红茶菌饮料原料开发及其营养功能研究进展

传统红茶菌饮料是以糖茶水为主要原料,经红茶菌发酵后形成的一种功能性饮品。随着消费者的多元化需求日渐增长,不同口味、具有保健功效的新型红茶菌饮料层出不穷。该文总结了国内外发酵红茶菌饮料所用的不同原料,包括茶叶、果蔬汁、中草药、乳制品和副产物等,阐述了其相应的发酵工艺、营养成分和功效,为开发和优选红茶菌饮料的新型原料及配方、研发具有特殊风味和特定营养功能的红茶菌饮料提供参考,推动红茶菌饮料产业链的发展。     

红茶菌饮料的研究进展

红茶菌饮料是利用红茶菌和茶糖水等发酵而成的一种饮品。本文主要介绍了国内外在红茶菌饮料发酵工艺、营养成分和功能性方面的研究进展,并对红茶菌饮料的研究进行了展望。     

系列红茶菌饮料抗氧化活性的研究

通过对系列红茶菌饮料羟基自由基清除能力和抗氧化值(AOV)的测定,比较研究了三种红茶菌饮料抗氧化活性随培养时间的变化规律,分析了红茶菌饮料抗氧化活性与感官指标的相关性。结果表明,红茶菌发酵前期,羟自由基清除率和AOV随发酵时间迅速增强,先后于第4～6 d到达最高值,最高羟自由基清除率和AOV分别为芦荟红茶菌饮料72%和0.54,玉米红茶菌饮料64.3%和0.48,红薯糖浆红茶菌饮料60.8%和0.37;随发酵时间的进一步延长,羟自由基清除率和AOV缓慢下降;三种饮料抗氧化活性由高到低依次为:芦荟红茶菌,玉米红茶菌,红薯糖浆红茶菌;红茶菌感官评分的增加与抗氧化活性的提高基本同步,红茶菌抗氧化活性与菌体生长具有一致性。     

红茶菌菌膜的特性及应用

红茶菌菌膜是漂浮在红茶菌饮料表面的由细菌和酵母菌在胞外形成的纤维素生物膜,具有高持水性、高机械强度、良好的热稳定性、生物相容性及可降解性等优良特性,因此在许多领域具有广阔的应用前景。作者综述了红茶菌菌膜中微生物的组成和共生关系、合成机制、红茶菌菌膜的结构和性质,以及红茶菌菌膜在食品、医疗、纺织和废水处理等领域的应用,并对红茶菌菌膜的未来应用进行了展望。     

水果红茶菌饮料抗氧化活性分析

对添加苹果、香橙、猕猴桃原汁的红茶菌饮料进行总酚及抗氧化活性的测定,结果表明3种水果红茶菌饮料的总酚与还原力的变化呈正相关关系,其中猕猴桃红茶菌饮料的总酚最高,可达319 mg/m L,其次香橙红茶菌饮料的总酚达308 mg/m L,苹果红茶菌饮料的总酚达305 mg/m L。3种水果红茶菌饮料的抗氧化活性结果表明:对DPPH自由基的清除能力和对(O2—·)清除能力达到90%,对(·OH)清除能力猕猴桃红茶菌饮料最强,香橙红茶菌饮料次之,苹果红茶菌饮料最弱,但也在30%以上。     

红茶菌国内外研究应用概况

红茶菌是具有悠久历史的功能性饮料,近年来在日本及欧美兴起应用和研究的新高潮。综述了国内外有关红茶菌的菌种类型、菌种间的相互关系、发酵条件、成分分析及作用机理等诸多方面的应用研究进展情况。     

益生菌的另一个应用领域:红茶菌饮料

<正>消费者如果想要寻找一种既含有少量酒精又含有益生菌的饮品,不妨关注红茶菌饮料——将茶、糖、细菌和酵母菌混合经发酵制成的饮料。红茶菌对人体健康有诸多益处,主要包括解毒、抗氧化、激发能量和提高免疫力等。有关红茶菌的研究显示,红茶菌可预防广谱代谢和感染性疾病。可能少数人知道酒精性饮料是一种可冷藏且非常健康的替代饮料,但极少人知道,红茶菌饮料在离开生产车间后仍有可能继续发酵,     

