近中温厌氧发酵工艺在畜禽养殖场废水治理中的应用

指出了畜禽养殖场废水危害的严重性与治理的必要性,分析了常见的畜禽养殖场废水处理工艺的特点,认为利用发酵过程中产生的沼气加热废水进行近中温发酵是一种比较理想的处理工艺,具有研究开发和推广的现实意义。     

大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程模式及投资效益分析

为探索大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程商业化发展的可行性，结合不同沼气工程模式，以典型案例对畜禽养殖场沼气工程的投资及效益进行了分析，指出大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程参与市场的能力目前还很弱，需要政府投资政策的支持。     

用沼气法处理规模化养殖场畜禽粪便的优点及存在问题

文章分析了规模化养殖场畜禽粪便进行处理的必要性及处理难度，然后归纳出采用沼气法进行处理净化的3大优点，最后总结出采用沼气法处理畜禽粪便所存在的若干问题，提出规模化养殖场进行沼气开发的5项对策。     

3MW集中式热电肥联产沼气工程设计与建设

山东民和牧业股份有限公司利用所属23家养殖场的鸡粪和污水作为沼气发酵原料,投资建设大型畜禽养殖场集中式沼气发电工程.原料经水解除砂工艺将鸡粪中的砂砾除去,保证发酵效率;采用中温(38 ℃)发酵工艺,产沼气30 000 m3/d;采用高效率低运行成本的生物脱硫工艺,将沼气中的H2S含量降至200×10-6以下;经净化的沼气在双膜干式贮气柜中贮存,供给热电联产的发电机组使用.发电量60 000 kWh/d,机组余热用于冬季发酵系统自身增温;发酵后的沼液用作周围葡萄、苹果及玉米地的有机肥料.项目实现了温室气体减排84882tCO2当量.文章介绍了该沼气发电工程的工艺特点和技术要点,为同类型沼气发电工程设计和建设提供参考.     

畜禽养殖场沼气工程建设的思考

论述了集约化畜禽养殖场粪污对农村生态环境的影响，分析了粪污治理的综合措施，并对关键措施之一--大中型沼气工程技术的产业化发展障碍与问题进行了探讨，提出了建议。     

江苏规模化畜禽养殖场沼气工程建设现状与对策

文章简要介绍江苏规模化畜禽养殖场沼气工程建设现状．分析了目前采用的典型的工艺和类型，提出了今后规模化畜禽养殖场有机废弃物污染治理和综合利用的对策。     

畜禽养殖场沼气工程的温室气体减排效益及利用清洁发展机制(CDM)的影响分析

大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程不仅可以为当地带来良好的环境效益，也可以实现全球性的温室气体减排效益。该文分析了沼气工程的温室气体减排效益，出售这些减排权可以带给项目的额外经济收益以及对项目内部经济性的改善。分析表明温室气体减排效益可以对沼气工程的发展起到良好的促进作用。     

畜禽粪便厌氧消化沼气发电行业的现状分析

介绍了大型养殖场畜禽粪便处理的必要性,分析了沼气发电的技术现状以及我国发展沼气发电所面临的困难,预测了我国畜禽粪便厌氧消化沼气发电的前景。     

利用能值方法评价沼气工程性能——山东淄博案例分析

运用能值分析方法对山东省淄博市畜禽养殖场沼气工程和秸秆发酵沼气工程的投入和产出进行了计算和分析,结果显示:畜禽养殖场沼气工程的生态经济价值为2.38×105$/a,秸秆沼气工程为4.07×105$/a,两种沼气工程均具有很高的生态经济价值。通过能值指标综合对比,评价了淄博市两类沼气工程的效益和可持续发展能力,对比结果表明:畜禽养殖场沼气工程购入能值比率、能值投资率为秸秆沼气工程的0.3倍和0.17倍,自然能值与购入能值比、能值产出率和能值自给率分别是秸秆沼气工程的5.78倍、1.77倍和1.7倍;废弃物处理率是秸秆沼气工程的1.7倍,环境负荷率为秸秆沼气工程的0.2倍;能值反馈率是秸秆沼气工程的52倍,可更新率是秸秆沼气工程的1.44倍,可持续发展指标是秸秆沼气工程的9.25倍。     

