齿向修形直齿轮系统动力学特性分析

研究了直齿轮齿向修形对齿轮系统振动特性的影响。首先考虑直齿轮齿向修形偏差,将轮齿沿轴向离散成若干宽度相等的薄片,建立了齿轮副啮合刚度模型。然后以一对直齿轮副为例,分别使用有限元法和本文方法分析了齿轮副啮合刚度,结果表明所提方法能够快速准确求解齿向修形直齿轮副的啮合刚度。最后建立齿轮系统有限元模型,分析了齿向修形对系统固有特性、振动响应特性的影响。研究结果表明:齿向修形降低了齿轮副啮合刚度,考虑齿向修形后齿轮系统弯扭耦合固有频率减小,齿轮系统响应的共振峰出现了偏移。研究结果可为齿向修形齿轮的动态响应计算和结构设计提供理论依据。     

齿廓修形人字齿轮副时变啮合刚度计算方法

为准确计算考虑轮齿修形和受载变形的人字齿轮副啮合刚度,推导了含齿顶和齿根修形的人字齿轮齿面方程,基于势能法和数值积分公式,提出了计及齿廓修形参数和退刀槽宽度的人字齿轮啮合刚度精确计算方法,并通过有限元仿真分析验证了算法的正确性;而后分析了不同退刀槽宽度、修形参数及输入转矩等对人字齿轮副重合度和啮合刚度的影响规律。结果表明,单侧斜齿轮齿宽不变而退刀槽宽度增大,人字齿轮副啮合刚度增大;随着修形量和修形长度的增加,重合度和啮合刚度减小,而修形曲线阶次增大,重合度和啮合刚度呈增大趋势,但当修形曲线阶次高于四次时,啮合刚度变化不大;输入转矩增大时,重合度和啮合刚度先增大而后不再变化。     

考虑修形的斜齿轮系统非线性激励与动力学特性研究

斜齿轮的啮合刚度与轮齿误差的求解是三维空间问题,其修形后的啮合刚度计算方法不同于直齿轮,而传统解析方法在计算斜齿轮啮合刚度时没有考虑斜齿轮啮合线和啮合位置的三维空间位置,无法准确得到修形后的斜齿轮系统啮合刚度激励与误差激励。建立综合考虑齿廓修形和齿向修形的刚度与误差非线性耦合激励模型,研究不同齿廓修形参数与齿向修形参数对斜齿轮啮合刚度以及系统动力学特性的影响规律;以系统振动加速度幅值最小为优化目标,确定斜齿轮系统的最佳修形值,利用数值方法得到斜齿轮系统的振动加速度幅频响应曲线,研究结果发现:选取的最佳修形参数可有效降低斜齿轮齿数交替区啮合刚度的波动,大幅度降低共振点附近的振动加速度幅值;最后通过建立的齿轮传动系统实验平台进行系统动力学特性实验研究,验证了理论模型及分析结果的正确性。     

波动转矩下渐开线直齿轮传动齿廓修形研究

分析了齿轮转速波动和齿面、齿背啮合相位差对啮合点的影响,结合单、双齿啮合和修形边界条件并采用解析法计算啮合刚度,建立了与齿轮实际运动状态和啮合状态相关的非线性啮合刚度模型,该模型可与齿轮非线性动力学方程实时反馈,更加准确地描述齿轮传动过程中的啮合刚度。建立了考虑间隙、非线性啮合刚度的2自由度单级齿轮传动非线性动力学模型,在波动转矩的作用下,对比研究齿廓修形参数对齿轮动态特性的影响。研究结果表明:修形量对齿轮动态特性影响显著,存在最优修形量使动载系数达到最小;当修形量超过某临界值齿轮产生单边或双边冲击现象,齿轮动载荷明显增加;外载荷一定,增加修形长度可降低动载系数最小值;波动转矩作用下,齿轮的最大修形量为最小转矩作用下单齿啮合最高点的变形量。     

