阻燃抑烟剂锡酸锌和羟基锡酸锌的研究进展

简要介绍了阻燃抑烟剂锡酸锌和羟基锡酸锌的性质,综述了它们的制备方法、应用范围及阻燃和抑烟机理的研究进展.作为两种无毒绿色阻燃抑烟剂,它们有很好的发展前景.最后对它们的研究与开发提出了建议.     

仿生合成羟基锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙及其对PVC的阻燃研究

采用仿生合成的方法,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为模板,在水溶液中制备了羟基锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙(ZHSCC-1),并将其和不添加SDBS模板制备的羟基锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙(ZHSCC-2)分别应用在PVC 中进行对比研究.结果表明:在ZHSCC含量相同时,ZHSCC-1对PVC的阻燃消烟效果明显优于ZHSCC-2,且前者对...     

锡酸锌/羟基锡酸锌协同阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫的性能

将膨胀石墨(EG)-氢氧化铝(ATH)-甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)复合阻燃剂分别与锡酸锌(ZS)、羟基锡酸锌(ZHS)进行复配,制备出阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫(PRUF)复合材料,采用热重分析、极限氧指数(LOI)、锥量测试、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDS)测试分析了阻燃PRUF的阻燃和抑烟性能,通过压缩强度、比强度、表观密度和导热系数研究了其物理-机械性能。结果表明,ZS、ZHS能起到良好的协同作用,有效提升PRUF的阻燃抑烟性能,当ZHS质量分数为4%时,PRUF的阻燃和抑烟性能相比原样提升最显著。     

两种不同形貌羟基锡酸锌晶体的合成与表征

在均匀沉淀法制备羟基锡酸锌的基础上,在反应体系中分别添加有机模板剂PEG400（聚乙二醇400）、PVA（聚乙烯醇）,制得两种不同形貌的羟基锡酸锌晶体。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、热分析（TG）,分别对产品的物相、结构、尺寸、形貌、热解行为进行了分析。研究结果表明,各产物都为立方晶系的羟基锡酸锌晶体,添加不同有机介质所得产品表面形貌各不相同。对有机介质改变羟基锡酸锌晶体形貌的影响机理进行了初步探讨。     

均匀沉淀法制备锡酸锌与锡酸锌包覆纳米碳酸钙的研究

以均匀沉淀法制备了羟基锡酸锌和羟基锡酸锌包覆纳米碳酸钙,利用超声分散和共沸蒸馏对所得产物处理后,经高温煅烧得锡酸锌包覆纳米碳酸钙粉体.采用XRD,TG-DTA对羟基锡酸锌及羟基锡酸锌包覆纳米碳酸钙的煅烧产物进行分析,确定合成锡酸锌和锡酸锌包覆纳米碳酸钙的最佳煅烧温度为500 ℃,最佳煅烧时间为3 h.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,锡酸锌已包覆在纳米碳酸钙表面,透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明,锡酸锌包覆纳米碳酸钙的粒径在40～60 nm.     

混合模板控制合成羟基锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙及其阻燃PVC研究

依据生物矿化原理,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为模板,加入到乙二醇和水的混合溶液中制备了羟基锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙(ZHSCC-1),并将其和不添加SDBS/乙二醇模板制备的羟基锡酸锌包覆碳酸钙(ZHSCC-2)分别应用在聚氯乙烯（PVC）中进行对比研究,并通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析及差示扫描量热分析等方法对其性能进行了研究。结果表明,SDBS/乙二醇对碳酸钙形貌有调控作用,羟基锡酸锌对碳酸钙进行了较好的包覆,包覆产物粒径为5 μm的六方形薄片;在含量相同时,ZHSCC-1对PVC的阻燃消烟效果明显优于ZHSCC-2,且前者对PVC的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、冲击强度的有益影响均优于后者。     

