不锈钢316L间接选区激光烧结工艺参数优化研究

在不锈钢间接选区激光烧结过程中,由于存在温度梯度场,将产生较大的残余应力和翘曲变形,从而会降低成型件的烧结精度。为了提高不锈钢件的激光烧结成型质量,对316L间接选区激光烧结耦合热应力场进行了数值模拟分析,与烧结实验进行了对比研究。研究表明,模拟结果与烧结实验的实物变形趋势相吻合,验证了模拟的正确性。采用该模拟方案,结合正交试验方法对激光功率、扫描间距、扫描速度和预热温度等4个工艺参数进行了优化,获得了一组最优工艺设计参数。研究结果为间接选区激光烧结成形质量提供了有力的工艺参数判据,具有重要的经济价值和应用前景。     

轧制制备铝/镁复合板数值模拟和翘曲变形控制

目的 选用5052铝合金与AZ31B镁合金作为复合材料进行热轧复合,研究铝/镁复合板轧制过程的数值模拟和翘曲变形控制.方法 对铝/镁复合板在不同轧制温度、轧制压下率和轧辊预加热轧制工艺下的热轧过程进行模拟.对轧制变形区铝/镁复合板的应力分布进行分析,讨论其对铝/镁复合板变形协调性的影响.最后在不同轧制工艺下进行单道次热轧实验,制备铝/镁(5052/AZ31B)复合板并与模拟结果进行对比.结果 有限元模拟和热轧实验结果表明,随着轧制压下率的增大和轧制温度的升高,铝/镁复合板的翘曲增大;将靠近铝基体侧轧辊预加热后,可以有效改善铝/镁复合板的翘曲问题.以轧制温度450℃为例,轧制压下率逐渐增大时,复合板的延伸性逐渐增大,复合板的翘曲也逐渐增大.将下轧辊预加热到50℃,其余轧制参数不变,轧制后复合板整体较为平直,翘曲明显比轧辊未预加热时小.结论 通过轧辊预加热轧制工艺可以有效控制铝/镁复合过程中的翘曲变形问题.     

热压罐成型工艺所用框架式模具的变形分析

模具在使用过程中的变形会影响到复合材料制件的固化变形,为了控制复合材料制件的成型质量,就要了解框架式模具在热压罐固化成型工艺过程中的变形情况。建立了模具变形的数值模拟预报方法,将计算结果与实际模具测量结果进行对比,本文中所提供的有限元分析计算模型可对实际情况进行较为精确的模拟。考察了平板型框架式模具在整个固化工艺过程中的变形情况,数值计算结果表明：型面翘曲变形量与模具温度的分布有关,而与模具温度的大小无关;模具翘曲变形量的峰值出现在降温阶段的中间时刻,且该变形量能够保持一段时间;最大变形时刻整个模具型面与进入热压罐前相比中心位置的变形最大,周边位置的变形最小。     

注塑成型制品翘曲变形优化建模分析

目的 针对传统建模方法在预测的翘曲变形位置与实际偏差较大的问题,开展基于Moldflow的注塑成型制品翘曲变形优化建模分析研究.方法 通过数据模拟分析预处理、浇注体系模型构建、基于Moldflow的注塑成型制品翘曲变形过程模拟等手段,实现对注塑成型制品曲面参数优化.结果 通过对比实验证明,新的建模方法与传统建模方法相比...     

热压工艺热-化学-应力三维数值模型及有限元分析

建立了复合材料热压工艺的三维热-化学-应力耦合数学模型。该模型考虑了整个工艺周期过程中的热-化学应变、材料的黏弹性效应、各向异性及玻璃化转变温度与固化度的关系。其中热-化学模型可采用完全耦合的形式求解,而应力模型则可采用单向耦合的形式求解。对AS4/3501-6层合平板的热压工艺过程用有限元方法进行了数值模拟,得到的层合板翘曲度与实验结果相符。计算结果表明,层合板厚度减小或长度增大,都会使翘曲变形增大,而工艺压强对翘曲变形影响很小。层合板的翘曲变形随着模具与层合板热膨胀系数差距的变小而减小。       

整体化复合材料结构分阶段固化变形预报方法及其实验验证

通过测试分析了T800/环氧预浸料固化过程中性能参数的变化规律; 针对热压罐工艺条件下复合材料整体化结构分阶段成型的特点,提出了一种基于应力传递的分阶段固化变形的有限元模拟方法; 对于不同成型工艺的工型加筋壁板结构,将分阶段模拟得出的变形结果与测试结果进行了对比,并分析了成型工艺与变形量之间的关系。结果表明,本文中提出的模拟方法能够准确预报整体化结构的固化变形,变形与成型工艺密切相关,针对特定的结构与铺层,采用合理的工艺过程能够有效减小构件的固化变形。     