内平动齿轮副啮合综合刚度与系统的分岔特性

用机构反转法将内平动齿轮副转化为定轴齿轮副,然后用有限元方法分析了该内啮合定轴齿轮副的啮合综合刚度,并使用FFT变换得到其频谱特性,进而得到了内平动齿轮副的啮合综合刚度的频谱特性,在此基础上,考虑了齿侧间隙的非线性因素,进一步得到存在多齿接触的时变啮合刚度下内平动齿轮副的运动微分方程。然后,用经典的显式四阶Rouge-Kutta法对系统的各个参数进行了数值计算,得到系统的参数分岔图,并分析了各参数对系统动力学行为的影响。为内平动齿轮副的设计参数选择提供理论依据。     

面齿轮传动啮合刚度分析与修形减振优化

为准确求解面齿轮传动的啮合刚度,基于齿轮的承载接触分析(LTCA)技术,综合考虑变位、小轮偏置、齿面修形以及安装误差,提出了面齿轮传动啮合刚度计算方法,并验证了该方法的精确性。分析了负载、变位、小轮偏置和安装误差对面齿轮传动综合啮合刚度均值和波动幅值的影响,并将LTCA技术与遗传算法相结合,建立了面齿轮传动修形减振优化模型。研究结果表明:面齿轮传动综合啮合刚度幅值波动较大,存在阶跃突变现象,但波动幅值对负载、变位、小轮偏置和安装误差并不敏感,而综合啮合刚度均值受负载、小轮偏置和安装误差影响较大,且在3类安装误差中,轴夹角误差对综合啮合刚度均值影响最大;优化小轮修形参数后使综合啮合刚度的波动幅值大幅下降,从而可有效减小面齿轮传动的振动和噪声。     

融合齿背接触机理的圆柱斜齿轮振动特性分析与双面修形优化研究

为了更合理地分析高速圆柱斜齿轮非线性振动特性、有效抑制齿面振动。通过考虑增/减速状态的轮齿承载接触模型,建立了考虑齿背接触特性的圆柱斜齿轮动态啮合刚度,得出齿面啮合刚度同时与啮合时间和齿面振动位移之间的耦合机理;进一步建立考虑齿面/齿背啮合刚度、线外啮合冲击激励的高转速圆柱斜齿轮传动系统非线性振动模型,并在此基础上展开同时计及齿面、齿背接触状态的双齿面减振修形优化研究。实例计算结果表明,计及齿背啮合刚度的振动加速度明显大于未考虑齿背啮合刚度的振动加速度,且系统表现出更加复杂的分叉特性;相较于标准齿面和单面修形,双面修形的圆柱斜齿轮具有最小的齿面振动加速度,且双面修形齿面在减缓圆柱齿轮振动的同时,也增大了系统可供稳定工作的转速区间范围,具有较好的工程实际应用价值,对提升系统稳定性设计有着积极的指导意义。     

混合修形斜齿轮转子系统振动特性分析

由于制造、安装误差和轮齿变形等因素,齿轮在啮合过程中难免产生振动、冲击和噪声,对斜齿轮齿廓进行适当修形可以有效改善啮合状态,提升传动的平稳性.基于轮齿承载接触分析理论提出含齿顶修形和齿向修形两种方式的斜齿轮混合修形方法,建立计算考虑混合修形的斜齿轮时变啮合刚度模型,并通过ANSYS验证了该模型的有效性;基于提出的模型分...     

考虑齿顶修形和时变中心距的渐开线直齿轮振动特性研究

针对渐开线直齿轮,考虑时变中心距推导了动态啮合角、动态间隙的解析表达式,考虑时变转速、时变中心距和齿顶修形,并采用解析方法得到了齿轮的动态啮合刚度,在此基础上建立了齿轮啮合模型。考虑几何偏心、齿向偏载力矩和陀螺力矩,建立了单级齿轮传动系统10自由度横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型。将非线性动力学模型和齿轮啮合模型进行耦合计算,对比分析了转速和扭矩对不同修形齿轮振动特性的影响。结果表明:当转速超过某临界值,短修形齿轮的振动载荷大于无修形齿轮,而长修形齿轮不存在临界转速;随着扭矩的增加,无修形齿轮的啮合力峰峰值呈线性比例增加,短修形齿轮和长修形齿轮的啮合力峰峰值近似呈先减小后增大的趋势变化,说明在某扭矩下修形齿轮的振动载荷最小,且长修形对应的扭矩大于短修形;短修形和长修形齿轮均存在临界扭矩,当扭矩小于该临界值时,修形齿轮的振动载荷大于无修形齿轮,且长修形对应临界扭矩小于短修形。     

