淡腌大黄鱼贮藏中的品质变化及腐败菌分析

对淡腌大黄鱼在5、10、15℃贮藏中的品质和细菌种群变化进行了研究,通过分析贮藏期间微生物生长情况及TVBN、POV变化,并结合感官质量的变化,确定了在不同温度下贮藏产品的货架期,并对产品初始点和货架期终点残存细菌进行定性和定量研究。结果表明:5、10、15℃的货架期分别是20、14、8d,货架期终点菌落总数约为108CFU/g,TVBN值约为38mg/100g,POV值在保藏期间均出现峰值,其变化情况与菌落总数、感官评分及TVBN的变化保持一致。初始菌相比较单一,4种细菌被检测,贮藏过程中菌相发生变化,货架期终点时仅残存3种细菌,分别为缺陷短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas diminute),棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium spp.),玫瑰小球菌(Micrococcus rose)。5℃保藏下,缺陷短波单胞菌所占比例较高(55.5%),而10℃和15℃贮藏时,微小球菌比例较高,分别为58.8%和58.1%。     

养殖尼罗罗非鱼鲜度特征及动力学模型构建

通过感官、化学、微生物学方法对低温(0～10℃)和室温(25℃)贮藏尼罗罗非鱼鲜度特征进行评价,确定产品货架期及货架期终点细菌种群,运用平方根相对腐败速率方程构建货架期预测模型。结果表明:鲜鱼感官品质良好,菌落总数、假单胞菌数、产H2S细菌数和挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)分别为(4.41±1.13)、(3.39±1.09)、(2.01±0.88)(lg(CFU/g))和(8.53±0.73)mg/100g。低温贮藏罗非鱼货架期终点时,菌落总数、假单胞菌、产H2S细菌数和TVBN分别为(7.79±0.35)、(7.24±0.45)、(6.35±0.23)(lg(CFU/g))和(19.90±2.10)mg/100g,确定货架期为5.5～20.1d,优势菌是假单胞菌属,而室温贮藏的罗非鱼货架期为1.3d,优势菌为气单胞菌。0～25℃范围贮藏的罗非鱼品质动力学模型参数Tmin为-8.9℃,并用3、8℃恒温和变温等实际流通条件对货架期预测模型进行了验证,显示货架期预测模型能有效评价0～25℃范围内的罗非鱼品质。     

加工过程与贮藏温度对淡腌青鱼品质变化与优势腐败菌种群变化的影响

为分析加工条件与贮藏温度对淡腌青鱼品质及腐败菌种群的影响,对淡腌青鱼加工过程与三个温度条件(5±0.1)、(15±0.1)、(25±0.1)℃贮藏下的感官品质、挥发性盐基氮、硫代巴比妥酸、菌落总数与优势腐败菌随贮藏时间的变化进行研究。结果表明:在(5±0.1)、(15±0.1)、(25±0.1)℃贮藏条件下淡腌青鱼的货架期分别为150、86、47 d,货架期终点的感官评分、挥发性盐基氮、硫代巴比妥酸和菌落总数分别为(1.33±0.02)、(31.29±0.80)mg/100 g、(0.512±0.010)mg/100 g和(7.91±0.15)lg(cfu/g)。采用Biolog微生物鉴定系统与MIDI气相色谱法相结合对不同贮藏温度下的细菌进行鉴定,得出三种温度货架期终点时的优势腐败菌为木糖葡萄球菌,比例分别为100.0%、88.0%和91.7%。     

