水源热泵在低温地热生活热水系统的应用

提出在常用低温地热生活热水系统中增设回水加热器,以回收生活热水系统的排水。对可选的5种回水加热热源———燃煤锅炉、燃油锅炉、燃气锅炉、电锅炉及水源热泵的节能性、经济性进行了比较,提出水源热泵辅助低温地热生活热水系统。结合工程实例,对常用低温地热生活热水系统与水源热泵辅助低温地热生活热水系统进行了经济性比较。水源热泵辅助低温地热生活热水系统可有效降低生活热水系统排水温度及排水量,节能、节水效果显著。     

A thermodynamic analysis of a transcritical cycle with refrigerant mixture R32/R290 for a small heat pump water heater

In this study, a thermodynamic analysis on the performance of a transcritical cycle using azeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R32/R290 with mass fraction of 70/30 has been performed. The main purpose of this study is to theoretically verify the possibility of applying the chosen refrigerant mixture in small heat pumps for high temperature water heating applications. Performance evaluation has been carried out for a simple azeotropic mixture R32/R290 transcritical cycle by varying evaporator temperature, outlet temperature of gas cooler and compressor discharge pressure. Furthermore, the effects of an internal heat exchanger on the transcritical R32/R290 cycle have been presented at different operating conditions. The results show that high heating coefficient of performance (COP_h) and volumetric heating capacity can be achieved by using this transcritical cycle. It is desirable to apply the chosen refrigerant mixture R32/R290 in small heat pump water heater for high temperature water heating applications, which may produce hot water with temperature up to 90 °C.     

District heating system design for a university campus

İzmir Institute of Technology campus is in use since 2000 and still under development. At present, heating is provided by individual fuel boilers. On the other hand, the campus has a geothermal resource in its borders with a temperature of 33 °C. Because of this low geothermal fluid temperature; heat pump district heating system is considered for the campus. As an alternative, fuel boiler district heating system is studied. Each heating system is simulated using hourly outdoor temperature data. For the simulations, a control system with constant flow rate and variable return water temperature is used and the main control parameter is the indoor temperature. Various heating regime alternatives have been studied for heat pump district heating system for the various condenser outlet temperature and geothermal fluid flow rate, and two of these alternatives are given in this study. Furthermore, economic analysis has also been done for each heating system alternative based on investment and operational costs. Results indicate that heat pump district heating system has the highest investment but lowest operational cost.The alternatives are evaluated according to internal rate of return method, which shows the profit of the investment and resulted that, the heat pump district heating system has minimum 3.02% profit comparing with the fuel boiler district heating system at the end of the 20-year period.     

A theoretical study of an innovative ejector enhanced vapor compression heat pump cycle for water heating application

This study presents a novel vapor compression heat pump cycle in which an ejector associated with a subcooler is applied to enhance the heating performance for air-source heat pump water heater application. The heating coefficient of performance (COP_h) and heating capacity of the novel cycle using the non-azeotropic mixture refrigerant R417A are theoretically investigated, for the ranges of evaporating temperature (−15 to 10 °C) and condensing temperature (55-60 °C). The theoretical results show that the COP_h and volumetric heating capacity of the novel cycle are better than that of the conventional heat pump cycle. It is found that for the operating conditions considered, the maximum COP_h and volumetric heating capacity can be improved by up to 1.62-6.92% and 15.20-37.32% over the conventional heat pump cycle, respectively. The performance characteristics of the novel cycle show its promise in air-source heat pump water heater applications.     

Development and experimental validation of a high-temperature heat pump for heat recovery and building heating

The performance of a high-temperature heat pump unit using geothermal water for heat recovery in buildings is experimentally evaluated. The unit consists of a twin-screw refrigeration compressor, a condenser, an evaporator and an oil cooling system. The effect of the cooled oil temperature on the performance of the heat pump unit is experimentally investigated. Results show that the unit stably produces outlet hot water at a constant temperature of 85 °C and performs well in a wide range of high-temperature conditions with a high energy efficiency ratio. The results also indicate that the key to improving the performance of a high-temperature heat pump unit often depend on the selection of proper cooled oil temperature. The optimum cooled oil temperature is 50-65 °C when the condensing temperature is above 70 °C. At these temperatures, the oil cooling system can increase the energy efficiency ratio of the heat pump by 6.3%.     

