建筑节能新材料—幕墙玻璃

本文详细介绍了阳光控制膜幕墙玻璃的性能特点及用途.指出了为实现阳光控制作用所必需的三层膜结构——控制阳光的金属膜、保护作用的化合物膜和反射调色作用的氧化物膜.简要介绍了占幕墙玻璃生产主导地位的磁控溅射技术的工作原理,并对国内幕墙玻璃生产的历史和现状进行了回顾与评述.     

寒冷地区被动式太阳能系统集热部件玻璃热性能研究——以陕西西安农村为例

目前节能玻璃种类繁多,不同气候区建筑外围护结构透光部分选用的玻璃也有所不同.对于采用被动式太阳能系统的建筑,不可盲目使用节能玻璃作为集热部件.被动式太阳能系统集热部件的关键部件(玻璃及框材)应根据气候条件因地制宜的选用.分析了西安农村地区常用的各种节能玻璃的传热系数、太阳能得热系数等性能指标,得出适宜应用在寒冷地区被动式太阳能建筑集热部件的节能玻璃类型.此种材料可有效地提高太阳能得热和室内热环境的舒适度,减少采暖能耗.     

Solar heating and night radiation cooling by a Roof Radiation Trap

The paper describes a new system, the Roof Radiation Trap, which utilizes solar energy for heating of buildings in winter and nocturnal radiation for cooling in summer. The radiation trap consists of fixed insulating layer separated from the flat roof and glazing, protected by hinged insulating panel, in the southern gap between the roof and the fixed insulation. This fixed insulating layer is covered by corrugated metal sheets, painted white, which serve as nocturnal radiators in summer.The radiation trap is integrated with the building, thermally as well as architecturally. In winter the sun energy penetrates through the glazing and is absorbed directly in the roof, which serves as a combined collector, storage for one night and heat distribution system.The hot air in the space between the flat roof and the fixed insulation is blown into a thermal storage of gravel, under the floor or inside the building. The stored heat is “recovered” by forced convection during cloudy days.In summer the penetration of solar radiation during daytime is prevented by the hinged insulating panel. At night the painted external metal layer is cooled by outgoing radiation and the air under the corrugations is blown into the space of the radiation trap and cools the roof, which, in turn, serves as a heat sink during the next day. Nocturnal evaporative cooling can supplement the radiant cooling.     

四点支承双层中空玻璃承载能力的试验研究

点支中空玻璃的承载性能因为空气夹层的存在而显得比较复杂,目前相应的设计和分析方法都还不多。重点介绍了四点支承双层中空玻璃受弯承载性能的试验过程,通过观察、对比试验结果,从其主要承载特点出发,指出分析计算时可按抗弯刚度分配荷载,给出了合理的设计建议。     

Thermal performance of an electrochromic smart window tested in an environmental test cell

This paper describes the results of experimental tests and computer simulation modelling aimed at evaluating the performance of an electrochromic (EC) window with respect to solar control in buildings. The research is carried out by a test-cell equipped with a small area EC double glazing unit (EC-DGU) where one pane consists of an EC device and the other of a clear glass. The performance of the device on global light transmittance control, internal temperature control and solar heat gain control, is investigated in summer-time under real sky conditions as a function of time, test-cell orientation and switching strategies (static and dynamic). Both experiments and numerical analysis show that the decrease of the heat load affecting the test-cell, normalized respect to a clear float glass, is maximum when the EC-DGU is set to its lowest transmitting state and amounts to about 50% for west orientation and about 60% for south orientation. In this latter, thermal load reduction registered when the EC DGU is driven in the dynamic mode (31%) is similar to that of a reflective low-e glazing.     

局部荷载作用下钢化夹胶玻璃板极限承载力研究

对四边简支钢化夹胶玻璃板在局部均布荷载作用下的力学性能进行试验研究.以单层钢化玻璃厚度、支承端长度和加载端长度为变量共设置64个试件.测得试件在局部均布荷载作用下的荷载-挠度曲线及板内应力分布情况.随着加载端长度的增加试件破坏模式发生改变,不同破坏模式对应试件的极限荷载区别较大.试件应力分布情况与弹性板受弯时规律基本一...     