羟基锡酸锌包覆纳米氢氧化镁在PVC中的应用

通过均匀沉淀法制备了羟基锡酸锌包覆纳米氢氧化镁并将其应用到聚氯乙烯(PVC)中。利用XRD、TG、DTA对羟基锡酸锌包覆纳米氢氧化镁的性能进行了研究,并通过氧指数、烟密度研究了羟基锡酸锌包覆纳米氢氧化镁对PVC的阻燃和抑烟性能的影响,同时对其力学性能也进行了研究。结果表明:纳米氢氧化镁表面均匀地包覆了羟基锡酸锌;羟基锡酸锌包覆纳米氢氧化镁对PVC的阻燃和抑烟性能明显优于单独添加羟基锡酸锌、纳米氢氧化镁以及羟基锡酸锌包覆微米氢氧化镁和羟基锡酸锌与纳米氢氧化镁混和物时的阻燃、抑烟性能;纳米材料的加入对PVC的力学性能也产生了有利的影响。     

纳米羟基锡酸锌的制备及其在软质PVC中的应用

采用化学沉淀法制备了纳米羟基锡酸锌(ZHS),用X射线粉末衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪和高分辨透射电子显微镜对所制备的样品进行了结构和形貌分析,结果显示所制备的样品是边长为50～60nm的ZHS立方体;将所制备的纳米ZHS添加到软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)中,制备了具有阻燃功能的PVC/ZHS纳米复合材料。热分析结果表明,纳米ZHS加入可以使PVC催化脱HCl并促使PVC早期交联而迅速成炭,促进炭层的形成,增加残炭的热稳定性;极限氧指数测试结果表明,随着纳米ZHS添加量的增加,PVC/ZHS纳米复合材料的极限氧指数逐步上升,由纯PVC的23.8%上升到32%;力学性能测试表明,加入纳米ZHS后复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率在一定程度上有所下降。     

两种形貌的羟基锡酸锌对聚氯乙烯的阻燃作用

以硫酸锌和锡酸钠为原料,制备了不同粒径尺寸的无定形羟基锡酸锌（ZHS）和球形ZHS;对比研究了上述2种ZHS对聚氯乙烯（PVC）的阻燃、消烟、拉伸和降解性能的影响及这2种ZHS在PVC基体中的分散情况。结果表明,当ZHS的添加量相同时,球形ZHS对PVC的阻燃、消烟和拉伸性能的有益影响优于无定形ZHS;ZHS能提高PVC的残炭率,降低其起始分解温度（T1 %）和第一阶段的最大失重峰温度（TM1）,且无定形ZHS比球形ZHS对T1 %和TM1的降低效果更明显;无定形ZHS在PVC基体中的分散性及与PVC基体结合的紧密性都优于球形ZHS。     

Natural fibers and zinc hydroxystannate 3D microspheres based composite paper sheets for modern bendable energy storage application

For modern high-tech flexible energy storage devices, it becomes important to synthesize micro-/nanostructures as per the required shape and morphology with superior physical and electro-active characteristics. This work shares the fabrication and characterization of ZnSn(OH)₆ (Zinc hydroxystannate [ZHS]) prepared by facile microwave-assisted technique and furthermore converted into flexible sheets by employing lignocelluloses (LC) known as natural fibers, collected from Carica papaya leaf petiole as a substrate to provide the flexible matrix. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm the successful crystalline structure of ZHS. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed the solid spherical structure of ZHS microspheres. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the composite formation of ZHS and LC-based composite sheets (ZHS/LC sheets). Electrochemical measurements that is, cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance (EIS) spectroscopy revealed the electroactive behavior of ZHS/LC paper sheets as working electrode for energy storage applications. CV measurements revealed the specific capacitance of 100 F/g and EIS measurements confirmed the decrease in the resistance of LC fiber after the growth of ZHS microspheres. Presented flexible ZHS based paper sheets will be highly feasible for the modern bendable/flexible/disposable energy storage applications.     

Zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate as flame‐retardant agents for flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of inorganic tin compounds such as zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) were investigated in a comparison with alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, and Sb₂O₃ through the limiting oxygen index test and smoke density test. The flame‐retardant mechanisms were studied through the char yield test, SEM, quantitative analysis, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The thermal degradation in air of flexible PVC treated with the above compounds was studied by thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C. The results showed that tin compounds such as ZHS and ZS could be used as a highly effective flame retardant for flexible PVC, and it appears that the tin compound may exert its action in both the condensed and vapor phases, but mainly in condensed phases as a Lewis acid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1469–1475, 2005     

室温锌系磷化液的研制

研制出一种以亚硝酸钠为促进剂的室温磷化液。介绍了其组成及配制方法,测定了磷化液及所得磷化膜的性能,分析了膜层常见缺陷并提出了解决方法。结果表明：该工艺磷化成膜速度快,在5～20℃能获得银灰色、均匀、致密、耐蚀的磷化膜。     

Synthesis and characterization of self-crosslinkable zinc polyacrylate latices at room temperature

The zinc ion self-crosslinkable polyacrylate latexes (PAs) cured at room temperature were synthesized by seeded semi-continuous emulsion polymerization with zinc oxide (ZnO) as crosslinker. The ZnO and methacrylic acid (MAA) mass contents, method of ZnO introduction in relation to the degree of crosslinking, and the properties of self-crosslinkable latices are examined and discussed. The characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) have been used to determine the structure and properties of PAs. The experimental results show that in a certain range, the average particle size decreases with an increase in the content of MAA, while the latex stability is undoubtedly improved. The optimum mass content of MAA is 12?% of the total monomers. The optimum amount of ZnO needed is 25?% (mole fraction) of MAA, and the optimum temperature of ZnO introduction is 60?°C. TEM analyses show that the latex particles are coarse spherical particles with surface enriched with comprising abundant carboxyl groups, and zinc ions are dissociated as zinc ammine complex in the aqueous phase. FTIR analyses confirm that the chelate crosslinking occurs between zinc ions and carboxylic acid during the film-forming process. The DSC results indicate that the glass transition temperature (T _g) of PAs increases as a function of the formation of a coordinate structure, and the obtained film exhibits excellent initial hardness and sandability. TGA analyses demonstrate that the introduction of ZnO evidently enhances the thermal stability of self-crosslinkable PAs.     

配合物Zn(Him)2(OAc)2的室温固相合成及表征

乙酸锌与咪唑 (Him)通过室温固相反应一步合成配合物Zn(Him) 2 (OAc) 2 ,反应不需溶剂 ,2 0min即可完成 ,产率达 96% ,并用元素分析、红外光谱、热重分析、X -射线粉末衍射和X -射线单晶衍射对产物进行了表征。     

Magnetic chitosan microspheres: preparation and characterization

In this study, magnetic chitosan microspheres were prepared in a well shaped spherical form with a size range of 100 to 250 μm (size distribution ±15 to ±40 μm, respectively) by the suspension cross-linking technique for use in the application of magnetic carrier technology. The magnetic material (i.e. Fe₃O₄) used in the preparation of the magnetic chitosan microspheres was prepared by precipitation from FeSO₄ and Fe₂(SO₄)₃ solutions in basic medium and then ground to the desired size (i.e. 1–5 μm). The morphological and magnetic properties of the microspheres were characterized by different techniques (i.e. SEM, optical microscopy, magnetometry). The results demonstrated that the stirring rate of the suspension medium and the Fe₃O₄/chitosan ratio are the most effective parameters for the size/size distribution and the magnetic quality of the microspheres, while the chitosan molecular weight (MW) has no significant effect on these properties for the given MW range (i.e. 150 to 650 kDa). The best magnetic quality of the magnetic chitosan microspheres is around 9.1 emu/g microsphere at 10 kG magnetic field intensity.     

室温固相法制备氧化锌纳米棒

以硝酸锌为原料,与氢氧化钠进行固相反应制得前驱物,再与氯化钾以不同比例混合,高温条件下使纳米粒子重新生长,得到氧化物纳米棒。研究表明,纳米棒在生长过程中的主要影响因素是阴离子类型和摩尔比。     

Direct synthesis of ultrafine tetragonal BaTiO3 nanoparticles at room temperature

A large quantity of ultrafine tetragonal barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles is directly synthesized at room temperature. The crystalline form and grain size are checked by both X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the perovskite nanoparticles as fine as 7 nm have been synthesized. The phase transition of the as-prepared nanoparticles is investigated by the temperature-dependent Raman spectrum and shows the similar tendency to that of bulk BaTiO3 materials. It is confirmed that the nanoparticles have tetragonal phase at room temperature.