柑橘活性成份及皮渣再利用研究进展

综述了柑橘加工副产物皮渣中生物活性成分的研究概况与应用前景,介绍柑橘皮渣中活性成分的检测方法、提取方法研究现状,讨论分析各方法优缺点。最后简述柑橘皮渣加工、有益物质再利用情况,分析现有柑橘皮渣再利用技术难点所在。     

柑橘皮发酵汁抗氧化活性和挥发性风味物质分析

以新鲜柑橘皮为原料并辅以面粉,分别采用米曲霉和黑曲霉两种曲霉制曲后用盐水发酵制备出柑橘发酵汁。分析了柑橘皮发酵汁的总黄酮含量、总多酚含量、DPPH·清除能力、FRAP活性和挥发性风味物质。研究发现,接种黑曲霉的柑橘发酵汁总黄酮含量最高,达74.43μgRE/mL,总多酚含量为2.80mgGAE/mL,且比柑橘皮增加了20种挥发性风味物质。接种米曲霉的柑橘皮发酵汁中总黄酮含量为62.83μgRE/mL,总多酚含量为5.94mgGAE/mL,增加了15种挥发性风味物质。接种米曲霉的发酵汁DPPH·清除能力、FRAP活性高于黑曲霉发酵,分别为6.26μmolTE/mL、12.02μmolFE/mL。橘皮中特征性风味物质在柑橘皮发酵汁中D-柠檬烯得到很好保留,相对含量达60%以上。     

柑橘皮渣的功能组分及加工应用现状

文章主要对柑橘皮渣中的特色功能组分及其抗氧化、抑菌消炎、降糖降脂等生理活性功能进行了综述,总结了目前国内外柑橘皮渣的加工利用现状,探讨了柑橘皮渣综合加工利用的技术方案,并展望了柑橘皮渣未来的开发利用方向。     

干燥方式对柑橘皮中主要抗氧化成分及其活性的影响

为研究不同干燥方式对柑橘皮中主要抗氧化成分及其抗氧化性能的影响,研究3种不同的干燥方式即热风干燥、变温压差膨化干燥和真空冷冻干燥处理前后柑橘皮中主要代表性抗氧化物质如VC、多酚、黄酮类物质等含量的变化情况,对其抗氧化能力的改变进行评价,并有针对性地采用HPLC法,研究真空冷冻干燥、变温压差膨化干燥、热风干燥处理前后,柑橘皮中黄酮类成分的变化情况。结果表明,在3种不同干燥方式中,真空冷冻干燥对抗氧化活性物质的影响最小;变温压差膨化干燥对新鲜柑橘皮中的多酚成分破坏较小,对Vc及黄酮类成分的保护效果均差于传统的热风干燥。     

橘皮酱油的制备研究

以大豆、面粉为主要原料,采用高盐稀态发酵技术,并在发酵初期添加柑橘皮渣以生产柑橘酱油。以氨基酸态氮、总黄酮及总多酚含量为主要考察指标确定最优生产条件。研究表明,添加柑橘皮渣20%,酱油中氨基酸态氮含量为1.01 g/100 mL,总黄酮含量为58.87 mg/100 mL,总多酚含量为418.83 mg/100 mL,且增加了21种风味物质。该酱油不仅具有柑橘皮和酱油的营养特性,具有保健功效,还充分利用柑橘生产加工过程中的副产物,提高柑橘皮渣的附加值。     

柑橘皮渣综合利用技术研究进展

综述利用柑橘皮渣中提取香精油、果胶、色素、生理活性物质、膳食纤维等有效成分以及生物转化作饲料、柠檬酸等方面的综合利用技术进展,并对我国柑橘皮渣加工综合利用提出建议.     

