小麦制粉系统中各粉路小麦粉加工品质的分析与评价

收集49根全粉路粉管样品,分析其理化指标;通过主成分分析和相关性分析研究小麦粉粉质对其加工的挂面烹调品质的影响。结果表明：皮磨前路(1B～2B)具有低的破损淀粉率,为4.92%～5.90%,心磨前路1M～2M具有高的峰值黏度,均大于60;挂面烹调损失率与小麦淀粉糊化时的峰值黏度呈显著负相关,与破损淀粉率呈极显著正相关。     

小麦制粉过程中的吸风粉淀粉与小麦粉淀粉的理化性质对比研究

通过3条小麦制粉生产线6组淀粉样品的对比分析,探讨了吸风粉淀粉与相应小麦粉淀粉的颗粒特性及糊化特性。结果表明:吸风粉淀粉与小麦粉淀粉的颗粒特性差异较大,吸风粉中小颗粒淀粉居多,大颗粒淀粉较少,损伤淀粉含量较高。吸风粉淀粉的糊化峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及衰减值较低;吸风粉淀粉的沉降体积较高,溶解度稍低,凝沉性与冻融稳定性稍差。     

木糖醇对小麦淀粉和复配粉糊化及回生特性影响

以小麦淀粉为原料,把谷朊粉按小麦粉添加量的10％、12％、15％添加到小麦淀粉中配成3种复配粉,研究不同添加量木糖醇对小麦淀粉、复配粉糊化性质和回生特性的影响.结果表明:添加木糖醇后,小麦淀粉糊化温度升高;峰值黏度随着木糖醇添加量的增加呈上升趋势;添加15％、20％、25％木糖醇时,小麦淀粉的衰减值、回生值增加.添加木糖醇后,复配粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度增加.随复配粉中谷朊粉含量的增加,添加相同含量木糖醇的复配粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势.在不同天数添加木糖醇的小麦淀粉硬度增加,且随添加量的增加,硬度呈上升趋势,说明木糖醇促进了小麦淀粉的老化;而添加木糖醇的复配粉硬度降低,且随添加量的增加,硬度呈下降趋势,表明对于复配粉,木糖醇具有保湿和抗老化作用.     

木糖醇对小麦淀粉和复配面粉糊化性质及回生特性影响的研究

本文以小麦淀粉为原料,把谷朊粉按10%、12%、15%质量浓度添加到小麦淀粉中配成三种复配面粉,研究不同添加量木糖醇对小麦淀粉、复配面粉糊化性质和回生特性的影响。结果表明：添加木糖醇后,小麦淀粉糊化温度升高;峰值黏度随着木糖醇添加量的增加呈上升趋势;添加15%、20%、25%木糖醇时,小麦淀粉的衰减值、回生值增加。添加木糖醇后,复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度增加。随复配面粉中谷朊粉含量的增加,添加相同含量木糖醇的复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势。在不同天数添加木糖醇的小麦淀粉硬度增加,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈上升趋势;而添加木糖醇的复配面粉硬度降低,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈下降趋势。     

损伤淀粉及加水量与面团水分分布特性的关系研究

以小麦制粉过程中各系统粉为原料,采用球磨对系统粉进行不同时间(1、5、10、15 h)的处理,得到不同损伤淀粉含量的面粉,研究各系统粉损伤淀粉及加水量与面团水分分布特性的关系。结果表明:随球磨处理时间的延长,损伤淀粉含量增加,各系统粉面团弛豫时间T21、质子密度A21呈下降趋势,弛豫时间T22、质子密度A22呈上升趋势,2 M和3 M(心磨系统)的质子密度A21整体较其他系统粉小;随加水量的增加,各系统粉面团的弛豫时间T21波动性上升,最后基本趋于一致,弛豫时间T22、质子密度A21、A22增加。各系统粉面团的弛豫时间T21、T22和质子密度A21、A22与损伤淀粉含量之间具有一定线性相关性,且损伤淀粉含量对面团中结合水流动性的影响较大。以期为小麦制粉过程中参数的调整以及选择性配置小麦粉提供理论依据。     

