考虑基体变形和微凸体变形相互作用的岩石节理闭合变形理论模型

地下岩体工程建设和运营过程中,需要考虑节理岩体的水力学性质,这与节理的闭合变形密切相关。对法向应力作用下节理微凸体的变形特征进行详细分析,逐个计算接触微凸体的法向变形和接触应力;采用接触理论计算微凸体基圆半径之外的基体变形,并以此调整微凸体的法向位置,进而提出新的闭合变形理论模型。新模型可反映节理的基体变形和微凸体变形相互作用的影响,也能体现形貌分量和接触类型对闭合变形的影响。与已有的理论模型比较,新模型的计算值更为接近试验值。采用叠加原理,新模型计算得到的初始法向刚度最小;但随法向应力的增加,法向刚度增加速率逐步加快。     

Calculation of complete curve of shear resistance for bolted rock joints based on large deformation analysis（基于大变形分析的锚固节理岩石全程剪切阻力计算）

提出了一个基于测量锚固节理岩石位移的用以预测锚杆拉剪大变形行为的分析模型,给出了受拉剪荷载作用下的锚固节理岩石综合抗力的表达式,得到了考虑锚杆作用的锚固节理岩石剪切阻力与节理位移(或节理中锚杆变形角)间函数关系的理论全程曲线,试验验证了理论方法的有效性.     

基于大变形分析的锚固节理岩石全程剪切阻力计算(英文)

提出了一个基于测量锚固节理岩石位移的用以预测锚杆拉剪大变形行为的分析模型，给出了受拉剪荷载作用下的锚固节理岩石综合抗力的表达式，得到了考虑锚杆作用的锚固节理岩石剪切阻力与节理位移(或节理中锚杆变形角)间函数关系的理论全程曲线，试验验证了理论方法的有效性。     

Predicting the deformation moduli of rock masses

Predictive empirical models for the mechanical properties of rock masses have been used in rock engineering because direct measurement of the properties is difficult due to the presence of discontinuities. Such empirical models are open to improvement because they are based on collected data. The purposes of the present study are to assess the existing empirical equations and to develop a new empirical approach. For this reason, in the first stage of the study, the prediction performance of the existing models proposed for predicting the deformation modulus of rock masses were evaluated statistically by using a database including 115 data values obtained from in situ plate loading and dilatometer tests. A new empirical approach with higher prediction capacity than the existing empirical models was developed in the subsequent stage of the study. The new empirical model considers the modulus ratio of intact rock (E_i/UCS), rock quality designation (RQD) and weathering degree (WD). Although, data obtained from very weak and weak rock masses were included in the development of the new empirical equation, the type of rocks employed in the study were limited. Therefore, a crosscheck between the new empirical equation and previous empirical approaches should be performed in the design stage.     

Shear strength criteria for rock,rock joints,rockfill and rock masses: Problems and some solutions

Although many intact rock types can be very strong, a critical confining pressure can eventually be reached in triaxial testing, such that the Mohr shear strength envelope becomes horizontal. This critical state has recently been better defined, and correct curvature or correct deviation from linear Mohr–Coulomb (M-C) has finally been found. Standard shear testing procedures for rock joints, using multiple testing of the same sample, in case of insufficient samples, can be shown to exaggerate apparent cohesion. Even rough joints do not have any cohesion, but instead have very high friction angles at low stress, due to strong dilation. Rock masses, implying problems of large-scale interaction with engineering structures, may have both cohesive and frictional strength components. However, it is not correct to add these, following linear M-C or nonlinear Hoek–Brown (H-B) standard routines. Cohesion is broken at small strain, while friction is mobilized at larger strain and remains to the end of the shear deformation. The criterion ‘c then σ_n tan φ’ should replace ‘c plus σ_ntan φ’ for improved fit to reality. Transformation of principal stresses to a shear plane seems to ignore mobilized dilation, and caused great experimental difficulties until understood. There seems to be plenty of room for continued research, so that errors of judgement of the last 50 years can be corrected.     

考虑微凸体变形相互作用的节理闭合变形模型

法向应力作用下节理的闭合变形是工程实践中常见但又未被很好解决的节理力学性质之一。依据弹性接触理论,提出考虑微凸体变形相互作用影响的闭合变形理论模型,该相互作用由一个均布荷载体现。模型采用不同接触下节理的组合形貌参数,适用于含起伏度分量的节理的闭合变形问题。较之于不考虑微凸体变形相互作用影响的Xia模型,新模型的计算值更为接近试验值。     

The effects of joints on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters using General Particle Dynamics

In this paper, a novel meshfree numerical method known as General Particle Dynamics (GPD) is proposed to reveal the mechanism of the rock fragmentation by TBM cutters. Rock fragmentation by two cutters in consecutive joints rock is investigated using GPD. The numerical results obtained from GPD are in good agreement with the field observed results. Moreover, the effects of the length of intermittent joints on rock fragmentation by two cutters are investigated using GPD. It is found from the numerical results that the length of intermittent joints can significantly influence the crack initiation and propagation and coalescence as well as the fragmentation pattern, and hence affect the penetration rate of the TBM. It indicates that GPD has the potential in simulating rock indentation and fragmentation by TBM cutters.     

