混合装配线平衡中的工效学和装配空间联合优化研究

针对混合装配线的平衡优化目前主要是以提高生产效率为目的,很少同时考虑操作者的工效学负荷和装配空间限制等因素的问题,本文从操作者的作业负荷和空间约束两个方面出发,以最小化工位个数和平滑指数为优化目标,构建考虑工效学和空间约束的装配线平衡优化模型,采用遗传算法获得最优解;最后,通过实际案例做对比分析,验证了模型和算法的有效性。     

电子设备方舱人机工效评价指标体系及应用研究

目的 雷达电子设备方舱的人机工效评价指标体系与评价模型构建.方法 基于雷达作业过程中的人机工效重点问题分析,融合采用焦点小组法与德尔菲法构建基于SHEL模型的电子设备方舱人机工效评价指标体系,并通过问卷法收集A/B两型电子设备方舱的主观评价数据进行工效学评价.结果 人机工效评价模型数据结果显示,B型雷达主观满意度略优于...     

智能交互系统中人机组队协同工效提升的模型构建

目的 智能交互系统在城市救援及日常生活中应用越来越广泛,探讨了人机组队作业中人机协同工效提升的内在机制和规律,以构建人机组队协同的相容性理论模型并应用于复杂系统中人机组队的设计和优化。方法 采用跨学科交叉分析和文献调研分析的方法,分别对认知心理学、工程心理学和计算机科学等不同领域文献进行充分检索和分析,系统梳理了从智能体的界面设计及自动化水平、操作员状态与情境感知能力、人机关系及交互方式等对人机协同工效的影响因素;并通过共享心理模型、自然主义决策模型、多重表征模型尝试对人机如何协同的机制进行探讨和分析,指出了目前研究中存在的问题和不足。在此基础上提出较为系统的智能交互系统中人机组队相容性理论模型。结果 该模型通过对人、智能体、环境和任务特征进行分析,并从物理相容性、认知相容性和情感相容性三个角度,对人机组队协同工效提升的内在规律和机制进行深入探讨,有效提升人机组队协同的系统工效和用户体验,避免安全事故的发生。结论 智能交互系统中人机组队的相容性模型可用于未来人机协同工效提升的理论和实践研究,也可用于未来智能人机交互系统,特别是智能化时代人机组队的设计和优化,满足众多复杂的人机系统(如商用飞机驾驶舱、核电站中央控制室)人机高效协同设计的需求,为建立自然高效人机协同作业的交互模式提供科学依据。     

网店从业人员MSDs的职业病研究

旨在研究MSDs职业病在网店从业人群中的分布情况和影响因素,并给出相应改善建议。研究采用肌肉骨骼疾患调查表,发现样本的年患病率高达94.7%,其中以颈部和肩部患病率最高。因此,需从人体工效学角度科学地设计办公间的布局和人机界面,合理调整工作姿势,尽量保持高频率的工间休息,并结合有氧运动、柔韧练习等运动疗法,以缓解和治疗MSDs。     

虚拟环境中最佳观察视场角的实验研究

虚拟环境视场角的设置对其能否真实地模拟现实场景和被试者对其中目标判断 (即大小和角度判断 )有很大的影响 ,为此文章进行了最佳的观察视场角的实验研究。首先选定被试并在基于PC平台的虚拟现实工效学实验系统上进行一定人次的预实验 ,确定虚拟环境中进行实验时观察任务的差别和视场角的影响等级 ,然后 4 5名被试头戴头盔进行单因素、4水平的完全随机实验。方差分析表明 ,虚拟环境中视场角设置对人的判断工效具有显著性影响 ,同时 ,当视场角为 6 0°时 ,被试对其中目标判断的准确性最大。因此 ,利用VR技术进行工效设计、操作训练或其他任务的研究时 ,应考虑视场角的作用 ,它的值宜取 6 0° ,这时对人的判读工效较为有利     

选择不同负荷组合对测试多联机IPLV的影响

指出综合性能系数（IPLV）与部分负荷Q2（75%±10%）,Q3（50%±10%）和Q4（25%±10%）之间的关系,并用实例说明当采用不同的部分负荷组合进行IPLV测试时,有时会得到不同的测试结果.     

呼伦贝尔传统马鞍形态人机工效因素研究

目的 针对传统马鞍形态随机性、活态性和多样性等问题,提出并构建传统马鞍形态与人机工效研究模型,探究马鞍形态与人、马匹之间形态界面存在的合理性与宜人性,推动传统马鞍良好的创新与传承。方法 通过田野调查与分析比较,选取呼伦贝尔传统马鞍为研究对象,运用形态分析法解析马鞍形态构成,运用人机分析法搭建交叉形态界面,分别从骑乘姿态、骑乘动势、鞍马适配等方面对形态界面展开工效因素研究。结果 根据马鞍形态与人机工效因素构建的研究模型是切实可行的,能够解决传统器物与当代设计之间的界面问题。通过设计验证,得到马鞍形态的应用满足对人与马匹的工效学要求。结论 构建的传统马鞍形态与人机工效研究模型,对几种骑乘状态下的马鞍形态界面与骑乘者宜人性及舒适性等工效因素进行了系统论证与设计实践。     