不同制粉工艺对面粉粉质特性和糊化特性的影响

脱皮制粉工艺先除去小麦部分皮层,再入磨,使后序的皮磨以及清粉系统大大简化.本试验利用两种工艺加工面粉后,用RVA测定和分析了面粉粉质特性和糊化特性的变化.结果表明,脱皮工艺下面粉的损伤淀粉含量减少、淀粉平均粒度变大、α-淀粉酶含量减少;降落数值和平均粒度分布分别与低谷粘度呈显著正相关（r=0.581,p＜0.05;r=0.603,p＜0.05）,衰减度和平均粒度呈显著的负相关（r=0.605,p＜0.05）;制粉工艺对中筋的南阳白麦和高筋的8901二等粉的影响最为显著,脱皮工艺下这两种面粉的峰值粘度和最终粘度明显增加,并且其衰减度较大;脱皮工艺的低谷粘度均高于传统工艺的同等面粉,但回生值较低.     

小麦制粉系统各粉路小麦粉营养物质分布情况研究

小麦制粉是利用研磨、筛理、清粉等设备,将净麦的皮层与胚乳分离,并把胚乳磨成粉。制粉车间的制粉系统由皮磨、心磨、渣磨,以及重筛、打麸、吸风等数量众多的子系统组成,这些出粉系统分别剥刮小麦籽粒的不同部位,所以不同系统小麦粉的品质特性都具有显著的差异。通过对小麦制粉过程不同粉路小麦粉的营养物质进行检测、分析和总结,得出：随着研磨次数的增加,制粉粉路小麦粉Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、粗纤维(CF)、膳食纤维(DF)、VB₁、VB₂和VB₆含量逐渐增大。心磨粉7M下的Cu、Zn、VB₂、CF和DF含量最高,心磨粉6M上和7M下的VB₁含量最高,皮磨粉4BF的Fe和Ca含量最高。总体来说,小麦粉营养物质含量较高的制粉粉路为：7M下、2T、6M下、4BF、6M上、5M下、D1D3上和D1上。营养物质含量较低的制粉粉路主要是心磨粉前路粉,分别为：1M1中、1M1下、1M2上、1M2中、1M2下、1M3上、1M3中、2M1上、2M2上、2M2中、2M下。根据主成分分析得出2个主成分可以反映原变量80...     

小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉特性变化及与面条的关系

通过采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)及损伤淀粉检测试剂盒的方法对新磨制以及储存30 d的两种小麦的7种粉样进行测定分析,研究在小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉的糊化特性及损伤淀粉含量的变化,以及面条制作品质变化,并探索小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉的糊化特性及损伤淀粉含量的变化与面条的质构和食用品质的关系.结果表明:新磨制的小麦粉峰值黏度、最终黏度、最低黏度均比储存30 d的小麦粉高,而损伤淀粉含量则低于30 d的小麦粉,采用RVA所测得小麦粉的淀粉特性与面条的黏附性呈显著性负相关,与面条的弹性、黏结性及回复性呈显著性正相关.     

小麦加工工艺与小麦粉品质

加工过程中不同系统面粉品质有一定的差别,在生产线上取粉,分别进行蛋白质、面筋、面团流变学特性、淀粉、出粉率影响的测定。结果表明,对于小麦蛋白质,在胚乳中越靠近皮层含量越高,越靠近胚乳内心部分则含量越低,其质量则是接近皮层的次外层胚乳的面粉综合质量较好(面筋指数、面团流变学特性等);对于淀粉,小麦胚乳中不同部位面粉的淀粉总量和直链淀粉含量呈越接近皮层越低的趋势,而糊化特性方面也有越接近皮层黏度值越小的趋势;对于出粉率影响,面团吸水率、形成时间、粉质质量指数有随出粉率增加而增大的趋势,其他参数的测定结果则较为复杂,需进一步探讨研究。     