Estimating the relation between surface roughness and mechanical properties of rock joints

Discontinuities in rock masses have an important influence on deformational behaviour of blocky rock systems. For a single rock joint, the roughness of its surface is of paramount importance to its mechanical and hydraulic properties, such as friction angle, shear strength, and dilatancy/aperture. Many methods have been used to characterize the surface roughness of rock joints, such as joint roughness coefficients (JRC), root mean square (RMS) value, structure function (SF) etc. However, most of these methods can only be used in the 2-D models. In this study, we carried out direct shear experiments on rock joints under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions, and measured the surfaces of rock joints before and after shearing, using a 3-D laser scanning profilometer system. By using a 3-D fractal evaluation method of roughness characterization, the projective covering method (PCM) and a direct shear apparatus of high accuracy, the relation between mechanical properties of rock joints under different boundary conditions and the change of their fractal dimensions in both 2-D and 3-D models have been examined, which gives a new approach to accurately evaluate the evolution of roughness of rock joint surfaces and its influence on the hydro-mechanical behaviours of rock joints.     

节理粗糙度与分维

岩体节理粗糙度JRC不但是估算节理抗剪强度和变形指标最重要的参数,而且对于研究岩石的剪胀效应和渗流性质等具有重要意义.笔者主要回顾了近年来国内外对岩石节理粗糙度系数(JRC)研究的进展,以及所取得的成果,尤其将分形理论应用于研究岩石节理的粗糙度以后,使得对岩体节理粗糙度的描述取得了一定的发展,并得出了JRC与维数的一系列的关系.     

Latest progress of soft rock mechanics and engineering in China

The progress of soft rock mechanics and associated technology in China is basically accompanied by the development of mining engineering and the increasing disasters of large rock deformation during construction of underground engineering.In this regard,Chinese scholars proposed various concepts and classification methods for soft rocks in terms of engineering practices.The large deformation mechanism of engineering soft rocks is to be understood through numerous experiments;and thus a coupled support theory for soft rock roadways is established,followed by the development of a new support material,i.e.the constant resistance and large deformation bolt/anchor with negative Poisson’s ratio effect,and associated control technology.Field results show that large deformation problems related to numbers of engineering cases can be well addressed with this new technology,an effective way for similar soft rock deformation control.     

3D Behaviour of bolted rock joints: experimental and numerical study

Rock bolting is the most effective and also the most economical means of supporting excavations in rock. Various types of bolts are used today, and an understanding of the way in which these bolts work is essential for an optimal, safe, and economical use. Fully grouted, untensioned bolts have been commonly used in rock mechanics (i.e., mines, rock fall stabilisation, underground works) for many years. In the 1980s a new type of bolt, called Swellex, was developed, becoming more and more widespread because of their easy and fast installation. However, regardless of the type, the mechanical behaviour of the bolted rock joint is not fully understood, and only the experience accumulated on rock bolting gives the know-how for the reinforcement calculation and execution. In this paper the different mechanical responses of full steel bars as opposed to the frictional Swellex are discussed. The study was done through experimental tests coupled with numerical simulations. The analysis of the results obtained both from finite element (FEM) modelling, and from large-scale (1:1) shear tests on rock joints, reinforced with fully grouted rods and Swellex bolts, clearly shows that the two bolt types deform in dissimilar ways, responding very differently to shear load.     

Interaction of shotcrete with rock and rock bolts—A numerical study

The shotcrete–rock interaction is very complex and is influenced by a number of factors. The influence of the following factors was investigated by a series of numerical analyses: the surface roughness of the opening, the rock strength and Young's modulus, the discontinuities, the extent and properties of the excavated disturbed zone, the mechanical properties of the interface between shotcrete and rock, and the thickness of the shotcrete lining and the rock bolts. The study was carried out as a sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the rock strength and the surface roughness had significant impact on the number of failures at the rock–shotcrete interface and in the shotcrete lining. Furthermore, the behaviour of the lining is sensitive to small amplitudes of the surface roughness. In all the cases investigated, a high interface strength was favourable. The results indicate that if a thick shotcrete lining is dependent on the bond strength. The benefit of using a thicker lining can be doubtful. The analyses showed that for an uneven surface the extent of the EDZ had a minor effect on the behaviour of the shotcrete lining. Furthermore, if rock bolts were installed at the apex of the protrusion instead of at the depression, the number of failures decreased both at the interface and in the lining.     