ABS塑料的3D打印工艺优化研究

研究了3D打印工艺参数对ABS塑料手机外壳翘曲变形量的影响,结果表明,最佳的工艺参数组合为：供料段温度为200℃,压缩段温度为210℃,均化段温度为230℃,打印速率为40 mm/s,打印平台温度为60℃。对于打印温度参数,压缩段温度和均化段温度对制件翘曲变形量影响较为显著,供料段温度影响较小;另外,打印速率和打印平台温度也对制件翘曲变形量影响较为显著。在最佳工艺组合的工艺参数下制备了10组ABS塑料手机外壳,相应制件的最大翘曲变形量为0.056 2 mm,最低为0.051 2 mm,各组制件的翘曲变形量绝对误差均较小,最大仅为0.001 8 mm,最小为0 mm。10组实验的标准差为0.000 5。     

具有初始翘曲缺陷冷轧薄带钢板形瓢曲变形行为研究

针对薄带钢冷轧生产过程中出现的翘曲复合瓢曲板形缺陷,应用扁壳理论和伽辽金虚位移原理,建立了非均匀载荷作用下屈曲变形解析计算模型,求解获得了具有初始翘曲缺陷的带钢再发生瓢曲变形的屈曲临界载荷和临界波长,讨论分析了初始翘曲对瓢曲变形的影响规律。计算结果表明,随着带钢翘曲程度的增大,瓢曲变形的屈曲临界载荷增大,即越难出现瓢曲缺陷;当翘曲为C翘缺陷时,中浪型瓢曲的屈曲临界波长随翘曲值的增大而增大,边浪型瓢曲的屈曲波长则随翘曲值的增大而减小;当翘曲为L翘和四角翘时,中浪和边浪型瓢曲的临界波长随着翘曲值的增大而减小。在实验轧机上进行轧制实验研究,通过设计工况在铝板轧制中获得了翘曲复合瓢曲的板形缺陷模态,验证了解析计算方法的正确性。同时,运用ANSYS有限元法对实验轧制工况进行仿真分析,获得了与实验结果基本一致的翘曲复合瓢曲的板形缺陷模态,和与解析计算结果吻合良好的屈曲临界条件,进一步证明了解析计算结果的准确性。     

汽车饰盖CAE分析及成型工艺优化

针对汽车饰盖塑件不仅外观要求高,而且内置众多细小筋板等复杂结构导致缩痕、翘曲变形等注塑缺陷难以控制,造成产品模具结构与成型工艺设计困难,提出了一套含复杂筋板注塑件的成型工艺参数优化方法。基于CAD/CAE技术,通过模拟分析筋板壁厚对成型质量的影响,获知筋板厚度对产品翘曲变形量影响显著,但并不呈正相关,较大的筋板厚度导致产品缩痕明显,当筋板厚度为1mm时产品缩痕达到最小值(0.02mm)。运用综合平衡法对成型参数进行优化,使产品最大翘曲变形量下降约25%,再利用斐波那契法进行分段保压优化,通过8次迭代演算后符合收敛条件,获取了理想的保压参数,最大变形量继续下降约37%,最终产品翘曲变形量满足技术要求。生产实践证明该方法简单实用,不仅解决了筋板成型缩痕及翘曲变形难以控制的问题,而且缩短了产品研发周期和节约了成本,为类似产品成型设计提供参考。     

TC4钛合金激光焊接应力变形有限元分析

基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用三维移动热源,对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形进行了数值模拟和实验研究.结果表明:钛合金激光焊接产生很大的纵向残余应力,而横向残余应力较小.激光焊接线能量增加时,纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽,峰值应力降低;而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高.在临界焊透规范以上焊接时,随焊接线能量的增大,角变形随之而减小,而横向收缩变形增大.焊件被完全穿透时,线能量对角变形的影响作用降低.钛合金激光焊接变形和残余应力实验结果与数值计算结果吻合性较好.通过焊缝金相实验分析了焊接残余应力和变形与线能量的内在关系.     