试论高寒地区开展集约化养殖场能源环境工程建设的前景

本文旨在探求在高寒地区集约化养殖场开展能源环境工程建设的前景。     

A novel sensorless current shaping control approach for SVPWM inverter with voltage disturbance rejection in a dc grid–based wind power generation system

A novel sensorless current shaping (CS) control strategy is proposed to avail better power quality (PQ) of a dc grid–based wind power generation system (WPGS) used on a poultry farm by generating an appropriate reference current for space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverter. The proposed CS strategy also offers adequate control for parallel operation of multiple generators and inverter applications, without requiring voltage and frequency synchronization. Further, to control the poultry farm–based WPGS, a two‐stage control loop is implemented such as energy flow control loop (EFCL) and harmonic control loop (HCL). The first loop is used to regulate the power flow, and the second loop is used to compensate harmonics. A mathematical current decomposition technique is suggested for an appropriate resistance emulation to realize a better power flow, higher harmonic rejection, and better inverter operation. In this planned approach for attaining constant wind speed, an electric ventilation fan in the poultry farm is used. A combined hybrid dc and ac grid approaches are suggested for facilitating variable load integration in a poultry farm–based microgrid system. Moreover, for achieving better power management during the islanded mode of operation, the battery energy storage (BES) device is integrated with the dc grid through a bidirectional converter. The proposed WPGS design and control approach has been simulated through MATLAB/Simulink software under various test conditions, to demonstrate the operational capability, to achieve better PQ, and to increase the flexibility and reliability in the microgrid operation.     

海上风电场输电方式研究

  [目的]  随着海上风电场规模的扩大,新型输电技术广泛应用于海上风电场的电能传输,海上风电正面临着不同于陆地电网成熟模式的新挑战,需要进一步明确不同输电方式的技术特点与发展前景。  [方法]  概述了海上风电场四种输电方式即高压交流海底电缆、柔性直流输电技术、高压气体绝缘管道母线(GIL)和混合直流输电方式的技术特点和发展前景,并对各种输电方式进行了详细的成本构成分析及计算,对不同输电距离不同输送容量下的输电方式做出经济性比较。  [结果]  研究表明:我国现行海上风电输电方式中高压交流和柔性直流输电技术较为成熟,输电方式的选取受输电距离的影响,以输电距离约52 km为临界点。输电距离低于52 km时,交流输电具有经济优势;输电距离等于52 km时,柔性直流输电与交流输电两种方式成本相等;输电距离超过52 km后,直流输电方式的经济成本将低于交流输电方式,输电容量大小对输电方式的选择不会有太大影响。  [结论]  在不同输送容量下,近海风电输送方式仍然建议采用交流输电,远海风电输送方式建议采用柔性直流输电。     

黑龙江省农用柴油耗量现状分析

本文根据黑龙江省农用柴油紧缺的现状,分析了黑龙江省2004～2008年农用柴油消耗量、柴油价格的变化,农用柴油耗量大的原因及使用农用柴油对空气质量的影响,提出黑龙江省建立能源节约、环境生态型农业的对策。     

Accounting emergy flows to determine the best production model of a coffee plantation

Cerrado, a savannah region, is Brazil's second largest ecosystem after the Amazon rainforest and is also threatened with imminent destruction. In the present study emergy synthesis was applied to assess the environmental performance of a coffee farm located in Coromandel, Minas Gerais, in the Brazilian Cerrado. The effects of land use on sustainability were evaluated by comparing the emergy indices along ten years in order to assess the energy flows driving the production process, and to determine the best production model combining productivity and environmental performance. The emergy indices are presented as a function of the annual crop. Results show that Santo Inácio farm should produce approximately 20 bags of green coffee per hectare to accomplish its best performance regarding both the production efficiency and the environment. The evaluation of coffee trade complements those obtained by contrasting productivity and environmental performance, and despite of the market prices variation, the optimum interval for Santo Inácio's farm is between 10 and 25 coffee bags/ha.     

