污泥热解油的燃烧特性及动力学模型

利用热重分析(TG)对污泥热解油的燃烧特性进行了研究,污泥热解油的燃烧过程分为两个阶段.第1阶段为轻质有机物挥发后与氧发生均相燃烧,第2阶段为难挥发有机物与氧发生非均相燃烧,其中第1阶段燃烧反应是其失重的主要原因.分析了升温速率对燃烧特性的影响,发现增大升温速率有利于燃烧.对燃烧过程中烟气的排放规律进行了红外分析(FTIR),从另一角度印证了热重分析的结果.根据热重曲线建立动力学模型,分别对不同升温速率下燃烧过程的两个阶段进行动力学参数计算.活化能的变化趋势再次表明提高升温速率有利于污泥热解油的燃烧.     

生物油热解气化的TG-FTIR分析

该文主要目的是了解生物油的热解气化特性及气体产物的析出特性,采用木屑快速热解生物油为对象,利用热重与傅立叶红外分析仪联用对生物油的热解气化行为进行实验研究。实验结果表明生物油的热解分为两个阶段:挥发分的快速析出(200～300℃)与生物油的碳化,生物油的热解气化符合三维扩散模型,且随着升温速率的升高热解活化能先升高后降低。红外分析结果表明生物油热解气化的主要气体产物为CO、CO_2、CH_4、H_2O和碳氢化合物等小分子气体,有机化合物的析出主要在低温段,而生物油中重质组分的裂解主要在中高温度段。     

利用分布活化能模型研究木材的热解和燃烧机理

在热天平上考察了三种木材在不同气氛和升温速率下的热解行为,并利用分布活化能模型研究了三种木材的热解动力学.结果表明:在空气气氛下,热失重分为三个阶段,失重率为500/~6000/时,三种木材的活化能值都在110~250 kJ/mol,且非单调增加;在氮气气氛下,热失重分两个阶段,失重率在1000/~8500/时,三种木材的活化能值都在165~230 kJ/mol,且呈“W”形变化.活化能的分布函数,反映了木材在热解、气化、燃烧过程中不同阶段的反应活性变化规律,有助于了解木材的热解和燃烧机理.     

兰炭生物质复合燃料热解实验分析

采用热重分析方法对生物质复合燃料、无生物质复合燃料、兰炭原料热解行为及其动力学规律进行研究,实验结果发现样品的失重过程分为脱水、脱挥发分,气化反应混合以及气化反应等3个阶段,实验样品的失重率会伴随着温度的变化而变化。对实验样品进行动力学分析,根据3种样品最佳反应温度得出升温速率拟合曲线,3种样品活化能分别为3 562.454、1 042.97、2 904.818 kJ/mol。对比分析得出生物质型炭的活化能大大增加,提高了能量利用率。     

生物质加压热重分析研究

对两种生物质木屑和松针进行了不同压力和升温速率下的热重分析试验,通过生物质热重失重率（TG）和失重速率（DTG）曲线,获得了相关热解特性参数,提出了生物质的挥发分综合释放特性指数D．并通过热分析数学方法求取了生物质热解动力学参数．试验结果表明,氮气气氛中,木屑与松针常压和增压下主要热解阶段可认为两段一级反应;热解压力的提高,将延迟生物质挥发分初析温度和DTG峰值温度,降低最大析出率和DTG峰值,生物质的挥发分综合释放特性指数D也减小,增加了生物质挥发分的析出难度,并改变了热解反应活化能和频率因子．同一压力下,提高热解升温速率,生物质综合特性指数D将增加．     

生物油热失重特性研究

利用TG-FTIR技术,对生物油在不同载气流量、升温速率、气体氛围下的失重特性进行研究。结果表明:在N2气氛中生物油的失重过程可分为3个阶段,分别是小分子物质的蒸发、酚类等重质组分的热解及缩合缩聚和焦炭的生成;在空气气氛中生物油的失重过程也可被分为3个阶段,但分别是小分子物质的蒸发,重质组分的热解、氧化和缩合缩聚,焦炭的燃烧。对生物油热失重动力学特性进行研究,获得反应活化能、频率因子等热解动力学参数。结果表明:随着升温速率的增大,各阶段活化能均有所减小。     

生物质热重实验及动力学分析

采用热重分析方法对黄桷树的热解行为及其动力学规律进行了研究。分析了试样在不同粒度(0.83,0.12,0.075mm)和不同升温速率(10,15,20,25℃/min)下的实验结果。结果表明:样品的失重过程由干燥和初挥发段、升温段、热解段和炭化段4个阶段组成;在升温速率一定的情况下,随着试样粒度的减小,试样在干燥和初挥发段失水明显、热解起始温度降低、有利于热解进行;随着升温速率的升高,各个阶段的起始和终止温度向高温侧偏移,且主反应区间也增加。采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa对试样热解过程进行了动力学分析研究,得到了表观活化能。     

炼化废液与褐煤混合物共热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析法对炼化废液与褐煤混合物的共热解特性和组分间相互作用进行研究。在升温速率30℃/min条件下,利用Coats-Redfern法求解不同掺混比例的废液固形物与褐煤混合物的热解动力学参数。废液固形物及其与褐煤混合物热解过程可分为三个阶段,而褐煤为两个阶段。随着废液固形物掺混比例的增加,混合物反应活性逐渐升高,TG曲线向低温区偏移且失重程度加剧,挥发分初析温度(t_s)、热解峰温度(t_p)、热解终止温度(t_f)及残留物含量(M_r)减小,最大失重速率(-v_p)、平均失重速率(-v_v)和挥发分综合释放特性指数(D)显著增大。废液固形物与褐煤在共热解过程中存在着一定的相互抑制作用。动力学分析结果表明,热解过程的各个阶段均可用级数反应模型来描述,活化能随温度升高而增大。     

污泥与木屑共热解特性研究

文章采用污泥、木屑为原料,在氮气气氛下进行热重实验,研究了升温速率和木屑添加量对污泥与木屑共热解特性的影响规律,并进行动力学分析。研究结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,样品挥发分析出阶段向高温方向移动,最大失重速率增加;随着木屑添加量的增加,样品总失重量及最大失重速率均显著增加。动力学分析认为:污泥热解的反应机理为三维扩散,机理函数为Z-L-T函数;污泥与木屑共热解的反应机理为成核和生长,机理函数为Avrami-Erofeev函数。污泥热解活化能为287.29～390.57 kJ/mol,污泥与木屑共热解活化能为170.16～277.05 kJ/mol,木屑的加入降低了污泥的热解活化能。     

生物油催化裂解的动力学分析

以CaO·MgO混合物为催化剂,采用热重分析法探讨了混合物中MgO含量对生物油催化裂解反应速度和最终残留率的影响.实验结果显示,生物油的热重变化过程可以分为室温～200℃范围内的挥发阶段和200～520℃范围内的热裂解阶段.在热裂解阶段中,反应速率常数和温度的关系可以用Ardaenius方程式表示.在MgO含量为50%的CaO·MgO混合物的催化作用下,生物油热裂解反应活化能从无催化剂时的20.9kJ/mol降低到16.5kJ/mol,最终相对残留率降低到0.75.MgO含量为38.7%的煅烧白云石是有效的生物油裂解催化剂.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.