14种柑橘皮中多甲氧基黄酮成分分析

建立柑橘皮中9 种多甲氧基黄酮（polymethoxyflavonoids,PMFs）快速定量检测方法,比较不同品种来源柑橘皮中PMFs的含量差异,为寻找高含量PMFs高生物活性柑橘皮的药食两用素材提供参考。采用超声乙醇提取、高效液相色谱方法快速准确检测PMFs,并对14 种柑橘皮、陈皮中9 种特征物质PMFs含量进行比较。结果显示9种PMFs在对照品溶液质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,且准确度和精确度良好。分析发现,不同品种来源柑橘皮中PMFs种类和含量差异很大。江西陈皮、重庆柑橘、广西皇帝柑、广西砂糖橘果皮中PMFs总含量很高,均在7495.19 μg/g以上,其中广西沙糖橘果皮PMFs总含量高达10 412.18 μg/g。该方法简便,稳定性好,可为柑橘皮中PMFs生物活性研究的深入、柑橘皮产品开发和中药原料选材及其质量控制提供科学依据。     

微切变-助剂互作技术制备柑橘皮粉的保健功能研究

目的考察微切变-助剂互作技术制备的柑橘皮粉的保健功能,以促进柑橘皮的合理利用。方法将健康昆明小鼠随机分为空白对照组、粗粉组和微切助粉组,每组10只,空白对照组小鼠饲喂商品鼠粮,实验组小鼠分别饲喂含柑橘皮粗粉或经微切变-助剂互作技术处理柑橘皮制备的微切助粉鼠粮。连续饲养小鼠一定周期后,研究柑橘皮微切助粉对小鼠多种保健功能的影响。结果与对照组相比,柑橘皮微切助粉极显著地增加小鼠的体重,免疫器官指数,血清中抗体Ig G、Ig A和Ig M的含量和血清中SOD的水平,说明柑橘皮可提高小鼠免疫力。二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀试验证明柑橘皮微切助粉的耳肿胀抑制率为74.3%,且抗炎效果接近阿司匹林,表明柑橘皮具有非常好的抗炎作用。另外,柑橘皮微切助粉组小鼠的负重游泳时间(6.88±0.27 min)是对照组(4.67±0.18 min)的1.47倍,表明柑橘皮具有抗疲劳作用。与对照组相比,柑橘皮微切助粉极显著地缩短了戊巴比妥钠所致小鼠的入睡时间和延长了睡眠持续时间,表明柑橘皮具有镇静催眠作用。结论柑橘皮具有提高小鼠机体免疫力、抗炎、抗疲劳、镇静催眠的作用,且柑橘皮微切助粉的各种保健效果优于其粗粉。     

不同晚熟柑橘中酚类物质的含量检测及分析

采用超高效液相色谱(ultra-performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)对9种晚熟柑橘(沃柑、春见、大雅柑、不知火、默科特、红肉脐橙、伦晚脐橙、红翠2号和塔罗科血橙)中的主要酚类物质(13种类黄酮和7种酚酸)进行测定,分析比较不同品种柑橘果皮、果肉和果汁(柑橘原汁)中酚类物质种类和含量的差异。结果表明:9个柑橘品种的果皮、果肉、果汁中,类黄酮均以橙皮苷为主,酚酸以阿魏酸为主,且果皮中多甲氧基黄酮含量丰富。在9个柑橘品种果汁中,春见的橙皮苷、咖啡酸含量最高。果肉中,沃柑中阿魏酸、咖啡酸、芥子酸含量最高,塔罗科血橙的橙皮苷、对香豆酸含量最高。果皮中,默科特的芸香柚皮苷、川皮苷、阿魏酸含量最高。杂柑果皮中咖啡酸、阿魏酸及川皮苷含量高于橙类。晚熟柑橘含有丰富的酚类物质,并呈现显著的多样性。     

