隙、金刚石粒径等因素对抛光性能的影响。结果表明:使用环形磁流变抛光器抛光熔石英,当磁场磁感应强度较强,抛光器转速350 r/min,加工间隙0.6 mm,金刚石粒径为0.5~1.0 μm时,石英材料去除率为191.2 nm/min,表面粗糙度R_a值为3.31 nm,抛光效果良好。      

磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工的工艺及机理

为提高光电晶片的磁流变抛光效率并实现其超光滑平坦化加工,提出其磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工方法,研究不同变间隙条件下蓝宝石晶片的材料去除率和表面粗糙度随加工时间的变化,并分析磁流变变间隙动压平坦化加工机理。结果表明:通过蓝宝石晶片对磁流变抛光液施加轴向低频挤压振动,其抛光压力动态变化且磁流变液产生挤压强化效应,使抛光效率与抛光效果显著提升。在工件下压速度为1.0 mm/s,拉升速度为3.5 mm/s,挤压振动幅值为1 mm条件下磁流变变间隙动压平坦化抛光120 min后,蓝宝石晶片的表面粗糙度R_a由 6.22 nm下降为0.31 nm,材料去除率为5.52 nm/min,相较于恒定间隙磁流变抛光,其表面粗糙度降低66%,材料去除率提高55%。改变变间隙运动速度可以调控磁流变液的流场特性,且合适的工件下压速度和工件拉升速度有利于提高工件的抛光效率和表面质量。      

Magnetorheological Jet Finishing of Conformal, Freeform and Steep Concave Optics

Conformal, freeform and steep concave optics represent important shapes that are difficult or impossible to finish using conventional techniques due to mechanical interferences and steep local slopes. One way to polish these optics is by using a jet of abrasive/fluid mixture. Widely used abrasive water jet machining is not applicable for precision polishing because of natural jet instability, which gives an unstable removal function. Theoretical and experimental results in this paper show how this problem can be addressed with a magnetically stabilized jet of magnetorheological fluid. Polishing results demonstrate the suitability for this technique for precision finishing of complex shapes.     

脉冲电磁场辅助平面磁粒研磨加工试验

目的 在传统的平面磁粒研磨加工中添加脉冲辅助磁场,增大加工区域中磁感应强度和加工时磁感应强度动态变化,丰富磨料粒子在加工时的运动形式,使研磨轨迹复杂化,降低工件表面粗糙度,获得更好的工件表面形貌.方法 通过分析磨料粒子在有无辅助磁场时各自的受力情况,探究辅助磁场对磨料在加工时运动状态的影响,研究脉冲辅助磁场下磨料的运动...     

Rheological characterization of styrene-butadiene based medium and its finishing performance using rotational abrasive flow finishing process

Finishing of complex shaped components needs advanced finishing processes to produce nano level surface finish. Abrasive flow finishing (AFF) process uses abrasive mixed polymer as a medium to finish complex shapes. The medium should possess three basic properties i.e., better flow ability, self deformability and abrading ability to finish the given surface to nano scale. Various flow and deformation properties of the medium can be investigated by rheological characterization. In the present work, different media are made using specially co-polymered soft styrene butadiene based polymer, plasticizer and abrasives. Static and dynamic rheological properties of these in-house prepared media are evaluated, and it is found that these media follow viscoelastic behavior with shear thinning nature. For a small rise in temperature, the medium starts losing its original properties.In the present work, static (flow test, creep compliance test, stress relaxation test) and dynamic (amplitude sweep and frequency sweep) rheological properties are measured. Finishing experiments are carried out on Al alloy as well as its metal matrix composites using rotational abrasive flow finishing (R-AFF) process. Later, the effect of each rheological parameter such as shear stress, % viscous component, stress relaxation modulus and storage modulus on the change in average surface roughness (ΔR_a) and material removal rate during R-AFF is found.     

Material removal and micro-roughness in fluid-assisted smoothing of reaction-bonded silicon carbide surfaces

The magnetic fluid-assisted polishing for fuse silica and other optical materials with a high degree of success, and a super-smooth surface (Ra < 1 nm) and subsurface-damage-free layer can be produced. However, the fundamental mechanisms of the process for polishing reaction-bonded silicon carbide (RB-SiC) have not yet been studied in detail. This paper is concerned with the fabrication processability aspect of the RB-SiC components, and investigates results obtained by magnetorheological finishing (MRF) of RB-SiC mirror. It details experimentally the features of different polishing fluids and the characteristics of relative removal rates, analyses the processing limitations of the normal processing techniques and studies the effects of certain processing parameters on surface accuracy. The final surface roughness with an initial value of Ra = 17.58 nm reached 4.03 nm after 15 h of polishing, and then convergent to 1.03 nm after another 7 h fine polishing. Experimental results based on the magnetorheological (MR) fluids show that, a MR fluid containing diamond particles helps to accelerate removal rates. Additionally, by adding a small amount of CeO₂ into the diamond-based MR fluid, it is possible to finish RB-SiC material to a higher level of surface quality.     

单晶碳化硅的电磁场励磁大抛光模磁流变抛光

目的 研发一种高精高效单晶碳化硅表面抛光技术。方法 采用电磁场励磁的大抛光模磁流变抛光方法加工单晶碳化硅,利用自制的电磁铁励磁装置与磁流变抛光装置,进行单因素实验,研究电流强度、工作间隙和抛光时间等工艺参数对单晶碳化硅磁流变抛光加工性能的影响,并检测加工面粗糙度及其变化率来分析抛光效果。结果 在工作间隙1.4 mm、电流强度12 A的工艺参数下,加工面粗糙度值随着加工时间的增加而降低,抛光60 min后,加工面粗糙度值Ra达到0.9 nm,变化率达到98.3%。加工面粗糙度值随通电电流的增大而减小,随着工作间隙的增大而增大。在工作间隙为1.0 mm、通电电流为16 A、加工时间为40 min的优化参数下抛光单晶碳化硅,可获得表面粗糙度Ra为0.6 nm的超光滑表面。结论 应用电磁场励磁的大抛光模盘式磁流变抛光方法加工单晶碳化硅材料,能够获得亚纳米级表面粗糙度。     

氧化锆陶瓷大抛光模磁流变抛光试验研究

目的研发一种高效、高质量氧化锆陶瓷超光滑表面加工技术。方法采用大抛光模磁流变抛光方式加工氧化锆陶瓷,利用自主研发的磁流变平面抛光装置,配制含有金刚石磨粒的磁流变抛光液,通过设计单因素实验,研究抛光时间、工作间隙、工件转速和抛光槽转速等主要工艺参数对氧化锆陶瓷平面磁流变加工性能的影响,并对材料去除率和表面粗糙度进行分析。结果在工作间隙为1.4 mm、工件转速为100 r/min、抛光槽转速为25 r/min的工艺条件下,表面粗糙度在达到饱和之前随时间的增加而降低。抛光30 min达到饱和,表面粗糙度Ra达到0.7 nm。继续延长抛光时间,表面粗糙度不再改善。氧化锆陶瓷的材料去除率随着工件转速和抛光槽转速的增加而增大,随着工作间隙的增大而减小。当工件转速为300 r/min时,材料去除率可以达到1.03 mg/min;抛光槽转速为25 r/min时,材料去除率可以达到0.80 mg/min;工作间隙为1.0 mm时,材料去除率最高可达0.77 mg/min。结论采用大抛光模磁流变抛光方法可以提高氧化锆陶瓷的材料去除率,同时获得纳米级表面粗糙度,实现氧化锆陶瓷的高效超光滑表面加工。