一种红茶菌发酵饮料对BALB/c小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的:研究添加枸杞、金银花的红茶菌发酵饮料对免疫低下BALB/c小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法:72只BALB/c小鼠随机分为6组(n=12),分别为正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组、红茶菌饮料低剂量组、红茶菌饮料中剂量组和红茶菌饮料高剂量组;经环磷酰胺造模之后,饲喂13天,断颈处死;以小鼠的体重、NK细胞的杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬活性以及IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ等细胞因子相对于内参基因的表达量为指标,研究红茶菌对免疫低下小鼠的免疫提高作用。结果:添加枸杞、金银花的红茶菌发酵饮料对免疫低下小鼠的体重恢复起到了积极的作用;增加了自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)对鼠肝癌细胞(H22)的杀伤活性以及腹腔巨噬细胞对中性红的吞噬能力;红茶菌饮料剂量组对于IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ等细胞因子的表达量均有不同程度的提高。结论:添加枸杞、金银花的红茶菌发酵饮料能显著提高小鼠的免疫功能。     

红茶菌发酵工艺优化及菌液主要成分变化分析

对红茶菌发酵工艺进行了优化,以发酵液pH值和感官评分为衡量指标,得到红茶菌发酵最佳工艺条件为茶叶浓度0.6g/100mL、酵母菌接种量3%、蔗糖浓度8%,此时,红茶菌发酵液pH值为3.23,感官评分为92分,红茶菌饮料呈淡黄色,口味酸甜适中。对不同发酵条件下红茶菌发酵液主要成分进行了分析,结果表明蔗糖较适合于红茶菌发酵饮料的制作,发酵液蛋白质和多酚含量相对较高;相对于乌龙茶和黑茶,绿茶和红茶也较适合于红茶菌发酵饮料的制作;红茶菌发酵主要在前4d完成,发酵期间,多酚含量、糖度和pH明显下降,而酸度、蛋白质含量和酵母菌数量则明显增加,在发酵的后期阶段,主要成分的变化不明显。     

青梅红茶菌复合饮料的研制

选用优质青梅和红茶为主要原料,研究青梅汁浓缩液和红茶菌的制取工艺,通过对青梅汁浓缩液、红茶菌发酵液、白砂糖和柠檬酸的添加量进行正交试验和极差分析,确定出青梅红茶菌复合饮料的最佳配比是红茶菌发酵液添加量3%,青梅汁浓缩液添加量0.1%,白砂糖添加量12%,柠檬酸添加量0.15%,添加0.05%的CMC-Na作为稳定剂,0.02%的抗坏血酸作为抗氧化剂,同时可添加适量的食用香精,使该饮料风味更加突出完美。该饮料色泽为金黄色,清澈透明,无沉淀不分层,有浓郁的青梅风味,无异味,酸甜可口,清爽宜人。该复合饮料工艺简单,成本低,发酵周期短,为充分利用青梅资源,丰富红茶菌饮料产品种类提供了一种新途径。     

Characteristics and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes of kitchen mint and oolong tea kombucha beverages

Kombucha is a healthy traditional beverage which is made by fermenting products with a symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts. In present study, leaves of kitchen mint (Mentha cordifolia Opiz. Ex Fresen) and leaves of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) were fermented in kombucha formula. After fermentation, titratable acidity contents and ethanol of kitchen mint, oolong tea, and mixtures of oolong tea and kitchen mint kombucha samples gradually increased with a period of fermentation time. At day 14 of fermentation, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were increased in all kombucha samples. The numbers of acetic acid bacteria and yeast in kombucha had gradually raised during 7–14 days of fermentation. DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities of these kombucha increased over a period of fermentation time and shown the highest antioxidant capacity on day 14 of fermentation. In addition, all kombucha samples exhibited the antioxidant effects by attenuating H₂O₂-induced ROS production, increasing mRNA expression of catalase, glutathione reductase (GRe), and Mn-SOD, and inducing GRe enzymatic activity in HEK-293 cells. Kombucha beverage can be used as the healthy beverages for attenuation of oxidative stress in many diseases.     