去头/内脏处理对秋刀鱼冷藏特性的影响

为了探究去头/内脏处理对秋刀鱼冷藏货架期和腐败特征的影响,分析了不同形态秋刀鱼在4 ℃贮藏过程中感官评分、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance,TBARS）值、微生物指标（细菌总数）以及气味组成的变化规律。结果显示,随着贮藏时间的延长,2 组秋刀鱼样品的感官评分都呈下降趋势,去头/内脏处理组的下降趋势更为明显;处理组的TVB-N值在第8天时接近30 mg/100 g,而对照组在第12天时才达到该界限值,略滞后于感官评分指示的货架期终点;去头/内脏处理加速了鱼肉脂质的氧化速度,但2 组样品在货架期终点时TBARS均未超过5 mg/kg的限值;处理组的细菌总数初始值显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,在第8天时超过7.0（lg（CFU/g））,对照组样品在贮藏第10天时接近该界限值。完整态秋刀鱼4 ℃贮藏的货架期为10～12 d,去头/内脏处理组的货架期约为8 d。货架期终点时2 组样品对应的电子鼻气味组成有显著性差异,表明腐败进程明显不同。     

百里酚对冷藏大菱鲆鲜度和货架期的影响

以感官评价、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、三甲胺氮(TMA)、菌落总数、产H2S细菌数和抑制指数(I.I)为指标,分别研究对照组(蒸馏水浸泡)和保鲜组(1g/kg百里酚溶液浸泡)大菱鲆冷藏(3℃)过程中的鲜度变化和货架期,以探讨百里酚对大菱鲆的保鲜效果。结果表明,对照组和保鲜组大菱鲆分别在259、309h达到高品质期终点,于403、572h达到货架期终点,百里酚浸泡后大菱鲆货架期延长了169h;对照组和保鲜组大菱鲆达到高品质期终点时的TVBN值分别为13.60、10.70mg/100g,货架期终点时分别为32.69、35.87mg/100g;高品质期终点时的TMA值分别为1.26、1.05mg/100g,货架期终点时分别为6.57、7.57mg/100g;高品质期终点时的菌落总数分别为7.65、6.59lg(CFU/g),货架期终点时分别为8.27、8.56lg(CFU/g);高品质期终点时的产H2S细菌数分别为7.15、5.41lg(CFU/g),货架期终点时分别为7.37、6.13lg(CFU/g)。浸泡后初始点百里酚对菌落总数和产H2S细菌的抑制指数分别为57.02%和100%,对照组高品质期终点分别为16.34%和45.73%,对照组货架期终点时分别为4.72%和19.72%。     

低温贮藏过程中鱿鱼细菌组成的变化及优势腐败菌鉴定

将鱿鱼在0、5、10、15℃有氧贮藏过程中的细菌菌相进行定性和定量分析。研究表明,鱿鱼贮藏初期其细菌组成较复杂,其中91.48%是革兰氏阴性菌,革兰氏阳性菌仅占4.26%,优势菌为气单胞菌(Aeromonas spp.)、浅黄金色单胞菌(Chryseomonas luteola)和假单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas spp.),比例分别为27.66%、23.40%和17.02%。此外,还检测出一定量的洛菲氏不动杆菌(Pantoea agglomerans)、成团泛菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii)。0、5、10、15℃贮藏过程中,细菌菌相逐渐变得单一,假单胞菌上升趋势明显,达到高品质期终点分别为360、239、96、47 h,货架期终点分别为525、286、147、86 h。0、5、10、15℃贮藏较好品质期时,TVBN均值为(17.15±0.29)mg/100g,菌落总数为(5.89±0.40)Lg CFU/g,假单胞菌比例分别为84.09%、72.09%、65.52%和76.36%,平均比例为75.92%;货架期终点时TVBN均值为(30.05±0.92)mg/100 g,菌落总数为(8.33±0.30)Lg CFU/g,假单胞菌比例达到93.24%、90.53%、88.57%和81.95%,平均比例为87.63%。由此得出鱿鱼0~15℃贮藏过程中的优势腐败菌是假单胞菌。     