资兴柑橘皮总黄酮的微波辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

采用正交试验设计研究微波辅助提取资兴柑橘皮中总黄酮的工艺条件,并对资兴柑橘皮中总黄酮的抗氧化活性进行探讨。结果表明:资兴柑橘皮中总黄酮的最佳微波提取工艺为乙醇溶液体积分数70%、料液比1∶40(g/mL)、微波提取功率600W、提取温度70℃条件下提取20min,在此条件下,柑橘皮中总黄酮提取量可达21.11mg/g。影响柑橘皮中总黄酮提取效果的主次因素为:料液比>乙醇体积分数>提取温度>微波功率。柑橘皮总黄酮对清除自由基有明显的作用,且黄酮类化合物的添加量在实验范围内与其抗氧化性呈正相关,是一种潜在的具有抗氧化功能食品原料,该工艺技术适用于工业化大批量提取柑橘皮中总黄酮。     

Phytochemical characteristics of citrus peel and effect of conventional and nonconventional processing on phenolic compounds: A review

Citrus peel is rich in functional ingredients such as essential oils (0.6–1%), fibers (6.30–42.13 g/100 g db), phenols (0.67–19.62 g/100 g db), and vitamin C (0.109–1.150 g/100 g db). Flavanones (hesperidin: 0.002–80.90 mg/g db, neohesperidin: 0.05–11.70 mg/g db, narirutin: 0.03–26.90 mg/g db; naringin: 0.08–14.40 mg/g db), and polymethoxylated flavones (sinensetin: 0.08–0.29 mg/g db, nobiletin: 0.20–14.05 mg/g db, tangeretin: 0.16–7.99 mg/g db) are the main phenolic compounds (PCs) of citrus peel. Due to their antioxidant activity, PCs are used in various applications such as formulation of healthy food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. PCs present sensitivity to process operating conditions (during juice processing and further thermal and nonthermal processing). This review summarizes the main publications dealing with the proximate chemical composition, the functional properties, and the potential applications of the main citrus peel compounds. The effects of conventional and nonconventional processing on PCs of citrus fruits and their derived and coproducts are analyzed. The information provided in this review allows a better choice of appropriate processes and their optimal operating conditions for a better retention of antioxidants in citrus products.     

Isolation and identification of an antioxidant flavonoid compound from citrus-processing by-product

BACKGROUND: Large amounts of citrus by‐products are released from juice‐processing plants every year. Most bioactive compounds are found in the peel and inner white pulp. Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of bioactive compounds. The methanolic extract of citrus peel powder has been shown to possess strong antioxidant activity. Therefore the aim of this study was to isolate the major antioxidant flavonoid compound from Citrus unshiu (satsuma) peel as citrus by‐product and evaluate its antioxidant activity. RESULTS: The major flavonoid isolated from C. unshiu peel was identified as quercetagetin. The structure of the compound was determined by tandem mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Its antioxidant activity was assessed by assays of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and DNA damage inhibition. Quercetagetin showed strong DPPH radical‐scavenging activity (IC₅₀7.89 µmol L^?1) but much lower hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activity (IC₅₀203.82 µmol L^?1). Furthermore, it significantly reduced ROS in Vero cells and showed a strong protective effect against hydrogen peroxide‐induced DNA damage. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that quercetagetin could be used in the functional food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

柑橘果皮油胞下陷诱发因素及控制方法

目前柑橘的生理病变受到普遍关注,尤其柑橘果皮的生理病变—油胞下陷是影响柑橘品质的主要问题。柑橘果皮油胞下陷使柑橘果皮病变主要表现为油胞病和褐斑病,导致柑橘的商品性和耐贮性降低,因此如何减少柑橘果皮的病变是目前研究的热点。本文总结了减少柑橘果皮油胞下陷的因素和多种控制方法,希望能为进一步研究柑橘果皮油胞下陷的方法和根本机制提供技术支持。     

