两相流喷射器流动模型研究

研究了压缩/喷射制冷系统中两相流喷射器内的射流发展过程,沿喷射器内部射流的流动方向分段对射流压力调整过程、射流混合、均匀过程和扩压过程进行建模,得到喷射器的引射比和出口背压随冷凝温度与蒸发温度的变化特性.模型的预测结果与实验测试结果在变化趋势上完全一致,压缩/喷射制冷循环中的冷凝温度越大,喷射器的引射比和出口背压越大,节能效果越好;蒸发温度存在一个最佳值,使得引射比最大,出口背压增大效果较好.     

喷射器极限工况特性实验研究

喷射器作为热驱动喷射式制冷系统的核心部件,其性能会影响整个制冷系统的运行效率。极限工况是指喷射器从可以工作状态到不能工作状态的极端工况,对该工况下喷射器的特性研究具有重要意义。本文自行设计并搭建了以R134a为制冷剂的喷射式制冷系统极限工况的实验装置,分别对引射流体质量流量为零的极限工况下不同喷射器工作流体压力及喷射器出口背压对缩放喷嘴出口背压的影响规律进行了实验研究。结果表明:极限工况下,喷嘴出口背压同时受工作流体压力和喷射器出口背压的影响,随工作流体压力升高而降低,随喷射器出口背压升高而升高。同时,得到该喷射器在工作流体压力为1.5~3.2MPa,且喷射器出口背压在0.66~0.96 MPa范围内的最低引射流体压力,为工程应用提供参考。     

喷嘴长度和喷嘴出口位置对喷射器性能的影响北大核心CSCD

为提高喷射器的引射性能,利用Fluent软件对喷射器的内部流场进行数值模拟,研究了喷嘴轴向长度和喷嘴出口位置对喷射器引射性能的影响规律。结果表明:喷嘴扩散角对喷射器的引射性能影响很小;当喷嘴收缩段长度为喷嘴喉部直径的6倍,喷嘴出口位置为混合室圆柱段直径的1.8倍时,喷射器的引射性能最佳。研究结果可以为喷射器的结构参数优化提供参考。     

喷嘴长度和喷嘴出口位置对喷射器性能的影响

为提高喷射器的引射性能,利用Fluent软件对喷射器的内部流场进行数值模拟,研究了喷嘴轴向长度和喷嘴出口位置对喷射器引射性能的影响规律。结果表明:喷嘴扩散角对喷射器的引射性能影响很小;当喷嘴收缩段长度为喷嘴喉部直径的6倍,喷嘴出口位置为混合室圆柱段直径的1.8倍时,喷射器的引射性能最佳。研究结果可以为喷射器的结构参数优化提供参考。     

扩压器等直段直径对蒸汽喷射器性能影响的实验研究

建立了由喷射器、蒸发器、发生器和冷凝器等组成的蒸汽喷射制冷循环系统。研究了不同的扩压器等直段直径对喷射器抽气性能的影响。当扩压器等直段直径由24mm增加到28mm后,喷射器的引射系数显著增加,喷射器的抽气效率得到了提高,但临界背压降低。分析和讨论了在不同操作参数下扩压器等直段直径对喷射器性能的影响。结果表明,随着工作蒸汽压力的升高,引射系数呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势,在达到0.36MPa时喷射器的引射系数值最大为0.53。当背压值小于临界背压值时喷射器的引射系数保持不变,当背压值大于临界背压值时引射系数减小直至背压为7000Pa时引射系数为0。在一定的操作参数条件下,扩压器等直段直径存在最佳值使喷射器的抽气效率达到最高。     