Fuzzy and feedforward control of an hybrid thermal energy storage system

A control model for operating a system that stores simultaneously sensible heat from solar and electric energy is proposed. The hybrid thermal energy storage system accumulates solar energy during sunny days and releases it later at night or during cloudy days. It also stores heat from an electric heater during off-peak periods so as to release it later during peak periods. The control model, which makes use of 24-h weather forecasts, comprises two types of controllers: a fuzzy logic controller for estimating the daily amount of thermal electric energy to be stored and a feedforward controller for determining the electricity consumption profile of the heating element during off-peak hours. Results indicate that the proposed control system is far superior to traditional control systems. It maintains a comfortable thermal environment at all times, i.e. the temperature fluctuations are kept within the imposed margins and overheating of the room never occurs. Furthermore, compared to a traditional electric base board heating system, it reduces the electricity consumption for the winter season by 24% and 94% of this electricity is consumed during off-peak hours.     

呼吸式玻璃幕墙在寒冷地区的应用

以天津市某采用呼吸式玻璃幕墙的节能建筑为研究对象,采用热流计测量计算了呼吸式玻璃幕墙的传热系数.对向阳面、背阳面的房间、玻璃幕墙空气层及室外温度进行了测量.在寒冷地区的冬季,可利用太阳辐射加热空气层,减少房间基本耗热量.在供暖期刚结束时,能使室内温度保持在较舒适的范围内.     

幕墙中空玻璃失效在线检测技术

针对幕墙中空玻璃中空层气体泄漏并导致其节能功能失效及外片脱落质量事故问题,研究中空玻璃中空层密封性能在线检测技术及装置。根据中空玻璃的承载特性,给出集中载荷作用下中空玻璃在中空气体层密封和泄漏状态下的中空玻璃内、外片变形量理论计算方法。理论和试验研究揭示相同载荷作用下中空层失效后改变中空玻璃的变形性能,失效后中空玻璃承载面变形明显增大,而另一面玻璃几乎不变形,且整体承载能力明显降低。基于此现象,提出采用在中空玻璃面板中心施加集中荷载,并通过观测中空玻璃内、外片变形量的大小或中空层的厚度变化来评价中空玻璃中空层的密封性能。通过一个实施例,描述该方法的实施过程,验证该方法的实用性和可靠性。     

电加温玻璃的电学性能设计

电加温玻璃通常用于对透明窗口除霜、除雾,该文讨论了电加温玻璃的电学性能设计。对于矩形或接近矩形的加热区域,用透明导电薄膜加热可获得均匀的加热效果,对于非矩形的加热区域,通常会在玻璃表面产生不均匀加热,将会在玻璃表面出现冷区和热区,可通过分区并联的方法解决此问题,即应尽量增大每个加温区的电极间长度与加温区宽度的比值,以获得均匀的加热。     

太阳能集热器及其适用性浅析

对目前常用的平板型、全玻璃真空管及热管式真空管等太阳能集热器的优缺点进行了介绍,并对各种太阳能集热器进行了综合评价,对其在太阳能热水供应、太阳能采暖和太阳能空调系统中的适用性进行了分析,为太阳能集热器的选择提供了参考.     

Development and experimental validation of a novel indirect-expansion solar-assisted multifunctional heat pump

This paper proposes a novel indirect-expansion solar-assisted multifunctional heat pump (IX-SAMHP) which integrates a domestic heat pump with a solar water heater. The IX-SAMHP can not only work in operation modes included in the two household appliances, but also operate in four new energy-saving operation modes for the space cooling, space heating and water heating. All operation modes have functioned successfully and can be switched to each other smoothly on a purpose-built experimental setup. Experiments of the heat pump water heating mode at outdoor air temperatures of 8 °C and 15 °C and the solar-assisted space heating mode at indoor air temperatures of 20 °C have been investigated in detail. Electric heaters were used to simulate solar radiation intensity in different weather conditions. The experimental results show that the IX-SAMHP can produce hot water with much less electric consumption in cloudy days compared with a solar water heater and can operate in much higher coefficient of performance than a domestic heat pump in cold winter. The IX-SAMHP is especially suitable for the regions abundant in solar radiation where the space heating, space cooling and water heating are required all the year round.     

