电化学双电层电容器的研制

通过催化裂解法制备了碳纳米管并进一步制备了碳纳米管薄膜电极。基于该种材料的超电容器电极比容量达到36 F/g并表现出良好的功率特性。本文采用多种研究方法对基于该种材料的双电层电容器进行了详细的研究。     

氧化镍超电容器的研究

使用传统的水解方法制备氢氧化镍胶体 ,在 30 0℃下进行烧结处理后得到具有特殊微结构及表面特性的超细氧化镍材料。电化学方法证明该材料制备的电极具有典型的电容性能 ,“准电容”比容量达 2 40 F/ g以上 ,优于普通的双电层电容器活性炭电容材料比容量。恒流充放电实验证明使用该材料制备的电容器具有良好的大电流充放电性能以及循环寿命 ,是一种极具发展潜力的储能器件     

20伏高电压型碳纳米管超级电容器的研制

通过催化裂解法制备了碳纳米管并进一步制备了碳纳米管膜片式电极.基于该种材料的超级电容器电极比容量达到42F/g并表现出良好的大电流放电特性.本文采用多种研究方法对基于该种材料的双电层电容器的电化学特性进行了详细的研究.本文还开发了全新的超级电容器组装工艺,采用该工艺组装的碳纳米管超级电容器工作电压可以达到20V并具有良好的容量特性和阻抗特性.     

氧化钌/活性炭超电容器电极材料电化学特性

介绍一种氧化钌/活性炭复合电极材料的制备方法,并对不同条件下制备的材料的循环伏安特性、交流阻抗特性进行了比较。使用该复合材料组装的模拟电化学超电容器单电极比容量达到359 F/g,远高于普通活性炭材料。与氧化钌电极材料相比,氧化钌/活性炭复合材料的高功率放电特性则有明显的提高。     

有机双电层电容器用活性炭电极的修饰

利用石墨、炭黑、碳纳米管三种导电碳材料,对高比表面积活性炭进行掺杂修饰,制备有机电解液双电层电容器用薄膜电极。经电化学测试发现,在 1 mol/L 的 LiPF6/EC-DEC(体积比 1∶1)溶液中,经不同导电材料修饰后的活性炭电极,其单电极比容量和大电流充放电性能均有较大改善。其中,掺杂 10%(质量分数)碳纳米管的活性炭电极,在 330 mA/g 电流密度下的单电极比容量可达 81 F/g,比未掺杂活性炭电极 60 F/g 的比容量提高了 35%;电流密度从 60 mA/g 增至 330 mA/g,该电极的容量保持率为 79.4%。     

5V型活性炭基超电容器的研制

详细探讨了活性炭基超电容器的电化学特性。直流充放电、循环伏安以及交流阻抗等实验显示了采用二次刻蚀方法制备的活性炭材料具有良好的容量性能和功率特性,活性物质的比容量为173.2 F/g,在大功率充放电条件下以活性物质为电极的电容器的比能量大于5.0 Wh / kg。采用新型工艺开发的 5 V小型电容器电容量达到3 F以上且电容器电阻低于120 mΩ,具有良好的电化学特性。     

二氧化钌/活性炭复合电极材料的性能研究

用sol-gel法制备了水合二氧化钌,进而制备了二氧化钌/活性炭复合电极,并对各种不同配比的复合电极的电化学性能和物理性能进行了实验研究。引入参数Cp,RuO2·xH2O,解释复合电极的电容特性,更好地考察了水合钌氧化物的利用率。结果表明,在二氧化钌中加入适量的活性炭,可以改善电极材料的阻抗特性,但将以降低电容量为代价,当二氧化钌含量为60%(质量分数)时,复合电极的比容量为567F/g,内阻为0.4331Ω,是一种理想的超级电容器电极材料。     

氧化钌/碳纳米管/石墨烯复合电极材料的制备和电化学性能

用水热反应法分别合成了氧化钌(Ru O_2)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)、还原氧化石墨烯(r GO)的二元及三元复合材料,再以此类复合材料制作了电极。采用循环伏安、交流阻抗、恒电流充放电等方法研究了其电化学性能,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其形貌进行了表征。结果表明:三元复合材料能明显提高电极的比容量(562 F/g)和导电性,高于二元复合材料比容量。其中采用层层组装工艺制备的复合电极,比容量达到906 F/g,内阻0.298?。     