Development of dual-source hybrid heat pump system using groundwater and air

To achieve high heat pump efficiency, groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system uses groundwater, which is relatively stable AT temperature compared with outdoor air, as a heat source. However, it is difficult to meet annual heating and cooling loads using only groundwater as a heat source. In order to optimize the operation method of GWHP systems, it is necessary to develop a system utilizing both groundwater and air sources according to the building load conditions. Furthermore, during intermediate seasons (such as spring and autumn) with reduced heating and cooling loads, GWHP system is less efficient than air source heat pump (ASHP) system according to temperature conditions. In order to more efficiently use GWHP systems, it is necessary to develop a system which utilizes both groundwater and air sources according to temperature conditions and building loads. This research has developed a GWHP system that employs a hybrid heat pump system with groundwater wells using dual groundwater and air heat sources. In this paper, the annual performance of the developed system has been calculated, and several case studies have been conducted on the effect of introduction location, refrigerant and pumping rate. Furthermore, the coefficient of system performance and the effects on underground environments have been evaluated by real-scale experiment using two wells.     

采用替代工质的空气源热泵性能试验研究

测试了热泵系统在典型空调工况下采用R22的替代工质R134a,R404A,R407C时的制热量、功耗和COP。结果表明R407C的性能与R22比较接近,是R22比较理想的替代工质。     

A heat pump system with a latent heat storage utilizing seawater installed in an aquarium

This paper introduces a heat pump system with a latent heat storage utilizing seawater installed in an aquarium. Heat from the seawater is collected and used as the heat source for the heat pump system. This maintains the indoor conditions at constant temperature and relative humidity. With regard to the heat pump system using low-temperature unutilized heat source, development is introduced on a heat source load responsive heat pump system, with combines a load variation responsive heat pump utilizing seawater with a latent heat (ice plus water slurry) storage system using nighttime electric power serving for electric power load leveling. The desired outcome would be to show that the costs of generating heat energy with the seawater-source heat pump are significantly less than those with the air-source heat pump and the oil-fired system. Additionally, the CO₂ emissions for the seawater-source heat pump compare favourably as they maybe less than those for the other conventional assumed systems described.     

地热梯级供暖方案优化研究

以某低温地热水供暖工程为例,分析了利用板式换热器与热泵机组联合供热的设计和运行情况,指出现有系统存在浪费地热能资源的缺点,提出了两种优化方案,分析比较了两种方案的能耗及性能指标,得出现有地热资源条件下较为合理的运行方式和地热尾水温度。     

Comparison of natural gas driven heat pumps and electrically driven heat pumps with conventional systems for building heating purposes

Electrically driven heat pumps achieve good efficiencies for space heating. If heat pumps are driven directly by a combustion engine instead of an electric motor, losses attributed to the production and transport of electricity are eliminated. Additionally, the use of the combustion engine's heat leads to a reduced temperature difference across the heat pump. This article presents annual efficiencies of these systems and compares internal combustion engine and electrically driven heat pumps in terms of primary energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. Because heat pump performance depends strongly on the heating circuit's flow temperature level, the comparison is performed for air-to-water and geothermal heat pump systems in two cases of maximum flow temperatures (40 °C and 60 °C). These temperature levels represent typical modern buildings with large heating surfaces and older buildings with high-temperature radiators, respectively. In addition to the different heat pump setups, conventional space heating systems are included in the comparison. The calculations show that natural gas-driven heat pumps achieve about the same efficiency and CO₂ emissions as electrically driven heat pumps powered with electricity from the most modern natural gas-fired combined cycle power plants. The efficiency of such systems is about twice that of conventional boiler technologies.     

延庆监狱地热——水源热泵供暖系统工程设计与应用

该项目以地热水间接换热,在地热水供热量不能满足负荷时,采用高温水源热泵系统对地热尾水的热量进行回收,从而增加了地热水的梯级利用。同时本文对该方案与常规供暖方式的运行费用进行了比较。     

三元混合工质在变浓度空气源热泵中的应用

简要回顾了国内外变浓度（容量）热泵系统中混合工质的研究进展,结合理论和试验结果,提出了在变浓度空气源热泵系统中使用三元混合工质的概念,并与二元混合工质进行了比较。通过数值模拟优选出具有较大潜力的R32／R125／R227ea,R32／R143a／R22Tea,R32／R143a／R134a和R32／R125／R134a三元非共沸混合工质,分析了它们在变浓度热泵系统中的运行特性,结果表明,它们在满足热泵变浓度容量调节方面具有较大潜力,是替代R22的理想工质,其中首推R32／R125／R227ea。     

A parametric study on the exergoeconomic assessment of a vertical ground-coupled (geothermal) heat pump system

An exergoeconomic model of a vertical ground-source heat pump residential heating system presented in this study uses exergy and cost energy mass (EXCEM) methods. The data obtained from a ground-source heat pump (GSHP) residential heating system installed at the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Turkey, are utilized for calculations at different reference temperature values in the range 0–25 °C. The performance of the geothermal heat pump residential heating system is evaluated to indicate how exergoecomic parameter values change with system. We also undertake a parametric study to investigate how varying reference temperatures will affect the exergoeconomic analysis of the GSHP system. A correlation between the ratio of thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost and reference state temperature is developed.     