齿面修形对人字齿轮啮合刚度影响分析与试验研究

为了准确地计算考虑轴向窜动的人字齿轮时变啮合刚度,建立考虑轴向窜动的人字齿轮轮齿承载接触分析模型,在此基础上推导考虑安装误差的人字齿轮轮齿综合啮合刚度,分析不同载荷下的啮合刚度变化特性;采用遗传算法对人字齿轮齿面展开以轮齿啮合刚度波动幅值为目标的齿面三维修形优化设计。以某单级人字齿轮副为对象的实例计算表明,考虑轴向窜动的人字齿轮副啮合刚度随着外载的增加而增加,且增长幅度随着载荷增加而减缓,最后刚度均值及其波形幅值均趋于稳态。搭建人字齿轮封闭功率流式试验台,给出利用高精度圆光栅对人字齿轮啮合刚度的测量方法,结果表明,理论计算与试验测量的人字齿轮啮合刚度随啮合周期变化波形基本保持一致,在给定负载下,最大偏差小于8.8%,且修形前后啮合刚度波动幅值变化趋势亦保持一致。     

Experimental investigation of spur gear tooth mesh stiffness in the presence of crack using photoelasticity technique

Gear mesh stiffness plays a very important role in gear dynamics and it varies in the presence of gear fault such as crack. The measurement of stress intensity factor can lead to the determination of gear tooth mesh stiffness variation in the presence of crack in a spur gear system. In this paper, the technique of conventional photoelasticity has been revisited to explore the possibility of using it as a supplementary technique to experimentally measure the variation of gear mesh stiffness. An attempt has been made to calculate the variation of mesh stiffness for a pinion having a cracked tooth and a gear tooth with no crack of a spur gear pair. An analytical methodology based on elastic strain energy method in conjunction with total potential energy model has been adopted and implemented within the mesh stiffness calculations. To visualize the state of stress in a structure using finite element and other currently available methods, photoelasticity is considered to be one of the oldest and most developed experimental technique. An experimental methodology based on conventional photo-elasticity technique for computing stress intensity factor (SIF) for cracked spur gear tooth is presented for different single tooth contact position and crack length. The relation between contact position, crack length, crack configuration, SIF and the variation of total effective mesh stiffness have been quantified. Finally, a comparison has been made and the results obtained from finite element method (FEM) based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), analytical method and proposed experimental method has been outlined.     

Time-varying mesh stiffness calculation of spur gears with spalling defect

Considering the effects of extended tooth contact (ETC), revised fillet-foundation stiffness under double-tooth engagement region, nonlinear contact stiffness and tooth spalling defect, an analytical model for time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) calculation of spur gears is established. In addition, the analytical model is also verified by comparing the TVMS under different spalling widths, lengths and locations with that obtained from finite element method. The results show that gear mesh stiffness decreases sharply with the increase of spalling width, especially during the single-tooth engagement; the spalling length only has an effect on the beginning and ending of gear mesh stiffness reduction; the spalling location can affect the range of gear mesh stiffness reduction, and the range will reduce when the spalling location is close to the addendum. This study can provide a theoretical basis for spalling defect diagnosis.     