基于混沌粒子群的微齿轮注塑精密成形翘曲变形分析

目的 针对注塑加工生产的微齿轮运转一段时间后会出现严重变形的问题,对微齿轮注塑精密成形翘曲变形进行分析。方法 基于混沌粒子群建立微齿轮注塑CAE模型,获取曲面全局最优解,在此基础上,计算微齿轮注塑精密成形翘曲收缩率,得到翘曲变形量,同时优化微齿轮注塑精密成形工艺参数,分析微齿轮注塑精密成形翘曲变形情况。结果 将仿真结果与实际试验结果进行对比,得出该分析方法的预测结果与实际翘曲变化趋势完全一致。结论 微齿轮注塑中心位置的翘曲变形量最大,离中心位置越远,翘曲变形量越小。     

Prediction of shrinkage and warpage in consideration of residual stress in integrated simulation of injection molding

The accurate prediction of shrinkage and warpage of injection molded parts is important to achieve successful mold design with high precision. In this study, the numerical analysis of shrinkage and warpage of injection molded parts made of amorphous polymers was carried out in consideration of the residual stresses produced during the packing and cooling stages of injection molding. The temperature and pressure fields were obtained from the coupled analysis of the filling and post-filling stages. For residual stress analysis, a thermo-rheologically simple viscoelastic material model was introduced to consider the stress relaxation effect and to describe the mechanical behavior according to the temperature change. The effect of the additional material supply during the packing stage was modeled by assigning the reference strain. The deformation of injection molded parts after ejection induced by the residual stress and temperature change was analyzed using a linear elastic three-dimensional finite element approach. In order to verify the numerical predictions obtained from the developed program, the simulation results were compared with the available experimental data in the literature. In the case of residual stress, it was found that the present simulation results overpredicted the tensile residual stresses at the surface of injection molded parts. However, the predicted shrinkage was found to be reasonable to describe the effects of processing conditions well. Finally, an analysis of the shrinkage and warpage was successfully extended for a part with a more complex curved shape.     

基于多域正交空间协同演进的薄壁注塑件翘曲优化研究

目的 鉴于细长、异形、薄壁注塑件成型机理复杂,且容易产生翘曲变形,以及传统工艺优化方法存在局限性的问题,以某轿车薄壁件为研究对象,优化注射成型工艺,以实现降低翘曲变形,提高效率的目的。方法 首先,对压力、温度因素及多重效应造成细长、异形、薄壁注塑件翘曲变形的机理进行分析。然后,在正交试验设计的基础上,应用Moldflow软件模拟仿真获取数据,并进行方差分析,获得各工艺参数的显著性。为了进一步优化工艺参数,打破传统优化方法存在的局限,提出一种多域正交空间协同演进（MDOSE）的集成优化方法。最后,基于该方法优化某轿车薄壁件的翘曲变形,并将其应用于实际生产制造。结果 与初始试验方案相比,优化后制件z方向上的翘曲从1.022 mm降低到了0.085 7 mm,减小了91.6%,证实了MDOSE优化方法的有效性和实用性。结论 优化结果表明,MDOSE优化方法一定程度上解决了薄壁件的翘曲优化问题,改善了传统工艺优化方法的局限。机理分析和工艺方法为往后的薄壁注塑件的实际生产提供了一定的理论支撑。     

Analysis of thermal cycling efficiency and optimal design of heating/cooling systems for rapid heat cycle injection molding process

Rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM) is a molding process that the mold cavity is rapidly heated to a high temperature before plastic melt injection, and then cooled quickly once the cavity is completely filled. Heating/cooling efficiency and temperature uniformity of the RHCM system are two key technical parameters to ensure a high productivity and high-quality products. In this study, a numerical model to analyze the heat transfer in heating and cooling phases of RHCM was built. The effect of heating/cooling medium, layout and structure of the heating/cooling channels, mold structure, etc., on heating/cooling efficiency and temperature uniformity was studied and discussed by analyzing the thermal responses of the molding system in RHCM process. Based on the simulation results, the optimization design of the RHCM mold with hot-fluid heating was performed. Then, a new RHCM mold structure with a floating mold cavity was proposed to improve the heating/cooling efficiency and temperature uniformity. The effectiveness of this new mold structure was also verified by numerical experiments. At last, a RHCM production line with steam heating and water cooling was constructed for a thin-wall plastic part. In testing production, the molding systems can be heated and cooled rapidly with a molding cycle time of about 72 s. The production results show that the aesthetics of the molded parts was greatly enhanced and the weld mark on the plastic part’s surface was completely eliminated.     