酱卤鸡肉货架期预测的研究

利用Arrhenius方程,以国标中用于评价肉质鲜度的唯一理化指标TVB-N为指示指标,建立预测酱卤鸡肉货架期的动力学模型。根据TVB-N值和贮藏时间的关系,得出活化能Ea和指前因子k0分别为16.254kJ/mol、31.125,推导出TVB-N变化速率常数k与贮藏温度(T)之间的Arrhenius方程。根据方程A=A0exp(kt),A终点TVB-N值为20mg/100g,能够预测一定贮藏温度下酱卤鸡肉的货架期。分别取4、10、16℃作为验证温度,结果表明:误差分别为3.71%、3.25%、5.45%,预测值与真实值之间能较好地符合。另外检测了贮藏期间样品的水分含量、pH、色泽和微生物的变化情况,水分含量、pH和色泽三者均呈现总的下降趋势,微生物数量随贮藏时间的延长而增加。     

预包装冻干鸡汁茼蒿食品货架期预测模型研究

为解决航天食品中复水汤菜类食品的在轨货架期预测难的问题,以预包装冻干鸡汁茼蒿为研究对象,分析其营养、感官和微生物指标在不同温度(22,37,47 ℃)下贮藏的变化情况,建立货架期预测模型。试验表明,水分含量呈现上升趋势,贮藏12周后,22,37,47 ℃贮藏条件下水分含量由初始的(2.03±0.03)g/100g分别增加至(2.45±0.07),(2.87±0.03),(3.77±0.07)g/100g;在47 ℃,叶绿素降解速率最快,硫胺素含量损失率最大;核黄素含量在不同温度间差异不大,菌落总数基本保持不变。将建立的货架期预测模型结果和实测值比较,水分评价相对误差为2.75%,叶绿素评价相对误差为2.30%。基于含水量和叶绿素含量对预包装鸡汁茼蒿货架期进行模型预测,准确率较高。研究对监测储备食品品质,确保食品安全具有重要意义。     

气调包装对太平洋牡蛎冷藏保鲜效果的研究

研究了气调包装(60%CO2/40%N2、60%CO2/30%N2/10% O2)对太平洋牡蛎的气调保鲜效果.以空气包装组为对照,通过感官评定、pH、TVB-N、需氧菌数几项指标来评价气调包装的牡蛎样品在冷藏务件下(4±1℃)的贮藏效果,并对对照组和气调包装组的腐败样品进行了细菌菌相分析.实验结果表明,气调包装有效延长了牡蛎的冷藏货架期,对照组、CO2/N2组和CO2/N2/O2组的赁架期分别为6～7d、9～10d和11～12d.货架期终点时,对照组牡蛎样品以革兰氏阴性菌为主,其中假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)比例高达55%,是常规包装牡蛎冷藏的特定腐败菌;气调包装组样品以革兰氏阳性菌为主,其中CO2/N2组的优势菌为乳酸菌(Lactic acid bacteria),CO2/N2/O2组的优势菌为棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium).     

海水鱼优势腐败菌腐败能力分析

研究大黄鱼和大菱鲆无菌鱼块接种优势腐败菌后5℃贮藏中的感官、腐败产物和腐败菌的变化,以生长动力学参数和腐败产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU和YTMA/CFU)为指标,探讨两种冷藏海水鱼优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的腐败能力。结果表明,大菱鲆鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌的货架期分别为60,72h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为35.48,37.56mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.14,8.32lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为1.86×10-7,1.35×10-7 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和荧光假单胞菌的货架期分别为162,174h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为31.74,39.01mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.71,8.91lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为4.49×10-8,3.72×10-8 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块的货架期比大菱鲆的明显长,接种假单胞菌的两种鱼块的货架期比接种希瓦氏菌的稍长。两种海水鱼低温有氧贮藏优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌都有很强的腐败能力。     

养殖大黄鱼冷却链全程细菌定性和定量研究

对在闽东三都湾养殖密集海区所捕获的大黄鱼冷却链全过程的产品品质和细菌相变化进行了定性和定量研究。刚捕获的大黄鱼,其细菌总数受养殖水域卫生状况影响很大,为4.1×106cfu/g,菌群中嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)居优势,占25.2%,阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Cirtobacterfreundii)占较大比例。处理后的细菌总数和细菌相表明,加工处理过程没有明显的细菌污染。冰藏初期细菌总数明显下降,菌群中好冷的不动细菌(Acinetobactria)和摩氏杆菌(moxeralle)比例上升,其他菌群不同程度下降,出现了较多比例的假单胞菌(Pseudomonasspp.)和腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens),表明鱼体温度迅速下降对有些细菌产生了冷冲击致死作用。冷藏过程中,腐败希瓦氏菌增殖比其他细菌快,在货架期终点达到86.0%,是冷却链大黄鱼产品的优势腐败菌。货架期终点12 d时,细菌总数为6.7×107cfu/g。     