碳纳米管–聚吡咯复合材料在超电容器中的应用

在碳纳米管(CNT)基体上用化学聚合或电化学聚合方法沉积聚吡咯(PPy)制得复合材料。再以此类复合材料为活性物质制作电极,组装成原型超电容器。并对其进行了循环伏安、恒电流充放电等电化学测试。用此类复合材料制成的原型超电容器的比容量(23.6 F/g)与纯碳纳米管(2.3 F/g)或纯聚吡咯(3.9 F/g)制成的原型电容器比较,发现复合电极电容器比容量的提高不是简单的加和效应,而是协同效应所致。     

碳纳米管–聚吡咯复合材料在超电容器中的应用

在碳纳米管(CNT)基体上用化学聚合或电化学聚合方法沉积聚吡咯(PPy)制得复合材料。再以此类复合材料为活性物质制作电极,组装成原型超电容器。并对其进行了循环伏安、恒电流充放电等电化学测试。用此类复合材料制成的原型超电容器的比容量(23.6 F/g)与纯碳纳米管(2.3 F/g)或纯聚吡咯(3.9 F/g)制成的原型电容器比较,发现复合电极电容器比容量的提高不是简单的加和效应,而是协同效应所致。     

Carbon/carbon nanocomposites as counter electrodes for platinum free dye-sensitized solar cells

In this work, carbonaceous materials and their combinations with each other were used as counter electrodes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A small amount of TiO₂ paste was also incorporated in each electrocatalyst to increase the adhesion between the carbon material and the conductive glass substrate. The dispersion of carbonaceous materials in composite films was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrocatalytic characteristics of carbon/carbon catalysts are systematically investigated by electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Solar cells assembled with carbon/carbon composite counter electrodes were characterized by photocurrent–voltage characteristic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results indicate that under optimal conditions, the solar cell assembled with carbon/carbon composite counter electrode containing activated carbon, multi-walled carbon nanotube and graphene, shows power conversion efficiency of 10.73%. This photovoltaic performance is comparable with 11.20% for the platinum-based dye-sensitized solar cell. The results exhibit that carbonaceous material is an encouraging alternative for low-cost DSSCs.     

碳纳米管/氧化镍复合电极超大容量离子电容器

碳纳米管作为一种新型碳材料,具有质轻,高的有效比表面积和优良的导电性,是制备双电层电容器较为理想的电极材料。本文实验用硝酸回流处理碳纳米管,对其表面改性,通过sol-gel法在改性后的碳纳米管上沉积Ni(OH)2,经灼烧得到碳纳米管/氧化镍复合材料,制成电极装配成电容器单元。该电容器具有双电层电容和赝电容特性,其比电容量为160 F/g,频率响应特性较活性炭电极电容器有所提高,是一种极具发展潜力的储能器件。     

Design of Hierarchical Ni?Co@Ni?Co Layered Double Hydroxide Core–Shell Structured Nanotube Array for High‐Performance Flexible All‐Solid‐State Battery‐Type Supercapacitors

A novel hierarchical nanotube array (NTA) with a massive layered top and discretely separated nanotubes in a core–shell structure, that is, nickel–cobalt metallic core and nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxide shell (Ni? Co@Ni? Co LDH), is grown on carbon fiber cloth (CFC) by template‐assisted electrodeposition for high‐performance supercapacitor application. The synthesized Ni? Co@Ni? Co LDH NTAs/CFC shows high capacitance of 2200 F g^?1 at a current density of 5 A g^?1, while 98.8% of its initial capacitance is retained after 5000 cycles. When the current density is increased from 1 to 20 A g^?1, the capacitance loss is less than 20%, demonstrating excellent rate capability. A highly flexible all‐solid‐state battery‐type supercapacitor is successfully fabricated with Ni? Co LDH NTAs/CFC as the positive electrode and electrospun carbon fibers/CFC as the negative electrode, showing a maximum specific capacitance of 319 F g^?1, a high energy density of 100 W h kg^?1 at 1.5 kW kg^?1, and good cycling stability (98.6% after 3000 cycles). These fascinating electrochemical properties are resulted from the novel structure of electrode materials and synergistic contributions from the two electrodes, showing great potential for energy storage applications.     