两相CO2喷射器混合室直径优化与模拟分析

混合室直径对两相喷射器的性能影响显著。结合湍流射流理论，本文提出两相喷射器混合室直径的射流分析设计方法：当混合射流的流量增至喷射器的目标总流量时，射流外边界的直径即为最优混合室直径。根据该方法优化某型号CO₂喷射器的混合室直径，引射比为0.5时的最优直径为2.4 mm。利用数值模拟研究混合室直径对CO₂喷射器性能的影响，结果表明：在相同条件下，混合室最优直径为2.2 mm。当混合室直径为2.4 mm时，喷射器压升为0.9 MPa,相比优化前提高了57.9%。结合射流理论，拟合了无量纲最优混合室直径的关联式。当引射比为0.4～0.8时，无量纲最优直径为1.7～2.1。关联式的预测结果与CFD模拟结果相差-6%～10%,可用于工程上预估最优混合室直径。     

喷嘴出口状态对水蒸汽喷射器流动行为及其性能的影响北大核心CSCD

水蒸气喷射器作为一种结构简单、运行稳定的真空获得设备,其内部流动过程十分复杂。目前关于蒸汽喷射器的研究已较为完善,然而对于蒸汽喷射器的膨胀状态的研究很少涉及。为了进一步完善蒸汽喷射器的膨胀状态的分类,并且对在不同膨胀状态下蒸汽喷射器的内部流动行为及其对蒸汽喷射器性能的影响进行研究。文章以数值模拟技术为主要研究方法,研究了蒸汽喷射器喷嘴不同出口状态的流场结构及其对水蒸气喷射器性能的影响。结果表明:喷嘴的运行状态可分为欠膨胀状态、完全膨胀状态、过膨胀状态以及非拉瓦尔喷嘴状态,并且引射压力的变化对扩压器壁面剪切应力的影响远远大于喷嘴。在兼顾水蒸气喷射器的抽气能力、效率、排气能力以及获得真空度能力的同时,蒸汽喷射器在完全膨胀区域与过膨胀区域运行时可以获得较高的引射系数和压缩比,并且在过膨胀区域内具有最优的工况条件。此外,完全膨胀区域仅为一个点值。     

蒸汽喷射器引射系数及引射混合过程的动量效率分析

蒸汽喷射器因其简单可靠、费用低廉,应用越来越广泛.本文基于热力学方法,设计出一套适用于蒸汽喷射器的理论计算模型,从理想及实际蒸汽喷射引射压缩过程对蒸汽喷射器进行详细的热力学解析,提出一套蒸汽喷射器的计算方法,对引射系数以及引射混合过程的动量效率进行着重分析.     

几何结构参数对喷射器性能影响实验研究

在自行搭建的喷射器性能测试实验台上,以CO_2、N_2及R290为工质,通过改变喷射器喷嘴临界截面直径,总结喷射器喷射系数在不同的引射流体入口压力、工作流体入口压力及工质种类条件下的变化规律。实验设定工作流体温度为90℃,喷射器背压为3. 9 MPa,工作流体入口压力变化范围为8. 0—10. 0 MPa,引射流体入口压力变化范围为2. 4—2. 9 MPa,喷嘴临界截面直径变化范围为0. 68—0. 72 mm。实验结果表明:当保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变,引射流体入口压力为一定值时,喷射器喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的减小而逐渐增大;当保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变,工作流体入口压力为一定值时,喷射器喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而逐渐减小;在相同工作压力下,喷射系数大小依次是N_2、CO_2、R290;在相同引射压力下,N_2、CO_2先达到稳定状态;在保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变时,工作流体入口压力及引射流体入口压力的提高对喷射器喷射系数均有提升作用。     

喷嘴位置对喷射器的性能影响的研究

喷射器内部的流动非常复杂，其流动现象很难通过实验观察，并且喷射器的加工精度要求非常高，这些对于喷射器的设计理论发展是个很大的障碍。本文选用k-ε模型，运用CFD技术对喷射器进行模拟，主要研究不同的喷嘴位置对喷射器的影响。选择喷嘴出口距离混合室入口距离分别为0mm、3mm、5mm、7mm、9mm和11mm时，发现在7mm的时候能够达到一个最大的喷射系数，当距离大于7mm时，会造成工作蒸汽的回流，而使得喷射系数降低。当小于7mm时，虽然喷嘴出口的压力变化不会太大，但是工作蒸汽进入混合室前没有足够的距离来引射蒸汽，喷射系数还是比较低。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from