EC窗原理及其控制系统构建研究

介绍了一种根据室外阳光辐射,热传导和透光率可动态改变的电离色层EC玻璃。分析了EC玻璃的组成、工作原理及动态热传导系数SHGC和可见光透光率TV的关系．并对由EC玻璃构成的智能窗体的动态调节控制系统进行了构建及分析。     

点支式钢化玻璃火灾下受力性能试验研究

为研究单层索网点支式玻璃幕墙中点支式单片、中空和夹胶钢化玻璃在火灾下的破裂过程,分别对点支式单片、中空和夹胶等3组开孔钢化玻璃进行了相同火灾条件下的负载试验研究。重点考察试验过程中玻璃位移随温度的发展情况、玻璃的破坏模式和破坏时间,以及其破裂过程等。通过将试验数据与相同类型的不开孔玻璃进行对比,研究了角部开孔对钢化玻璃在火灾下受力性能和破裂过程的影响。结果表明：火灾下,玻璃由于受热膨胀不均匀在表面产生的拉应力是其破坏的主要原因;玻璃面板承受的均布荷载将在玻璃内部产生荷载应力,并导致其面外变形增大;玻璃开孔,使其在四角点孔洞边缘形成大量微裂纹,造成玻璃面板孔边材料强度下降和应力集中,加剧了玻璃的破坏;点支式玻璃面板的固定支座约束限制了四边变形,加快了其中心点位移的增长。     

Experimental investigation of a PV solar generator for supplying water treatment process

The paper describes a photovoltaic solar generator to supply a dielectric barrier discharge ozone generator employed for water treatment. This paper reports trials of the equipment and modelling the solar power generation system’s efficiency. The design methodology was used to obtain the optimal set point for the orientation of the solar panel during the passage of clouds which causes the decrease of sunlight and thus reduced ozone production. In Algeria, autumn is characterized by the passage of clouds almost every day which negatively affects the performance of the solar panel. The objective of this paper is to identify the set point and to set the robustness of the process in cloudy weather, by determining the optimal values of the orientation angles (north-south and east-west), in order to maximize the power produced by the solar system. Three ‘centred face-composite’ designs were performed on a laboratory experimental set-up and an optimal point was determined.     

多种Low-E中空玻璃性能对比分析

利用e QUEST能耗模拟软件,分析了3种具有不同类型Low-E玻璃的北京地区某办公楼建筑,模拟分析了遮阳、高透及双银玻璃性能对建筑冷热负荷和能耗的影响。并从寿命周期角度对几种玻璃进行了经济性分析,结果显示在全年能耗方面双银型玻璃节能效果及经济效果较好。     

聚光型太阳能热发电用玻璃的现状与展望

该文介绍了太阳能热发电用玻璃的整个生产过程,着重阐述了聚光型太阳能热发电用玻璃现状和市场前景。     

单片防火玻璃快速检测技术研究

随着消防机构改革不断深入,消防监督职责转变,市场上玻璃构件类产品大量应用,如何把控单片防火玻璃质量,变得极为重要。针对现有检测标准的不足,提出一种单片防火玻璃快速检测技术,通过测量单片防火玻璃的透光率、折射率、玻璃表面应力,快速区分单片防火玻璃种类及其玻璃质量。     

单、双层玻璃幕墙对高层办公楼空调负荷及造价的影响分析一例

通过对深业中心的比较分析，指出在深圳等冬季不需供暖的地方，高层办公楼的玻璃幕墙采用单层比双层合算，而且采用镀膜热反射玻璃等手段亦可实现空调节能。     

Daylighting design for the Pacific Museum of flight: Energy impacts

The daylighting performance of the Pacific Museum of Flight in Seathle, WA, has been analyzed using the DOE-2.1C building energy simulation program. The main exhibit areas of this museum are enclosed on three sides by glass walls and the 4500-m² roof is completely glazed. Because of the large glass areas, a detailed thermal simulation of the building was carried out during its design phase in order to select glazing parameters that would avoid excessive summer solar heat gain, reduce winter heat loss and, at the same time, provide enough natural light of significantly reduce electric lighting loads. Glazing choices considered included conventional glass, heat mirror, and glass with a low-emissivity coating. On/off, stepped and continuous dimming lighting control systems were analyzed. Daylighting was found to be very effective in reducing annual electric lighting load, peak electrical demand, and the overall annual energy consumption.