Design of Hierarchical NiCo@NiCo Layered Double Hydroxide Core–Shell Structured Nanotube Array for High‐Performance Flexible All‐Solid‐State Battery‐Type Supercapacitors

A novel hierarchical nanotube array (NTA) with a massive layered top and discretely separated nanotubes in a core–shell structure, that is, nickel–cobalt metallic core and nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxide shell (Ni?Co@Ni?Co LDH), is grown on carbon fiber cloth (CFC) by template‐assisted electrodeposition for high‐performance supercapacitor application. The synthesized Ni?Co@Ni?Co LDH NTAs/CFC shows high capacitance of 2200 F g^?1 at a current density of 5 A g^?1, while 98.8% of its initial capacitance is retained after 5000 cycles. When the current density is increased from 1 to 20 A g^?1, the capacitance loss is less than 20%, demonstrating excellent rate capability. A highly flexible all‐solid‐state battery‐type supercapacitor is successfully fabricated with Ni?Co LDH NTAs/CFC as the positive electrode and electrospun carbon fibers/CFC as the negative electrode, showing a maximum specific capacitance of 319 F g^?1, a high energy density of 100 W h kg^?1 at 1.5 kW kg^?1, and good cycling stability (98.6% after 3000 cycles). These fascinating electrochemical properties are resulted from the novel structure of electrode materials and synergistic contributions from the two electrodes, showing great potential for energy storage applications.     

Zn~(2+)和PO_4~(3-)复合掺杂α-Ni(OH)_2的结构及电化学性能

采用化学反应共沉淀法制备出Zn2+和PO43-阴阳离子复合掺杂的α-Ni(OH)2粉体材料.通过对其微结构表征和电化学性能的测试分析结果表明,随着阳离子Zn2+含量相对增加,阴离子PO43-含量相对减少,晶胞参数α和C逐渐增大,当把掺入Zn2+,PO43-的摩尔百分比为23.4%,5.21%时的α-Ni(OH)2样品作为MH-Ni电池的正极活性材料时,电化学阻抗和扩散电阻较小,电池在以80 mA/g恒电流充电5 h,40 mA/g恒电流放电,终止电压为1.0 V的充放电制度下,具有1.34 V较高的放电中值电压,放电比容量为335.31 mA·h·g-1,而且在强碱溶液中稳定存在,30次充放电循环后没有相变化,放电比容量保持率为94%.     

Hierarchical NiMn Layered Double Hydroxide/Carbon Nanotubes Architecture with Superb Energy Density for Flexible Supercapacitors

A hierarchical nanostructure composed of NiMn‐layered double hydroxide (NiMn‐LDH) microcrystals grafted on carbon nanotube (CNT) backbone is constructed by an in situ growth route, which exhibits superior supercapacitive performance. The resulting composite material (NiMn‐LDH/CNT) displays a three‐dimensional architecture with tunable Ni/Mn ratio, well‐defined core‐shell configuration, and enlarged surface area. An electrochemical investigation shows that the Ni₃Mn₁‐LDH/CNT electrode is rather active, which delivers a maximum specific capacitance of 2960 F g^–1 (at 1.5 A g^–1), excellent rate capability (79.5% retention at 30 A g^–1), and cyclic stability. Moreover, an all‐solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor (SC) with good flexibility is fabricated by using the NiMn‐LDH/CNT film and reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/CNT film as the positive and negative electrode, respectively, exhibiting a wide cell voltage of 1.7 V and largely enhanced energy density up to 88.3 Wh kg^–1 (based on the total weight of the device). By virtue of the high‐capacity of pseudocapacitive hydroxides and desirable conductivity of carbon‐based materials, the monolithic design demonstrated in this work provides a promising approach for the development of flexible energy storage systems.     

基于EIS的飞机复合材料异常检测技术研究

先进复合材料在飞机上应用的越来越多,随着其服役时间的增长可能会出现异常,为保证飞行安全,需对飞机的复合材料构件进行必要的异常检测。该文将电阻抗谱法应用于飞机复合材料构件的异常检测。制作了同面双电极传感器和两块碳纤维复合材料试样,并设计了实验电路。采用双电极测量法测量了2个碳纤维被测样本的电阻抗谱,在Matlab中绘出了电阻抗谱图,并进行了对比分析。初步的实验结果表明,通过对复合材料构件电阻抗谱的测量能识别出其异常,将电阻抗谱测量用于飞机复合材料构件的异常检测是可行的。