红茶菌发酵罗城毛葡萄13种有机酸的同时检测

为解决目前尚无对红茶菌发酵液中多种有机酸同时检测方法的问题,本文利用液相色谱建立红茶菌发酵液13种有机酸的准确定量方法,并对发酵过程中的典型有机酸变化进行跟踪。优化后的色谱条件:Atlanis T3色谱柱,流动相为0.02 mol/L KH₂PO₄(pH=2.6),流速0.4 mL/min,等度洗脱,柱温30 ℃、检测波长210 nm。此色谱条件下,葡萄糖醛酸和草酸完全重合(只能用葡萄糖醛酸标准曲线相对定量),但其它11种有机酸均能有效分离。定量方法线性范围较宽,R2>0.990,定量限0.080~4.789 mg/L,加标回收率92.68%~107.35%,相对标准偏差<5%,葡萄糖酸、乙酸、苹果酸在发酵过程中一直增加,而其它酸类呈先升后降趋势。葡萄糖酸、乙酸是主要的有机酸,在17 d的发酵液中所测有机酸占75.03%和10.46%。本研究建立的有机酸检测方法适合红茶菌发酵样品的检测,为红茶菌发酵毛葡萄生产酸性功能软饮品提供了基础依据。     

An overview of antimicrobial properties of kombucha

Kombucha is a traditional beverage of Manchurian origin, typically made by fermenting sugared black or green tea with the symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). The beverage has gained increasing popularity in recent years, mainly due to its heralded health benefits. The fermentation process of kombucha also results in the production of various bioactive compounds with antimicrobial potential, making it a promising candidate in the exploration of alternative sources of antimicrobial agents, and may be helpful in combating the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. Literature survey performed on Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed revealed the extensive research that has firmly established the antimicrobial activity of kombucha against a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi. This activity could be attributed to the synergistic activities of the microbial species in the kombucha microbiota that led to the synthesis of compounds with antimicrobial properties such as acetic acid and various polyphenols. However, research thus far only involved screening for the antimicrobial activity of kombucha. Therefore, there is still a research gap about the molecular mechanism of the kombucha reaction against specific pathogens and its influence on human health upon consumption. Future research may focus on investigating this aspect. Further characterization of the biological activity of the microbial community in kombucha may also facilitate the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds, such as bacteriocins produced by the microorganisms.     

Effect of synthetic microbial community on nutraceutical and sensory qualities of kombucha

To mass-produce nutritional kombucha with quality consistency, it is necessary to design synthetic microbial community (SMC) starters with clear bacterial compositions. In this study, a three-species SMC, including Acetobacter pasteurianus, Gluconacetobacter xylinus and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, was designed. Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) in SMC produced a higher concentration of organic acids synergistically compared to each strain inoculated alone. Gluconic acid was the most abundant organic acid in kombucha fermented by SMC, which contributed to the pleasant sour taste of the beverage. AAB could also oxidise the alcohol produced by Z. bailii, making kombucha a soft beverage. Total phenol and flavonoid concentrations increased during fermentation, which enhanced the health benefits of kombucha. The sensory evaluation demonstrated tsshat sensory attributes of SMC fermented kombucha were quite similar to those fermented by the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Therefore, SMC could be utilised in the industrial mass production of kombucha for better quality control and product consistency.     

Changes in content of organic acids and tea polyphenols during kombucha tea fermentation

Kombucha tea is a fermented tea beverage produced by fermenting sugared black tea with tea fungus (kombucha). Tea polyphenols which includes (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and theaflavin (TF) have been reported to possess various biological activities. The present study focused on changes in content of organic acid and tea polyphenols in kombucha tea prepared from green tea (GTK), black tea (BTK) and tea manufacture waste (TWK) during fermentation. Concentration of acetic acid has reached maximum up to 9.5 g/l in GTK on 15th day and glucuronic acid concentration was reached maximum upto 2.3 g/l in BTK on 12th day of fermentation. Very less concentration of lactic acid was observed during the fermentation period and citric acid was detected only on 3rd day of fermentation in GTK and BTK but not in TWK. When compared to BTK and TWK very less degradation of EGCG (18%) and ECG (23%) was observed in GTK. TF and thearubigen (TR) were relatively stable when compared to epicatechin isomers. The biodegradation of tea catechins, TF and TR during kombucha fermentation might be due to some unknown enzymes excreted by yeasts and bacteria in kombucha culture.     