风电场35 kV系统优化设计及稳定运行技术探讨

2011年以来,国内发生了多次风电机组大规模脱网事故。大多数的事故与风电场35kV系统运行技术及运行方式、设备选型有关联。研究风电场35kV系统接线结构、风电场实际运行情况、技术手段限制等因素,参考目前较为成熟的先进技术,从系统设计、设备选型、运行方式等方面提出了优化方案,大幅度提高了风电场35kV系统运行的可靠性。     

Sustainability accounting for the construction and operation of a plant‐scale solar‐biogas heating system based on emergy analysis

Domestic heating systems have long been playing a significant role in China's energy structure. The sustainability of a hybrid solar‐biogas heating system (SBHS) under various feedstock fermentation scenarios was evaluated using emergy analysis. Representative emergy indices such as transformities, emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy sustainability index (ESI), ratio of waste treatment (%W), feedback yield ratio (FYR), and emission mitigation intensity (EMI; g/10¹⁰ sej) were selected to evaluate the sustainability performance of different feedstock scenarios including cow dung (CD), swine manure (SM), and poultry manure (PM). The results showed that PM fermentation scenario had greater market competitiveness, lower environmental pressure, better sustainability, and self‐organizing ability than the other two options. However, both the emergy efficiency and the CO₂ emissions mitigation intensity of PM scenario were worse than that of the SM and CD. Moreover, compared with other biogas systems and traditional agricultural systems, the hybrid SBHS was proved to be a promising mode for the treatment of rural manure waste with favorable economic benefits and environmental sustainability.     

智慧型海上风电场一体化监控系统方案设计

  [目的]  针对海上风电场的运行管理情况,整合了海上风电机组、海上升压站、陆上集控中心的监控系统,提出了全面的智慧型海上风电场一体化监控系统方案。  [方法]  方案分析了其体系架构、功能要求、数据处理以及安全分区,以实现风电场海上升压站无人值守,陆上集控中心少人运行的运营模式。方案有效地整合了风机监控、升压站监控、视频及环境监控、风电功率预测、海缆故障监测、设备状态监测等多个子系统。  [结果]  对海上风电场内各主要电气设备提供了完善的监控功能,可实现运行监视、操作与控制、信息综合分析与智能告警、运行管理、辅助功能这五大应用。  [结论]  方案可有效降低风电场运营成本,达到技术先进、功能完备、性能可靠、经济合理的智能化运营要求。     

基于水资源承载力的渭河源规模化林场植被设计面积计算

针对定西市渭河源林场规模设计中只有定性分析却无定量评估的问题,基于水资源设计承载力的概念,融合植被需水定额的算法,提出系统量化林场设计面积的方法,分别得出2016、2027年不同发展模式下渭河源林场各类植被的设计面积,并进行评估。结果表明,2016年乔木林、其他林地和草地处于恢复模式与最优模式之间,水生态压力较大,灌木林处于保护模式与恢复模式之间,水生态压力较小,今后应以扩大灌木林面积为主,同时增加其他林地类型的用水量;通过提高生产、生活的用水效率,在项目区85%的供水保证率下,2027年可承载的植被面积仍可有较大幅度提升。该方法可为类似林场规模的评估计算提供参考。     

大型风电场多Agent系统建模仿真及降损控制

设计一种基于多Agent的风电场控制架构,并针对集电线路损耗突出的问题,提出一种无功降损控制策略。同时,开发基于Java/JADE + MySQL + Matlab/Simulink的混合仿真平台,对某125 MW大型风电场进行多Agent系统建模,算例结果验证了所提策略的有效性。     

Development and simulation of dynamic control strategies for wind farms

The authors show that: (a) with reliable prediction of low variance in the wind velocity, modern wind farms have the wherewithal to produce regulated power in the next hour; (b) when the conditions for producing regulated power are not predicted, the wind farms may opt to use the tracking mode which tracks the slowly time-varying, non-turbulent component of wind power and (c) the proposed control system has the capability to divert some of the wind farm power to implement dynamic performance enhancement strategies, for system damping. The capabilities are demonstrated by simulations of a wind farm made up of 24 windturbine generators using one-hour-long wind velocity data.