基于认知负荷理论的雷达信息视图交互设计策略研究

目的 以降低操作者认知负荷为目标从人机认知任务分配角度探讨雷达界面信息图的交互设计策略.方法 对基于雷达信息图的系统观察任务流程进行分析,基于新型人机协同、人机合作视角探讨系统人机功能分配的原则,采用认知负荷评测方法,通过用户绩效测量和NASA-TLX量表,采集分析任务完成的时间、正确率及认知负荷水平,比较不同的人机分工方案对操作者认知负荷的影响.结果 基于新的人机功能分配策略的设计方案中,用户完成时间、正确率均大于初始方案,完成任务的认知负荷小于初始设计方案.结论 复杂信息界面的信息呈现与交互设计,可以通过系统功能在人机之间的合理分配,充分发挥人机各自优势,降低操作者的认知负荷,提高观测准确率,提高系统绩效.     

体感交互中的基础点击任务工效评估

随着以微软Kinect为代表的体感设备的问世,人机交互跨入了体感交互的新时代,为用户在交互过程中带来了更大的自由度。作为一种新兴的交互设备,有必要对其进行全面而深入的人机工效评估研究。费茨法则(Fitts'law)是传统人机工效研究的理论基础,具有广泛的适用性和有效性。本文设计了一个简便易行的基于Kinect检测跟踪的光标驱动策略,并通过点击实验检验了费茨法则在体感交互场景中的有效性,同时还分析对比了体感交互在不同运动方向上的人机工效和稳定性的差异。结果表明即便在不同运动方向条件下,体感交互的人机工效也依然服从费茨法则。本文的评估研究对相应的用户界面设计具有很好的理论参考意义。     

空调器安装盒装配线的再造

运用企业再造工程,工作研究,物流技术和工效学等工业工程思想和技术,彻底改造了一个空调器制造厂中的安装盒装配线,收到了较好的效果。     

CAD and Video Somatograpby: A liaison for creating ergonomic work systems†

CAD systems and other planning instruments are used more and more in designing manual and partly automated work systems. Ergonomic aspects are often not taken into consideration because of a lack of usable ergonomic design instruments. On the other side, a planning system for the dimensional designing of movement facilities was developed and used with success in West Germany—the Video Somatography. In connecting the two different systems, a new integrated ergonomic system was created. Thereby workplaces can be planned and designed using ergonomic and technical criteria in an optimal way. Further advantages are expected by integrating ergonomic knowledge into the system. With this, it will be possible for the workplanner to get information about ergonomic and economic conditions (workload, strength, assembly duration, etc.)     

Workers’ rest allowance and smoothing of the workload in assembly lines

Ergonomic aspects have a crucial role in manual assembly systems. They impact on the workers’ health, final product quality and productivity. For these reasons, there is the necessity to integrate them into the assembly line balancing phase as, whereas, only time and cost variables are considered. In this study, human energy expenditures are considered as ergonomic aspects and we integrate them, for the first time, into the assembly line balancing problem type 2 through the rest allowance evaluation. We consider as an objective function the minimization of the smoothness index. Firstly, a new optimal method based on mixed integer linear programming and a new linearization methodology are proposed. Then, a heuristic approach is introduced. To complete the study, a computational experimentation is presented to validate the mathematical model and to compare the methodologies proposed in terms of computational time, complexity and solution. Additionally, we provide a detailed analysis of the impact that rest allowance evaluation can have on productivity comparing the results obtained, taking into account the rest allowance integration before, during and after the assembly balancing process.     

Modified method time measurements for ergonomic planning of production systems in the manufacturing industry

The paper reports on an evaluation of a method called ErgoSAM. This method is based on SAM, a higher-level method-time-measurement (MTM) system, and is for use by production planners, e.g. production engineers. In addition to the SAM information, the ErgoSAM method considers information on weight handled or forces applied and work zone. The method is designed to predict the physical demands of work postures, force and repetitivity, according to a scientific model, the Cube model. In co-operation with the Volvo Car Corporation, six work-stations of an assembly line were analysed by a production engineer using ErgoSAM. The total assembly time analysed was about 17 minutes. The results were compared to results from ergonomic analyses made by an ergonomist using the Volvo Car Corporation's standards. The results showed that ErgoSAM predicts work situations of high physical stress for the workers. However, the method does not consider stressful positions for the hand, wrist and neck or mental stress. The production engineer judged the ErgoSAM analyses to require about 5% more time than SAM analyses alone. It is concluded that the method shows considerable promise for predicting physically stressful work situations, but needs to be further evaluated and refined.     