不同包装方式对高水分含量肉粉肠微生物菌群及品质特性的影响

为研究不同包装方式对高水分含量肉粉肠微生物菌群和品质特性的影响,本研究分别对肉粉肠进行托盘包装和真空包装,并测定其在（20±1）℃、相对湿度60%下贮藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明：产品初期水分含量和水分活度分别为70.30 g/100 g和0.984,且在贮藏期间略有降低。真空包装产品贮藏期间微生物生长速率明显低于托盘包装组,托盘包装组和真空包装组分别于第4、6天（4.55（lg（CFU/g））和4.67（lg（CFU/g）））接近国家标准上限5.00（lg（CFU/g））,且分别于第8、12天时严重腐败。托盘包装组主要腐败菌是贝莱斯芽孢杆菌,真空包装组主要腐败菌是绿色魏斯氏菌和清酒乳杆菌。随贮藏期延长,托盘包装组的pH值呈先显著下降后显著升高的趋势（P＜0.05）,而真空包装组的pH值呈显著下降趋势（P＜0.05）。电子鼻分析结果表明腐败后托盘包装组有氮氧化合物和硫化物气味,而真空包装组主要具有酸味。感官评定结果表明,相同贮藏期真空包装组得分明显高于托盘包装组。综上,相比托盘包装,真空包装更有利于肉粉肠贮藏过程中品质的保持,从而延长其货架期。     

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN AEROBIC MICROFLORA FROM INTESTINAL CONTENTS OF SOUTH-BALTIC COD DURING STORAGE AT 1-2°C

SUMMARY— The bacterial flora of the intestinal content of cod (Gedus morrhua L) were investigated during a period of 1 year. The quantity of bacteria in recently caught fish was studied during the full period. the quality during only 6 months. 3 groups of fish from the same capture and fishing grounds were analyzed: fresh, and stored at 1–2°C for 5 and 10 days. It was seen that in general gram-positive bacterial flora dominated in recently caught fish, while after 5 and 10 days of storage gram-negative flora our numbered the former. In the intestinal contents of fresh fish the Vibrio species dominated, whereas at storage, Pseudomonas spp. became dominant. In fresh fish, the bacterial flora of stored fish amounted to 3.10% of the total initial quantity after 5 days of storage and 1.5% after 10 days. Also, the gram-positive flora decreased comparatively more rapidly than gram-negative flora. The authors believe that the temperature of 1–27°C may play a part in the decreasing number of flora, as well as some other factors not investigated in the present research.     

南美白对虾在低温贮藏过程中的品质及菌相变化分析

测定南美白对虾在不同低温贮藏过程中的感官品质、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量和菌落总数变化,并分离纯化各贮藏温度条件下的腐败菌株,利用ATB ExpressionTM仪进行鉴定,以明确南美白对虾在不同低温贮藏过程中的菌相变化,进一步揭示其腐败机理。结果表明：在冷藏、冰温贮藏、冻藏过程中,南美白对虾的货架期分别为3、8 d和56 d,到货架期终点时的菌落总数分别为6.76、6.82、5.91（lg（CFU/g））,TVB-N含量均值分别为27.06、29.96、27.45 mg/100 g;南美白对虾初始菌相中的优势菌株为Chryseobacteriummeningosepticum（22.0%）和Pseudomonas sp.（18.4%）。到货架期终点,冷藏条件下的优势菌株为Shewanellaputrefaciens（35.1%）和Pseudomonas sp.（24.3%）;冰温贮藏条件下的优势菌株为Shewanella putrefaciens（32.0%）和Chryseobacterium meningosepticum（27.0%）;冻藏条件下的优势菌株为Aeromonas sobria（30.5%）和Photobacterium damselae（25.0%）。     