薄壁塑件的翘曲数值分析及模具补偿

目的解决薄壁塑件在注塑成形过程中出现的翘曲问题。方法采用moldflow软件对产品注塑成形过程进行了数值模拟分析,确定了补偿量,运用补偿法对模具进行了修正,补偿变形量。结果经过对模具的适当修正,薄壁塑件的翘曲量由原先的0.89 mm减少到0.29 mm,装配精度得到了很大改善。结论运用补偿法对塑件进行模具设计,使薄壁塑件的翘曲变形量大幅减少,尺寸精度满足使用要求,为生产实践提供了可靠依据。     

注塑工艺和玻纤含量对玻纤增强PP注塑制品收缩的影响

文中结合计算机辅助工程(CAE)及Taguchi实验设计(DOE)技术研究了玻纤含量和工艺参数对玻纤增强聚丙烯注塑制品各向异性收缩的影响。基于Taguchi DOE方法采用L18(36)正交矩阵进行了实验以优化制品的收缩,并研究了各个参数对制品收缩的影响程度。对于主实验中所选因素,纤维含量、熔体温度和保压压力对玻纤增强聚丙烯注塑制品各向异性收缩的影响较大。     

Research on the reduction of sink mark and warpage of the molded part in rapid heat cycle molding process

Rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM) is a recently developed innovative injection molding technology to enhance the surface quality of the plastic parts without extending the molding cycle. Most of the common defects that occur in the plastic parts produced by conventional injection molding (CIM), such as flow mark, silver mark, jetting mark, weld mark, exposed fibers, short shot, etc., can be well solved by RHCM. However, RHCM is not a nostrum for all the defects in injection molding. Sink mark and warpage are two major defects occurring in RHCM. The purpose of this study is to investigate and further solve the sink mark and warpage of the molded parts in RHCM. To solve the problem of sink mark, a new “bench form” structure for the screw stud on the product coupling with a lifter structure for the injection mold was proposed. The external gas assisted packing was also proposed to reduce the sink mark in RHCM. To solve the problem of warpage, design of experiments via Taguchi methods were performed to systematically investigate the effect of processing parameters including melt temperature, injection time, packing pressure, packing time and also cooling time on the warpage. Injection molding simulations based on Moldflow were conducted to acquire the warpages of the plastic parts produced under different processing conditions. A signal to noise analysis was conducted to analyze the effect of the factors, and the optimal processing parameters were also found out. ANOVA was also conducted to quantitatively analyze the percentage contributions of the processing parameters on the warpage. The verification results show that part warpage can be reduced effectively based on the optimal design results.     

A hybrid of mode-pursuing sampling method and genetic algorithm for minimization of injection molding warpage

This paper presents a hybrid optimization method for minimizing the warpage of injection molded plastic parts. This proposed method combines a mode-pursuing sampling (MPS) method with a conventional global optimization algorithm, i.e. genetic algorithm, to search for the optimal injection molding process parameters. During optimization, Kriging surrogate modeling strategy is also exploited to substitute the computationally intensive Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation of injection molding process. With the application of genetic algorithm, the “likelihood-global optimums” are identified; and the MPS method generates and chooses new sample points in the neighborhood of the current “likelihood-global optimums”. By integrating the two algorithms, a new sampling guidance function is proposed, which can divert the search process towards the relatively unexplored region resulting in less likelihood of being trapped at the local minima. A case study of a food tray plastic part is presented, with the injection time, mold temperature, melt temperature and packing pressure selected as the design variables. This case study demonstrates that the proposed optimization method can effectively reduce the warpage in a computationally efficient manner.     

The role of gas penetration on morphological formation of polycarbonate/polyethylene blend molded by gas-assisted injection molding

Polycarbonate (PC)/polyethylene (PE) blend was molded respectively by short shot (SS) and gas-assisted injection molding (GAIM). In order to investigate the origin of the “skin-core” structure during GAIM process, the morphology of the two parts molded by SS and GAIM, far from skin, was studied. The results indicate that the structure of the SS part (SSP) is similar to that molded by conventional injection molding (CIM), while the structure of the GAIM part (GAIMP) shows an unusual gradient structure. Many coarse, short PC fibrils arise in sub skin, while such fibrils become more well-defined and reduce in number towards core layer. And the PC phase at the non-gate end, experiences more severe deformation than that at the gate end, which is also different from that in CIM parts. In addition, Moldflow 5.1, a commercial simulation package, was employed to determine the flow behaviors during SS and gas penetration processes. The experimental and simulated results indicate that shear rate and cooling rate are significant for the gradient structure formation during GAIM.