小麦总淀粉、A-淀粉及B-淀粉的热损伤与其糊化度、糊化特性的关系

为了探索热处理温度和水分对淀粉损伤及损伤后淀粉糊特性的影响,揭示小麦淀粉的热损伤程度与糊化度、糊黏度特性之间的关系,以市售面粉分离的总淀粉、A-淀粉和B-淀粉为原料,经30～90 ℃的温度处理后,测定其在高、低水分下的破损淀粉含量、糊化度及糊化特性的变化。结果表明：低水分下,淀粉损伤、糊化度和淀粉糊性质随热处理温度变化不明显;高水分含量下,随着热处理温度的升高,破损淀粉含量和糊化度呈明显上升趋势,热损伤程度与糊化度之间呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,糊化温度略有增加,主要的黏度参数显著下降,损伤淀粉与峰值黏度之间呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。     

不同品种小麦粉黏度特性及破损淀粉含量的差异

以不同专用小麦以及直链淀粉含量极低的糯小麦为试验材料,研究不同品种之间小麦粉黏度特性和破损淀粉含量的差异及其相关性。结果表明,不同专用小麦之间,RVA图谱存在明显差异,糯小麦RVA图谱形状显著不同于非糯小麦。各专用品种小麦粉RVA谱线特征值中,小麦粉峰值黏度、稀懈值大小表现为弱筋小麦>中筋小麦>强筋小麦>糯小麦。破损淀粉含量在不同专用小麦品种之间大小顺序表现为:强筋小麦>中筋小麦>弱筋小麦>糯小麦。相关分析表明,峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、反弹值以及峰值时间均与直链淀粉含量、直/支比例以及破损淀粉含量呈极显著正相关。     

Effect of damaged starch on the rheological properties of wheat starch suspensions

The influence of damaged starch content on particle size distribution and rheological properties of unheated starch suspensions and pasting properties were investigated. Four samples containing different amounts of damaged starch were studied. Particle size distribution curves shifted toward higher diameters, and a greater overlap of both populations of particles (A- and B-type granules) and a decrease of both peak heights were produced. The flow curves of unheated starch suspensions were fitted using the power law model. The flow behavior indexes were higher than the unit. The consistency coefficient increased with the increment of damaged starch content. Unheated starch suspensions showed time-dependent rheological behavior and were described by the Weltman model. The unheated suspensions exhibited a thixotropic behavior. With regard to the pasting process, the increment of damaged starch content produced gradual reductions in peak viscosity, final paste viscosity, breakdown and setback. Results demonstrated the importance of the presence of physically damaged granules in wheat starch rheological characteristics.     

Particle size,rheological and structural properties of whole wheat flour doughs as treated by high pressure

Effect of high-pressure treatment (300–600 MPa) and flour-to-water ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4) on functional, rheological, thermal, and structural properties of whole wheat flour dough were investigated. The particle size distribution, especially Dv90 (90% of the volume distribution), was significantly reduced by the pressure treatment. The damaged starch content increased significantly with the applied pressure and water content. The damaged starch absorbed more water, and subsequently increased the water holding capacity. Thermal transitions and mechanical property of pressure-treated samples were measured by differential scanning calorimetry, and rheometry, respectively. The peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, and final viscosity decreased significantly with increasing pressure intensity. Hardness increased with the increasing pressure level while stickiness decreased at similar conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed changes in the amide I region of the wheat protein. The sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis further indicated changes in the protein subunits that occurred after pressurization.     