Development of the aerobic spoilage flora of chilled rabbit meat

Even though worldwide production of rabbit meat is over 1,000,000ton, little information is available on rabbit meat microbiology. This paper reports on the microflora developing on chill-stored rabbit carcasses. Four different lots of 24h post-mortem rabbit carcasses dressed and kept at 0°C in a medium-size abattoir were collected and evaluated for sensory, physicochemical and microbiological changes during aerobic storage at 3±1°C. Mean initial pH value (pH(24)), extract-release volume (ERV) and lactate content of Biceps femoris muscle, were 6.26±0.20, 13.50±3.50ml and 0.70±0.07%, respectively. As with other muscle foods kept chilled in air, pH increased and ERV and lactate decreased as storage progressed. Initial levels (logcfu/g) of aerobes (APC), psychrotrophic flora, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts were 4.76±0.31, 4.81±0.81, 3.39±1.12, 2.01±0.92, 2.76±0.51, 0.49±0.45 and 3.46±0.32, respectively. Pseudomonads, most of them fluorescent, and to a lesser extent B. thermosphacta and yeasts grew faster than the remaining microorganisms and became predominant at the end of the shelf life. Carcasses spoiled when mean APC, psychrotrophic and pseudomonads numbers were ca. 8logcfu/g, their mean shelf life being estimated at 6.8 days. A lot of DFD-like rabbit carcasses, with higher pH and lower ERV values but similar microbial loads to normal meat, developed a strong putrid odour after 4 days.     

冷藏即食虾仁保藏期间品质变化

目的:制备一种高水分虾仁即食调理食品(水分含量>70%,水分活度>0.95),并对其冷藏保藏期间品质变化进行了研究。方法:活虾去虾头、壳及肠线后,100 ℃ 沸水浴预煮2 min,沥干水后进行真空包装,然后进行二次沸水浴100 ℃热处理10 min,最后微波(600 W)处理2 min。研究冷藏即食虾仁在保藏期间(4 ℃,7 d)水分含量、水分活度、残余内源酶活力、质构、风味物质、微生物等指标的变化。结果:产品在保藏期内水分含量和水分活度没有显著变化;质构方面,产品的回复性略有降低、粘性略有升高,弹性及硬度等没有显著性变化;残余内源酶活力在保藏期间变化幅度不超过1%;虽醇类、酯类和烷烃类等风味物质略有增加,但整体感官品质仍然可以接受,产品的微生物总数低于104 CFU/g,且重金属含量均低于0.5 mg/kg。采用水煮、真空包装、微波处理、低温保藏相结合制备的虾仁即食调理食品,在预设货架期7 d内可以保持较高的水分活度和良好的感官品质。     

Keeping quality of vacuum-packed smoked sardine fillets: microbiological aspects

The effect of mixed smoking (2 h at 30 degrees C and 45 min at 75 degrees C was studied on the keeping quality of lean and fatty sardine fillets from fish caught in the Mediterranean Sea in March and June, respectively. Raw material for smoking included both fresh and frozen sardine fillets. Microbiological and sensory analyses were performed over the storage period, which lasted for 120 days at 0 +/- 1 degrees C. Smoking reduced the viable microbial flora values from 3-5 x 10(4) cfu/g to 2 x 10(2) cfu/g. The antimicrobial action of smoking, combined with that of vacuum packaging, had the effect of producing a gram-positive flora made up mainly of lactic acid bacteria. A practical consequence of this was to extend the shelf life of the smoked sardines for a period of 4 months. Frozen storage of samples at -18 degrees C for 6 months prior to smoking affected the behaviour of the microbial flora during cold storage at 0 degrees C, but did not affect the behaviour of the flora over a period of 3 months frozen storage, since the initial numbers of bacteria decreased and microbial growth was retarded. Furthermore, at the end of the storage period, the number of bacteria in the samples of frozen fatty sardines were higher than in the samples of frozen lean sardine. Physical conditions, therefore appear to exert an influence on bacterial growth. Sulphite-reducing Clostridia were not detected during the storage period.     