Simulation of crack propagation in spur gear tooth for different gear parameter and its influence on mesh stiffness

Most of the gear dynamic model relies on the analytical measurement of time varying gear mesh stiffness in the presence of a tooth fault. The variation in gear mesh stiffness reflects the severity of tooth damage. This paper proposes a cumulative reduction index (CRI) which uses a variable crack intersection angle to study the effect of different gear parameters on total time varying mesh stiffness. A linear elastic fracture mechanics based two dimensional FRANC (FRacture ANalysis Code) finite element computer program is used to simulate the crack propagation in a single tooth of spur gear at root level. A total potential energy model and variable crack intersection angle approach is adopted to calculate the percentage change in total mesh stiffness using simulated straight line and predicted crack trajectory information. A low contact ratio spur gear pair has been simulated and the effect of crack path on mesh stiffness has been studied under different gear parameters like pressure angle, fillet radius and backup ratio. The percentage reduction of total mesh stiffness for the simulated straight line and predicted crack path is quantified by CRI. The CRI helps in comparing the percentage variation in mesh stiffness for consecutive crack. From the result obtained, it is observed that the proposed method is able to reflect the effect of different gear parameters with increased deterioration level on total gear mesh stiffness values.     

Meshing characteristics of spur gear pair under different crack types

The effects of three different gear crack types such as, for example, the crack along tooth width uniformly and the crack propagating in the depth direction (crack type 1, CT1), the crack along tooth width non-uniformly and the crack propagating in both the depth and the tooth width directions (crack type 2, CT2), and the spatial crack propagating in the depth, the tooth width and the tooth profile directions (crack type 3, CT3) on the time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) of spur gear pairs are investigated in this study. Firstly, an analytical model for studying these three types of cracks is established based on potential energy method. A finite element (FE) model of the cracked spur gear pair is also built in the ANSYS software as well. In order to verify the analytical method, the TVMS obtained from analytical method is compared with that obtained from FE method under different crack types. Moreover, the effects of the depth, the length and the height of crack are discussed. The equivalent stress, contact pressure and displacement of tooth are also analyzed under different crack types by using the FE method. The results show that the effect of crack depth on TVMS is the largest, while that of the crack height is the smallest, and the non-penetrating crack for CT2 and CT3 will generate the non-uniform load distribution along tooth width.     

基于齿轮传动系统横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型的齿廓修形优化设计

基于齿轮传动系统动力学模型的齿廓修形优化设计可真实地反映修形参数对齿轮动态特性的影响。考虑几何偏心、陀螺力矩和齿向偏载力矩,建立了单级齿轮传动系统10自由度横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型。提出了考虑齿轮实际运动状态并可适用于齿廓修形齿轮的啮合刚度模型,并采用解析法计算啮合刚度。为了降低齿轮传动系统的振动和噪声,以减小齿轮传动系统的动载系数为目标,建立了基于齿轮传动系统横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型的齿廓修形优化模型。对某重载车辆齿轮传动系统进行了齿廓修形优化设计,优化结果有效的降低了齿轮的动载荷,可为设计低振动和低噪声的齿轮传动系统提供依据。     

Crack behavior in a high contact ratio spur gear tooth and its effect on mesh stiffness

The efficiency of high contact ratio (HCR) gearing can be achieved by proper selection of gear geometry for increased load capacity and smoother operation despite of their high sliding velocities. The prediction of variation in mesh stiffness of HCR gearing is critical as the average number of teeth being in contact is high at a given time as compared to conventional low contact ratio (LCR) gearing. In this paper, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) based finite element method is used to perform the crack propagation path studies of HCR spur gear having tooth root crack for two gear parameters viz. backup ratio and pressure angle. A total potential energy model has been adopted to analytically estimate the mesh stiffness variation. The results depict the mesh stiffness reduction in the presence of the crack. The percentage change in mesh stiffness with increasing crack length is an important parameter in fault diagnosis of geared transmission. Higher the percentage change in mesh stiffness, easier to detect the fault. Two gear parameters viz. back-up ratio and pressure angle has been studied and the effect of crack length on mesh stiffness have been outlined. With the increase of deterioration level gears having lower back-up ratio fault can be detected at an early stage, similarly, chances for early fault detection is more for gears having higher pressure angle.     

