Numerical prediction of hydrodynamic forces on a ship passing through a lock with different configurations简

A CFD method is used to numerically predict the hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on a ship passing through a lock with a constant speed. By solving the RANS equations in combination with the RNG k-e turbulence model, the unsteady viscous flow around the ship is simulated and the hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on the ship are calculated. UDF is com-piled to define the ship motion. Meanwhile, grid regeneration is dealt with by using the dynamic mesh method and sliding interface technique. Under the assumption of low ship speed, the effects of free surface elevation are neglected in the numerical simulation. A bulk carrier ship model is taken as an example for the numerical study. The numerical results are presented and compared with the available experimental results. By analyzing the numerical results obtained for locks with different configurations, the influences of approach wall configuration, lock configuration symmetry and lock chamber breadth on the hydrodynamic forces and moments are demonstrated. The numerical method applied in this paper can qualitatively predict the ship-lock hydrodynamic interaction and pro-vide certain guidance on lock design.     

波流联合作用下的物体上的波浪绕射力

本文研究了在波流联合作用下的任意三维物体的波浪绕射问题,建立了求解物体上的波浪绕射力的时域解理论模型。本文证明了对于任意三维物体,如果在自由面条件简化时,假设定常兴波势为有限量阶,则在波浪绕射力公式中,不存在含有绕射势的水线积分项。从数学上证明了水线积分项反映了自由面条件中定常兴波势和不定常势之间的耦合效应。在此基础上,本文提出了在波流联合作用情况下,作用在物体上的绕射力与辅助辐射势之间的关系式,从而不须求解绕射势便可得到绕射力。     

NUMERICAL RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY SHIP WAVE-MAKING PROBLEMS IN TIME-DOMAIN

A time-domain Kelvin source high-order panel method based on NURBS is developed and applied to solve the unsteady wave-making problems. Numerical results of instant wave resistance and free surface elevation are presented and compared with the availaby results by other authors, for submerged spheroid and sphere beneath the free surface and for surface ship of Wigley models moving with unsteady speed,The agreement is satisfying.     

COMPUTATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTION FORCES BETWEEN SHIPS BASED ON B-SPLINES

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基于时域格林函数的有航速船舶与波浪相互作用的数值模拟

基于深水时域格林函数的数值处理方法及开发的计算程序,采用三维时域数值模拟方法,在线性势流理论框架内对深海波浪中航行船舶的辐射问题和绕射问题进行了求解,研究探讨了航行船舶与波浪相互作用问题.研究中对不同航行速度的Wigley型船水动力系数和波浪力进行了数值计算,通过与试验及文献计算结果的比较,验证了三维时域数值计算程序的有效性.     

基于CFD的船-舵水动力干扰数值研究

该文采用基于RANS方程求解的CFD方法,对匀速直航的船-舵系统的黏性绕流场进行数值模拟,计算了不同船速和不同舵角下的船-舵水动力干扰系数,计算中忽略了自由面兴波及螺旋桨的影响。文中以KVLCC1船、舵模型为研究对象,首先将数值计算的船舶水动力及船-舵水动力干扰系数结果与模型试验数据进行比较,验证了所采用数值方法的有效性;随后,对船-舵系统、裸船体和敞水舵分别进行计算,通过水动力计算结果的比较以及流场分析,对船-舵水动力相互作用进行了数值研究。     

船舶在长峰和短峰不规则波中运动的三维时域数值模拟

船舶在真实海况中的航行性能越来越受到重视。此文在规则波中航行船舶运动的时域预报方法的基础上,发展了长峰和短峰不规则波的数值模拟技术,建立了航行船舶在长峰和短峰不规则波中运动的三维时域数值模拟方法,并应用该方法对一条10万吨油轮进行了数值模拟研究,计算了该油轮在长峰不规则波中的运动响应。试验和计算结果表明此文方法有一定的精度。最后还对该油轮进行了短峰不规则波中运动的数值模拟。长峰和短峰不规则波中的计算结果比较表明短峰不规则波对该油轮运动可产生较大影响。     

SECOND-ORDER DRIFT FORCES AND MOMENTS BETWEEN TWO SUBMERGED BODIES IN WAVES ON 3D METHOD

Two near field methods, namely the integral method and differential method, were presented for giving second-order mean drift forces and moments between two fixed submerged bodies in regular waves. For the integral method, with a series of mathematical manipulations, second order drift forces and moments could be easily expressed by distributed sources which could be calculated by source distribution techniques with the assumption that the amplitude of ship motions are small on the basis of the linear 3D frequency theory. For the differential method, drift forces and moments could be expressed by the derivative of velocity potential with respect to space coordinate. Because two bodies would behaveas a single body while the clearance is very large, the numerical results of one sphere in such case were given and compared with analytical results of a single sphere which does not involve the effect of free surface. When submerged depth becomes enough large, a good agreement can be reached. Then the integral method was used to predict the second order drift forces and moments of two submerged spheres and spheroids with a small lateral separation distance in waves compared with the numerical results obtained by the differential method and they agree well. By comparison, it indicates the interaction effects between two submerged bodies have a profound influence on the drift forces and moments. In this paper, the forward speed effect on submerged spheres was also considered.     