冷藏大菱鲆细菌组成变化和优势腐败菌

对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)在0、3、7、10℃冷藏过程中的细菌菌相进行定性和定量分析。研究发现新鲜大菱鲆细菌菌相比较复杂,分离得到114株细菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌分别占68.4%和21.1%,优势菌为肠杆菌、侵肺巴斯德菌、拟态弧菌、假单胞菌属和腐败希瓦氏菌,比例分别为14.9%、13.2%、12.3%、10.5%和8.8%。冷藏过程中,细菌菌相逐渐单一,腐败希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌增长显著,0、3、7、10℃冷藏至较好品质期终点时,腐败希瓦氏菌比例分别为42.2%、39.0%、57.1%和56.3%,平均比例为50.2%;其次是假单胞菌,比例分别为28.0%、23.7%、25.5%和31.0%,平均比例为27.2%。0、3、7、10℃冷藏至货架期终点时,腐败希瓦氏菌比例分别为53.9%、50.0%、57.4%和47.6%,平均比例为52.3%;假单胞菌属比例分别为25.5%、25.0%、41.0%和15.9%,平均比例为26.5%。由此可得出大菱鲆在0～10℃冷藏过程中的优势腐败菌是腐败希瓦氏菌,其次是假单胞菌。     

1-MCP结合二氧化氯处理对青椒货架期品质的影响

为研究青椒货架期品质保鲜新技术,延长货架期,于室温(25±1)℃贮藏条件下,分别用1-MCP(1 mg/L)、1-MCP(1 mg/L)和ClO₂(30 mg/L)联用对青椒进行熏蒸处理,定期测定相关的指标,包括腐烂率、转红率、硬度、失重率、V_C含量、叶绿素含量、还原糖含量等。结果发现:1-MCP单独处理以及1-MCP结合ClO₂处理在青椒贮藏保鲜过程中均起到良好的效果,但1-MCP结合ClO₂处理比1-MCP单独处理更能有效保持青椒贮藏过程中的品质,抑制青椒的腐烂、失重和转红,延缓叶绿素的降解速率。货架期结束时,对照组中腐烂率是1-MCP+ClO₂处理组(3.33%)的5倍;V_C含量、还原糖和叶绿素含量分别高于对照27.40%、44.31%、20%。在整个贮藏期间,1-MCP结合ClO₂处理的果实硬度仅下降了6.70%。结果表明,1-MCP结合ClO₂处理可以有效延缓青椒的采后生理变化,保持青椒的品质。     

Quality and shelf life evaluation of emulsion and restructured buffalo meat nuggets at cold storage (4±1°C)

The study was aimed at comparing the physico-chemical characteristics and texture profile of emulsion and restructured buffalo meat nuggets (BMN) and assessing their shelf life at refrigeration temperature (4±1°C). The stability of restructured batter was significantly lower than that of the emulsion form. Emulsion nuggets (EN) had significantly higher product yield, fat content and calories while restructured nuggets (RN) had significantly higher moisture and protein contents. Texture profile analysis revealed that RN had significantly higher cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force values. Differences in TBARS values for emulsion and restructured nuggets were not significant at any particular storage time. Throughout storage, counts for mesophilic, psychrotrophic and coliforms did not exceed log(10)3.09 and 3.44cfu/g, log(10)2.23 and 2.11cfu/g, log(10)1.30 and 1.30cfu/g for emulsion and restructured buffalo meat nuggets, respectively. In spite of a higher overall acceptance for EN initially, panelists rated them considerably lower compared to RN during subsequent storage. Buffalo meat nuggets were acceptable for at least 20 days in cold storage (4±1°C) under aerobic conditions in polypropylene bags.