Time varying mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear pair considering sliding friction and spalling defects

Spalling is one of the common tooth surface failures of gear teeth and is defined as the formation of deeper cavities that are mainly developed from subsurface defects. The time varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) of gear pairs, gives significant information about the health of the system. The change indirection of time varying friction on both sides of the pitch line causes the change of gear mesh stiffness. This article proposes a computer simulation based approach to study the effect of time varying friction coefficient on the total effective mesh stiffness for the spur gear pair. An analytical method to calculate the TVMS of the spur gear for different spall shapes, size and location considering sliding friction is also proposed in this study. The results show that spall shape, size and location are very important parameters that need to be considered for calculation of TVMS and subsequently to know the dynamic response of the gear pair in the presence of a spall.     

Analytical model for mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear pair with non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack

Gear tooth crack is likely to happen when a gear transmission train is working under excessive and/or long-term dynamic loads. Its appearance will reduce the effective tooth thickness for load carrying, and thus cause a reduction in mesh stiffness and influence the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system, which enables the possibility for gear fault detection from variations of the dynamic features. Accurate mesh stiffness calculation is required for improving the prediction accuracy of the dynamic features with respect to the tooth crack fault. In this paper, an analytical mesh stiffness calculation model for non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack along tooth width is proposed based on previous studies. It enables a good prediction on the mesh stiffness for a spur gear pair with both incipient and larger tooth cracks. This method is verified by comparisons with other analytical models and finite element model (FEM) in previous papers. Finally, a dynamic model of a gear transmission train is developed to simulate the dynamic responses when cracks with different dimensions are seeded in a gear tooth, which could reveal the effect of the tooth root crack on the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system. The results indicate that both the mesh stiffness and the dynamic response results show that the proposed analytical model is an alternative method for mesh stiffness calculation of cracked spur gear pairs with a good accuracy for both small and large cracks.     

An elastic–plastic asperity contact model and its application for micro-contact analysis of gear tooth profiles

This paper presents a continuous elastic–plastic asperity contact model with or without the consideration of friction to investigate the micro-contact properties of gear tooth profiles. The model for normal or side contact analysis is established according to Hertz contact theory and the asperity morphology feature, which yields to similar results as obtained from the model proposed by Chang W.R., Etsion I., and Bogy D.B. (CEB model) and the model proposed by Kogut L. and Etsion I. (KE model). More importantly, this model avoids the constant average contact stress as predicted by the CEB model, and the noncontinuous contact stress and deformation within the ultimate strength as given by the KE model. As a application of the present theoretical model in micro-contact analysis of rough tooth profiles, a finite element model (FE model) for elastic–plastic asperity in normal or side contact is established according to the measured surface parameters of a spur gear pair. It is shown that the extreme point of Von Mise stress of the asperities along the normal vector is ascertained by FE model, and that the extreme point is relative to the initial occurrence of the asperities plastic deformation. Compared with the present theoretical model, the similar normal contact stress along the contact radius is attained by FE model. Though the contact stress isogram in the specific plane in normal or side contact of the asperities is a circle or ellipse respectively when the plastic deformation is expanded from the inside of the asperities to their surfaces, it is in line with the distribution of elastic and plastic region of the theoretical model. Compared with CEB model, KE model, and FE model, the consistent results are attained by the present theoretical model in elastic–plastic asperity contact analysis. The results indicate that the theoretical model is applicable to the elastic–plastic asperity contact analysis on the rough surface of a spur gear drive.     

Effect of shaft misalignment and friction force on time varying mesh stiffness of spur gear pair

Shaft misalignment and sliding friction between meshing teeth are considered as primary excitation to generate vibrations and extra dynamic loads on transmitting gear teeth. Time varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) is an important parameter to understand the dynamics of meshing gear pair. Potential energy method is one of the most acceptable methods to calculate TVMS. This paper proposes a computer simulation based approach to study the effect of shaft misalignment and friction on total effective mesh stiffness for spur gear pair. The results showed clearly that misalignment and friction affect TVMS of gear pair. The effect of misalignment and friction has also been studied for cracked gear pair and results are discussed.