建筑结构缝的设置及实例

结合工程实例,根据国家建筑设计规范,对结构设计中的伸缩缝、沉降缝、抗震缝及施工缝的作用及设置规定进行了分析探讨,指出设置结构缝时,应根据建筑物的具体特点,合理解决结构安全和建筑使用功能的矛盾。     

A new interpretation for formation of orthogonal joints in quartz sandstone

Two vertical and orthogonal systematic joint sets are generally arrayed in a grid pattern on the bedding surface,which are the significant features of flat-lying sandstone terrains.Although extensive researches are reported on this topic,many fundamental problems have still not been solved.Such mutually perpendicular opening-mode fractures are an obvious manifestation of effective tensile stresses in two orthogonal directions in the horizontal bedding plane.A good understanding of these orthogonal joint systems is a key to structural analysis,landscape interpretation,and guidance of resolving a number of very practical problems in engineering,mining and hydrologic projects.Based on an anatomic investigation on the orthogonal joints in the Potsdam sandstone of Cambrian age at Ausable Chasm(New York State,USA)and Beauharnois(Quebec,Canada),we proposed that the orthogonal joints may result from the auxetic effects of quartz-rich sandstone rather than local or regional rotation of the maximum tensile stress(σ₃)direction by about 90°.The sandstone beds with negative Poisson's ratios are so fascinating that,when placed under vertical burial compression and layer-parallel extension in one direction(σ₃),it becomes stretched in the transverse direction(σ₂),producing two orthogonal sets of mutual abutting and intersecting joints(J1 and J2 normal toσ₃ andσ₂,respectively),and both are normal to the bedding surface.Joint set J1 is more closely-spaced than J2 by a factor of～3.3,which is correlated with an average Poisson's ratio of?0.3 for the Potsdam sandstone at the time of joint formation.     

Applications of mesh parameterization and deformation for unwrapping 3D images of rock tunnels

This paper presents analysis on two 3D mesh to 2D map strategies applied to unwrap images of rock tunnels and facilitate visualization of large datasets. First, we examined mesh parameterization algorithms which are used in computer graphics to convert a 3D mesh model to a 2D representation.We found that while these methods were automatic and could provide 2D maps with minimal metric distortion (ie: conservation of lengths in 3D when mapped to 2D), they exhibited twisted shapes and were not intuitive to interpret. Second, we proposed two novel approaches, combining mesh deformation algorithms, which are used in computer animation to reshape a 3D mesh to resemble a 3D plane, and projection onto a 2D plane. We found that while these methods required user interaction and introduced a greater amount of metric distortion, their outputs were fairly intuitive to interpret. To compare the relative merits of mesh parameterization and mesh deformation and projection, the different strategies are applied to a 8.2 m wide by 41 m long by 6.7 m high subsection of a mining tunnel. The metric distortion produced was calculated and their respective output 2D maps are presented and discussed.     

Characterization of two-phase flow in a single rock joint

An experimental study using a triaxial apparatus was used to analyze the two-phase flow patterns in jointed rock specimens. Rock specimens having a single natural fracture were tested for two-phase flow of water and air. Triaxial tests were conducted to characterize the two-phase flow through fractured granite specimens at low confining pressures. It was found that for a relatively smooth joint (JRC<6), bubble flow pattern occurred within the rock joint when the gas velocity is below 15 m/s. The average velocity of water usually varied between 0.1 and 0.5 m/s for bubble flow patterns. In this velocity range, air bubbles were able to form along the joint walls or to be randomly displaced within the water phase. When the gas velocity inside the rock joint exceeded 22 m/s, the flow patterns took annular form for non-zero capillary pressures (i.e., injected gas pressure is not equal to injected water pressure). At elevated (>0.25 MPa) gas injection pressures, the gas occupied the main part of the fracture and the liquid was able to flow as an unstable film forming an annular flow along the joint. When the annular flow developed, the mixture flow pattern was independent of the air flow velocity. This was due to the fact that once the injected air velocity reached a critical value (i.e., 20 m/s), water velocity inside the joint was negligible for a given confining pressure and injected water pressure. Further increase in inlet air pressures developed a single-phase air flow with no water flow.     

A new analytical solution for the displacement of fully grouted rock bolt in rock joints and experimental and numerical verifications

This study proposes a new analytical solution to predict displacement of a fully grouted rock bolt intersected by single rock joint. The main characteristics of the analytical model, consider the bolt profile and joint movement under pull test condition. The anchorage capacity of fully grouted bolts has been studied for many years; however, the bolt profile and its effect on bolt shear resistance are poorly understood. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. Rock displacement is a sum of elastic part and a jump part due to the presence of joints planes. The performance of the proposed analytical model is validated by experimental method and comparison with numerical modeling. The results showed that there is a promising agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the displacement rate between the bolt and the rock declines exponentially. Which is dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and thickness grout, material and joint properties.