Ergonomic workplace design in the fast pick area

The aging society in many developed countries has made an ergonomic workplace design to an important topic among researchers and practitioners alike. We investigate the workplace design for order pickers that manually collect items from the shelves of a warehouse. Specifically, we treat the storage assignment, i.e., the placement of products in shelves of different height, and zoning, i.e., the partitioning of the storage space into areas assigned to separate pickers, in the fast pick area of a warehouse. A fast pick area unifies the most fast-moving items in a compact area, so that workers are relieved from unproductive travel, but face extraordinary ergonomic risks due to the frequent repetition of picking operations. Concerning the health of (aged) workers, it is crucial to reduce such risks. Thus, we define a combined ergonomic storage assignment and zoning problem with the objective of minimizing the maximum ergonomic burden among all workers. This problem is formalized, and two construction heuristics and a tabu search procedure are proposed. Our results show that neglecting ergonomic aspects and only focusing on picking performance leads to much higher ergonomic risks of the workforce.

     

考虑效率差异和流动分配的混流装配线工人优化

本文研究了考虑工人装配水平差异、不同工位之间可以流动分配的装配线工人优化调度，在确定混流装配线的排序后，装配工人在其最擅长的工位工作，在完成本工位的工作后参与其他工位的装配工作，定义相关的优化因素变量和约束条件，建立了考虑工人工位效率差异且可流动分配的混流装配线工人优化数学模型。采用削峰填谷算法和多种群移民算法进行工人的调整和均衡优化，利用一个三层神经网络对削峰填谷的工位进行评估选择，得到工人的最优分配方案，最后通过Matlab对举例进行了验证。算例优化后，减少了2名装配工人，并提高了装配线的平衡率。     

Inserting cost effectiveness to the ergonomic equation when considering practical solutions

From a practical point of view, the cost effectiveness of ergonomic solutions is often questioned. Many times managers omit ergonomic solutions because of their high cost. This paper introduces a way to implement cost effective ergonomic solutions by coupling computer-aided design and predetermined motion time systems. This is done by generating a comparison between the operation times and body motions used in existing and safer work situations. We demonstrate using two case studies how solutions may impact operation times and stress, to which workers are subjected, which may be expressed in relaxation allowances required for resting and recovery. The ‘final product’ which may interest management the most, the ergonomic recommendations, is presented in easy to understand figures and numbers, including time to return on investment on relevant ergonomic solutions, which becomes possible when suggested improvements to work-situations are translated to time and cost.     

返回舱充氧扳手安装过程人机工效分析及工艺改进

返回舱充氧阀是载人飞船环控生保分系统的关键设备,为解决安装充氧扳手过程中存在的人机工效问题,提高充氧扳手安装精度,提出了一种基于仿真的系统分析与改进方法。建立了返回舱和充氧扳手模型,通过JACK软件对充氧扳手安装过程进行仿真。给出在人工装配过程中需要考虑的人机工效因素,包括可达性、可视性、操作空间、舒适性,再在仿真软件中分析操作过程中人、工具与返回舱侧壁的碰撞、可视域、下背部受力。根据分析结果从人机工效和装配工艺两方面对充氧扳手安装过程提出改进意见。经过论证,这种基于仿真的系统分析与改进方法能够发现人工装配中存在的问题,降低人体受力28%,提高可视性和装配工艺精度。     

Sequencing mixed-model assembly lines to minimise the number of work overload situations

The mixed-model sequencing problem is to sequence different product models launched down an assembly line, so that work overload at the stations induced by direct succession of multiple labour-intensive models is avoided. As a concept of clearing overload situations, especially applied by Western automobile producers, a team of cross-trained utility workers stands by to support the regular workforce. Existing research assumes that regular and utility workers assemble side-by-side in an overload situation, so that the processing speed is doubled and the workpiece can be finished inside a station's boundaries. However, in many real-world assembly lines the application of utility workers is organised completely differently. Whenever it is foreseeable that a work overload will occur in a production cycle, a utility worker takes over to exclusively execute work, whereas the regular worker omits the respective cycle and starts processing the successive workpiece as soon as possible. This study investigates this more realistic sequencing problem and presents a binary linear program along with a complexity proof. Different exact and heuristic solution procedures are then introduced and tested. Additional experiments show that the new model is preferable from an economic point of view whenever utility work causes considerable setup activities, for example walking to the respective station.     

A case study evaluating the ergonomic and productivity impacts of partial automation strategies in the electronics industry

A case study is presented that evaluates the impact of partial automation strategies on productivity and ergonomics. A company partly automated its assembly and transportation functions while moving from a parallel-batch to a serial line-based production system. Data obtained from company records and key informants were combined with detailed video analysis, biomechanical modelling data and field observations of the system. The new line system was observed to have 51% higher production volumes with 21% less per product labour input and lower work-in-process levels than the old batch-cart system. Partial automation of assembly operations was seen to reduce the total repetitive assembly work at the system level by 34%. Automation of transportation reduced transport labour by 63%. The strategic decision to implement line-transportation was found to increase movement repetitiveness for operators at manual assembly stations, even though workstations were constructed with consideration to ergonomics. Average shoulder elevation at these stations increased 30% and average shoulder moment increased 14%. It is concluded that strategic decisions made by designers and managers early in the production system design phase have considerable impact on ergonomic conditions in the resulting system. Automation of transport and assembly both lead to increased productivity, but only elements related to the automatic line system also increased mechanical loads on operators and hence increased the risk for work-related disorders. Suggestions for integrating the consideration of ergonomics into production system design are made.