Criteria for use of groundwater as renewable energy source in geothermal heat pump systems for building heating/cooling purposes

Environmental protection measures are conducted directly by the use of renewable energy sources. The energy development of cities in Europe is aimed at the sustainable use of renewable energy sources in order to achieve the substitution of fossil fuels and the reduction of the hazardous gas emission into the atmosphere. Geothermal resources of medium and low enthalpy in Europe being used for obtaining heat energy are providing about 6600 MW_t, currently having the growth trend of 50 MW_t annually. The use of geothermal low enthalpy, namely of subgeothermal groundwater resources, has even higher annual growth rate, and if such a trend is kept till the year 2010, the produced energy will amount about 8000 MW_t. Criteria of the groundwater use as a hydrogeothermal energy resource in heat pumps are complex, and they deal with aspects of incoming temperatures and groundwater quantities. The precise limit temperature of groundwater that would separate the direct use of geothermal energy (only by the use of heat exchangers), and indirectly by the use of a heat pump has not been determined in the professional and scientific practice of Serbia so far. Taking into account that relatively small number of new flat is being built in Serbia nowadays, if we want to save energy it is necessary to carry out the energy reconstruction of the existing flats whose number is estimated to be more than 2.8 million. By the application of subgeothermal energy and the use of heat pumps, energy consumption would be significantly reduced.     

R32用于喷气增焓热泵热水器中可行性研究

理论分析了R32作为空气源热泵热水器制冷剂的可行性,并设计搭建带有喷气增焓装置的实验系统,分别充注R32和R410A制冷剂进行性能对比测试。实验结果表明:对于本实验系统R410A的最佳充注量为1.4 kg,R32的最佳充注量比R410A减少约25%,且名义工况下R32热泵系统的COP要高出R410A热泵系统约4.2%;低温工况下,采用双级压缩系统的压缩比最高在3左右,有效缓解了常规热泵系统低温工况下压缩比过高的问题;低温工况下,R32热泵系统的COP明显高于R410A热泵系统。     

污水源热泵系统中多级淋激式换热器的设计与分析

根据哈尔滨某制药厂的污水情况，在污水源热泵系统中采用多级淋激式换热器作为污水侧换热器。采用分区参数法将换热器按制冷剂状态分为过热、两相、过冷三区，分别计算了各区的换热温差、传热系数等。分析了结构参数变化对换热器性能的影响，从而合理地设定了管列数、管径和管长，详细设计出三级淋激式换热器的结构。     

谈浅层土壤热及其应用

浅层土壤热作为一种新的能源,配合成熟的热泵技术形成的土壤源、水源热热泵系统,其与常规的供冷暖、制冷方式相比具有初投资低、运行费用低的特点。但这种技术由于个别技术问题和应用的区域限制,大面积推广仍存在困难。为此,针对浅层土壤热的应用原理、应用方法及初投资、运行费用等进行分析。     

喷淋工况下闭式热源塔传热特性

建立了闭式热源塔的数学模型,利用MATLAB自编程序,实现了对喷淋工况下热源塔的数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验结果进行了比较。利用程序得到了喷淋工况下的闭式热源塔内喷淋溶液、载热流体、空气焓值的分布,结果表明:塔内空气焓值呈线性分布,翅片换热器上半部分换热效果比下半部分好,塔的中部位置附近最先出现结霜现象,空气干球温度高于5.1℃,相对湿度高于75%,闭式热源塔热泵系统没有结霜风险,可以停止喷淋泵,有助减少热泵系统的运行能耗。     

太阳能热泵与地源热泵技术及其联合应用

介绍了热泵、太阳能热泵及地源热泵的基本原理,着重讲述了＂太阳能—地源联合热泵＂系统的实际应用方案及系统的特点,指出热泵系统具有节能和扩大能量使用范围的意义,同时太阳能与地热能作为清洁、总量巨大的可再生能源,两者具有互补性,可以降低常规能源的消耗,具有显著的环保效益。     

低温地热井+热泵机组供暖的经济性分析

针对无市政供暖建筑,分析了采用何种供暖方式更加经济、可靠。探讨了2种低温地热井+热泵机组、燃气真空锅炉、电热真空锅炉、空气源热泵等采暖形式,结合工程实例和一些假定条件,从系统初投资、运行费用、寿命周期,以及初投资与运行费用之和等方面进行比较分析,并得出结论。