Biochemical characteristics of tea fungus produced during kombucha fermentation

Tea fungus is symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts, widely used to produce kombucha tea. Due to the rich biomass in tea fungus, it can be utilized as protein supplement in animal feed. The present study aimed to analyze the biochemical characteristics of tea fungus with the effect of fermentation time. Proximate, amino acids, and elemental analysis of tea fungus produced during kombucha fermentation were studied along with total count of microflora. Results suggested that tea fungus is rich in crude protein, crude fibre, and amino acid lysine. The biochemical characteristics of tea fungus studied were increased throughout the fermentation time.     

A Review on Kombucha Tea—Microbiology,Composition, Fermentation,Beneficial Effects,Toxicity, and Tea Fungus

Fermentation of sugared tea with a symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria and yeast (tea fungus) yields kombucha tea which is consumed worldwide for its refreshing and beneficial properties on human health. Important progress has been made in the past decade concerning research findings on kombucha tea and reports claiming that drinking kombucha can prevent various types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, promote liver functions, and stimulate the immune system. Considering the widespread reports on kombucha, we recognized the need to review and update the research conducted in relation to kombucha tea, its products and tea fungus. Existing reports have suggested that the protective effects of kombucha tea are as good as those of black tea, however, more studies on kombucha tea and its composition are needed before final conclusions can be made.     

红茶菌发酵荞麦浆醋饮的工艺优化及品质分析

本文以荞麦浆为原料,采用红茶菌发酵荞麦浆制备荞麦浆醋饮。以荞麦浆发酵液总酸含量及感官评分为指标,探究不同荞麦浆可溶性固形物含量、红茶菌接种量、发酵温度对发酵液品质的影响,确定发酵最佳工艺条件;在最佳工艺条件下制备荞麦浆醋饮,探究发酵过程中荞麦浆pH、总酸、总酚、总黄酮及有机酸含量的变化。结果表明,红茶菌发酵荞麦浆醋饮最佳工艺条件为可溶性固形物含量13%,红茶菌接种量15%,发酵温度30 ℃;在此优化条件下,发酵过程中,荞麦浆pH降低、总酸升高,还原糖含量先升高后下降,总酚含量升高、黄酮含量先下降后升高,乙酸、乳酸、琥珀酸含量增加,苹果酸和丙二酸含量先增加后降低;发酵9 d后得到的荞麦浆醋饮总酸含量32.96 g/L,总酚含量1.72 g/L,总黄酮含量2.55 g/L,酸度适宜,口感柔和,具有浓郁的荞麦香气和保健功能。     

Changes in free-radical scavenging ability of kombucha tea during fermentation

Kombucha tea is a fermented tea beverage produced by fermenting sugared black tea with tea fungus (kombucha). Free-radical scavenging abilities of kombucha tea prepared from green tea (GTK), black tea (BTK) and tea waste material (TWK) along with pH, phenolic compounds and reducing power were investigated during fermentation period. Phenolic compounds, scavenging activity on DPPH radical, superoxide radical (xanthine–xanthine oxidase system) and inhibitory activity against hydroxyl radical mediated linoleic acid oxidation (ammonium thiocyanate assay) were increased during fermentation period, whereas pH, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (ascorbic acid–iron EDTA) and anti-lipid peroxidation ability (thiobarbituric assay) were decreased. From the present study, it is obvious that there might be some chances of structural modification of components in tea due to enzymes liberated by bacteria and yeast during kombucha fermentation which results in better scavenging performance on nitrogen and superoxide radicals, and poor scavenging performance on hydroxyl radicals.