Prediction of ship-ship interactions in ports by a non-hydrostatic model

Complicated channel geometry and currents may aggravate the interactions between passing ships and berthed ships, which should be evaluated and taken into account in a port design. A method for predicting the ship-ship interactions, based on a non-hydrostatic shallow water flow model, is presented in this paper and is validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. The method is subsequently applied to predict the interaction forces acting on a berthed ship due to a passing ship in ports. The influences of the difference of the water depths between the dock and the main channel, the dock geometry, the current and another berthed ship in the dock on the ship-ship interactions are studied. Analysis based on the numerical results is carried out, which is useful for the port design.     

Hydrodynamic interaction.among hull,rudder and bank for a ship sailing along a bank in restricted waters

By applying a CFD tool to solve the RANS equations, the viscous flow around a model of hull-rudder system towed along a bank in shallow water is numerically simulated. Hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on the ship are calculated for different ship-bank distances and rudder angles. A container ship, KCS, is taken as an example for the numerical study. Under the assumption of low ship speed, the influences of free surface elevation and ship squat are assumed to be negligible. Based on the calculation results, the hydrodynamic interaction among the hull, rudder and bank is analyzed.     

SIMULATION OF TANK SLOSHING BASED ON OPENFOAM AND COUPLING WITH SHIP MOTIONS IN TIME DOMAIN

Tank sloshing in ship cargo is excited by ship motions, which induces impact load on tank wall and then affects the ship motion. Wave forces acting on ship hull and the retardation function are solved by using three-dimensional frequency domain theory and an impulse response function method based on the potential flow theory, and global ship motion is examined coupling with nonlinear tank sloshing which is simulated by viscous flow theory. Based on the open source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) development platform Open Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM), numerical calculation of ship motion coupled with tank sloshing is achieved and the corresponding numerical simulation and validation are carried out. With this method, the interactions of wave, ship body and tank sloshing are completely taken into consideration. This method has quite high efficiency for it takes advantage of potential flow theory for outer flow field and viscous flow theory for inside tank sloshing respectively. The numerical and experimental results of the ship motion agree well with each other.     

V形贯底式防波堤上波浪作用力的解析研究

用解析方法计算V形贯底式防波堤在波浪绕射作用下周围流域任意点的速度势,研究波浪作用在V形贯底式防波堤上的波浪力。假定防波堤刚性、薄壁、不透浪、水深恒定。假想的圆柱面将整个流场划分为三个区域,分别在每个区域内将速度势用特征函数展开,然后在公共边界上按照速度连续,速度势连续的原则进行匹配,求得流域中任意一点的速度势和作用在V形贯底式防波堤上的总波力和总波力矩。数值结果给出了作用在防波堤上的波浪力随防波堤张角、入射波波长、入射角变化的曲线。结果表明:作用在V形贯底式防波堤上的波浪力与水深、防波堤的张角、入射波的波长等因素有关。     

Numerical Model for Flow Motion with Vegetation

A set of governing equations for turbulent flows in vegetated area were derived with the assumption that vegetation is of straight and rigid cylinder. The effect of vegetation on flow motion was represented by additional inertial and drag forces. The new model was validated by available experimental data for open channel flows passing through vegetated areas with different vegetation size, density and distribution. Numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the flow around a supposed isolated vegetated pile was simulated and the effects of vegetation density on the wake flow were discussed. It is found that the presence of vegetation, even at a very low density, has the pronounced influence on the dissipation of flow energy, both inside the vegetation domain and outside it in the wake flow region.     