绿茶、橘皮、大豆中酚类物质体外消化前后稳定性及抗氧化活性的研究

本研究以富含3类代表性酚类化合物（黄烷醇、黄烷酮和异黄酮）的3种食物（绿茶、橘皮、大豆）作为原料,模拟其在人体口胃肠中的体外消化过程。采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器/电喷雾-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱检测器（HPLC-DAD/ESI-Q-TOF-MS）检测体外消化前后酚类化合物的种类及含量变化,同时测定不同消化阶段总酚含量（TPC）、总黄酮含量（TFC）以及抗氧化活性（DPPH、ABTS、FRAP、ORAC）的变化。结果表明,绿茶提取物中检测出4种酚类化合物（表没食子儿茶素、(+)-儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和表儿茶素没食子酸酯）,大豆提取物中检测出4种酚类化合物（大豆苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元和染料木素）,橘皮提取物中检测出2种酚类化合物（柚皮苷和橙皮苷）;三种食物提取物中,经过体外消化后,绿茶提取物中的酚类化合物最不稳定,除(+)-儿茶素外,其余3种酚类物质几乎降解完全,损失率均达95%以上。绿茶、橘皮、大豆提取物的TPC在胃消化阶段显著升高（P<0.05）,在肠消化阶段显著降低（P<0.05）。绿茶提取物TFC在口腔和胃消化阶段显著升高（P<0.05）,在肠消化阶段显著降低（P<0.05）。橘皮、大豆提取物TFC与TPC变化趋势一致。绿茶提取物的四种抗氧化活性经胃肠消化后呈先升高再降低的趋势。大豆提取液体外消化前后ABTS、FRAP抗氧化活性在口腔阶段显著降低（P<0.05）,DPPH、ORAC抗氧化活性在口腔、胃消化阶段显著升高（P<0.05）,在肠消化阶段显著降低（P<0.05）。橘皮提取液ORAC抗氧化活性在肠消化阶段显著升高（P<0.05）,ABTS、FRAP抗氧化活性在体外消化阶段均表现出和总酚含量变化一致的趋势。     

Extraction Methods of Citrus Peel Phenolic Compounds

Several extraction methods have been reported in the literature for the extraction of phenols from citrus peel. Extraction methods may cause a degradation of phenolic compounds due to high applied temperature and pressure or long extraction times (conventional solvent extraction, high-pressure extraction). However, other extraction methods are limited by the polarity of phenolic compounds (supercritical CO₂ extraction). Novel techniques of extraction of bioactive compounds have been developed in order to shorten the extraction time, increase the extraction yield, and prevent the degradation of the phenolic compounds. This review provides a critical comparison of the different extraction methods of citrus peel phenolic compounds. The review compiles valuable data that could be useful for the choice of an appropriate extraction method for bioactive compounds from vegetables sources. The main parameters influencing the extraction yield are also discussed.     

Correlation between antioxidant concentrations and activities of Yuja (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka) and other citrus fruit

The antioxidant concentrations and activities of tangerines, yuja, lemons, and oranges in the Korean marketplace have been investigated. Flesh and peel tissues of the fruit were analyzed. The total vitamin C, total phenolics, flavonoid, hesperidin, and total antioxidant activity of all citrus types were higher in peel than flesh tissues. Total phenolic concentrations of flesh tissues were in the following order: lemon>yuja>tangerine>orange, while those concentrations in the peel were tangerine >yuja>orange>lemon. Lemon and yuja had higher hesperidin concentrations in flesh and peel tissues, respectively. Among the flesh samples, the total flavonoid and total phenolic concentrations were highly related with total antioxidant activity. The relationship between flavonoid and hesperidin was also strong among flesh and peel tissues. Our results indicate that citrus fruit includes high antioxidant compounds and activity and that citrus peel could be a good source of food ingredients.     

不同贮藏方式下橘皮精油含量的变化

为探讨橘皮在不同贮藏方式下精油含量的变化规律,以温州蜜柑皮、椪柑皮和柚皮为原料,分别采用-20℃和-40℃低温冻藏,以及避光、不避光常温干藏4种方式贮藏橘皮,并定期测定橘皮中精油含量。结果表明:不同品种柑橘皮中精油含量不同;贮藏期间,3种橘皮精油含量均有不同程度的减少;温州蜜柑皮和椪柑皮-40℃低温冻藏,柚皮避光和不避光常温干藏,均能较好地保留其中精油。