船舶在波浪中大幅度运动的工程算法

本文基于切片理论，计入船体运动时湿表面及其对船体流体动力性能的影响，提出了一种船舶在波浪中大幅度运动的工程估算方法，并通过对一系列６０船型计算，考虑了船舶在迎流中大幅度运动昱的运动特性、与波面的相对运动和船体瞬时受力。这一方法简单实用，对船舶方案设计有积极的意义。     

WAVE MAKING COMPUTATION IN TIME DOMAIN FOR MULTI-HULL SHIPS

1. INTRODUCTION For high-speed displacement ships, the wave making at the free surface is an important hydro- dynamic performance. The wave making reduction has attracted more attention for ship designers. The ship wave resistance and ship hull form improvement have been widely investigated. The thin ship theory adopting the Havelock source distribution on the ship centerline plane can be used to analyze the ship wave making profile and the ship wave resistance may be obtained by ship wav…     

An iterative Rankine boundary element method for wave diffraction of a ship with forward speed

A 3-D time-domain seakeeping analysis tool has been newly developed by using a higher-order boundary element method with the Rankine source as the kernel function. An iterative time-marching scheme for updating both kinematic and dynamic free-surface boundary conditions is adopted for achieving numerical accuracy and stability. A rectangular computational domain moving with the mean speed of ship is introduced. A damping beach at the outer portion of the truncated free surface is installed for satisfying the radiation condition. After numerical convergence checked, the diffraction unsteady problem of a Wigley hull traveling with a constant forward speed in waves is studied. Extensive results including wave exciting forces, wave patterns and pressure distributions on the hull are presented to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed 3-D time-domain iterative Rankine BEM approach. Computed results are compared to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data and other published numerical solutions.     

Time domain simulations of radiation and diffraction by a Rankine panel method

The radiation and the diffraction of a ship with a forward speed are studied by using a time domain Rankine panel method. The free surface conditions are linearized onto an undisturbed free surface based on the double body flow. The linearized body boundary condition is applied on the mean wetted hull surface. The fluid domain boundary is discretized by a collection of quadric panels. The unknown quantities, including the free surface elevation, the normal flux over the free surface and the potential on the fluid domain boundary, are determined at each time step. The numerical results are compared with experimental data and other numerical solutions, showing satisfactory agreements.     

饱和土中端承桩非完全黏结下的竖向振动特性

建立了考虑桩土非完全黏结条件下端承桩在饱和土中竖向振动的模型，将土视为线弹性饱和多孔介质，桩简化为一维弹性杆件。通过引入势函数，采用分离变量法对饱和两相介质动力固结方程解耦，求得桩受任意激振力作用下的桩土耦合系统解析解。计算结果表明，桩土非完全黏结条件下桩振动引起的饱和土中孔压分布略小于完全黏结条件下的，其影响幅度随激振频率的增加而增大，随渗透系数的减小而增加。桩顶的频率和时域响应研究结果表明，桩土接触面条件对桩顶动力响应有显著影响。经分析，增大击发能量使桩土出现非完全黏结状态可以加大有效测桩深度。     

驶经桥墩船体非定常水动力相互作用数值预报

应用CFD软件对船舶通过桥区时的船体-桥墩水动力相互作用进行数值研究,通过使用动网格技术及UDF进行船舶运动过程中的网格更新,对船舶沿直线航线匀速驶经桥墩时的非定常粘性流场进行数值模拟,对桥墩诱导的船体非定常水动力进行数值预报,其中假设船舶航速很小,因而自由面兴波的影响可以忽略。以一艘集装箱船和一个垂直柱体桥墩模型为例,选取不同的船体-桥墩横向距离进行了数值计算,得到了作用在船体上的横向力和转首力矩时历曲线,分析了船体-桥墩横向距离对船体非定常水动力的影响。     

Effect of internal sloshing on added resistance of ship

The motion responses of ships carrying liquid cargo are affected not only by external wave excitation, but also by internal sloshing-induced forces and moments. Sloshing flow is coupled with the ship motion. This means the added resistance in waves may change when sloshing occurs inside the tank of the ship. In this study, the motion responses and added resistance of a ship, coupled with the sloshing-induced internal forces and moments are considered by using the linear potential theory. The three-dimensional Rankine panel method, in which the physical quantities are represented by using B-spline basis function, is applied. The sloshing flow of inner tanks is also simulated by using the Rankine panel method and linearized boundary value problem. To study the added resistance, a near-field method, which integrates the second-order pressure on a body surface, is applied. The model ship is a blunt modified Wigley model with two inner tanks. Numerical results obtained without inner tanks are compared with the experimental data, and then the effect of filling ratio of inner tanks on ship motion and added resistance are observed. The components that induce added resistance are examined, and the effects of surge motion on sloshing flow and added resistance are briefly considered. This study shows that the sloshing flow inside the inner tanks may significantly influence not only the motion responses, but also added resistance, especially, when the incident wave frequency approaches the resonance frequency of the sloshing flow.