Characterization of Phosphate Monoester Resistant Starch

The properties and structures of corn, wheat, and potato native starches and their phosphate monoester resistant starches were tested and compared. The results indicated that the resistant starch content, light transmittance, and freeze-thaw stability of the phosphate monoester resistant starch increased after modification. The native starches exhibited much higher peak viscosities compared with resistant starch (RS) and phosphate monoester resistant starches. The phosphate monoester resistant starch from corn and wheat starch exhibited a higher peak and final viscosity and lower gelatinization temperatures compared with the resistant starch, while the peak and final viscosity of the potato phosphate monoester resistant starch samples were lower than that of potato resistant starch. In the FT-IR graph, a new peak at 1244 cm^?1 (P=O bond) was observed for all kinds of phosphate monoester resistant starch.     

制粉工艺对小麦粉粉质特性和糊化特性的影响

使用快速粘度分析仪(RVA)测定了采用脱皮制粉工艺和传统制粉工艺生产得到的小麦粉的糊化特性,并通过测定小麦粉的损伤淀粉含量等,考察了两种工艺条件下,小麦粉糊化特性和粉质特性间的关系。结果显示,脱皮工艺小麦粉的损伤淀粉含量减少,淀粉平均粒度大,而α-淀粉酶含量减少。制粉工艺对中筋的南阳白麦和高筋的8901特二粉的影响最为明显,脱皮工艺小麦粉的峰值粘度和最终粘度明显增加,而其他样品基本不变;同时,这两种样品的衰减度较大,而其他样品的衰减度则有所减小。脱皮制粉得到的所有样品的低谷粘度均高于采用传统工艺的同等小麦粉,但回生值较低。     

干热处理对藜麦淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

以高筋小麦粉为原料添加酵母制作面团,在温度28℃、湿度80%条件下发酵1～6 h,提取小麦淀粉。研究发酵时间对小麦直链淀粉含量、损伤淀粉含量、粒径、颗粒表面结构、糊化及消化特性的影响。结果表明：面团发酵1 h后直链淀粉含量和损伤淀粉含量均显著低于原淀粉(P<0.05)。快速黏度分析结果表明,发酵1 h的小麦淀粉峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷浆黏度最低。发酵处理后淀粉的粒径均小于原淀粉,其中发酵5 h的平均粒径最小。扫描电镜结果表明,发酵6 h的小麦淀粉颗粒表面出现破裂现象。体外消化实验表明,发酵5 h和6 h小麦淀粉的消化速率最高,发酵后抗性淀粉含量低于原淀粉,而慢消化淀粉含量高于原淀粉(P<0.05)。     

Effect of damaged starch levels on flour-thermal behaviour and bread staling

The effect of the amount of damaged starch in two different flours (wheat and triticale) on the bread quality and its behaviour during storage has been analysed. Two wheat and one triticale flour cultivars were milled in a disc mill to obtain different levels of damaged starch. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) were used to characterize the flour properties and TA-XT2 textural analyses were made on breadcrumb. The effect of the damaged starch content on the bread firming, the amylopectin retrogradation and starch-pasting properties were studied in order to establish any relationship between damaged starch and bread staling. DSC analysis showed that the damaged starch content changed the thermal behaviour of flour–water mixtures: the higher the levels of damaged starch the lower the starch-gelatinization enthalpy and the higher the melting enthalpy of amylose–lipid complexes. The amount of amylopectin retrogradation and breadcrumb firming increased with the damaged starch content at the beginning of storage time; however, differences were decreasing at final storage time. The flour viscosity during pasting decreased as their damaged starch content increased.     

Studies on preparation,popping and functional properties of bulgur wheat

Wheat was steeped to 36% moisture and agitated for 2 min in sand heated to 170 °C. This dry heat bulgur was comparable to bulgur prepared by steam treatment. The dry heat bulgur of 14% moisture content was popped in hot (230 °C) sand medium. The expansion ratio of popped bulgur was 2.1. Some of the functional properties of popped bulgur flour were compared with native, 48 h malted and roller dried wheat flours. Water absorption index was highest for roller dried followed by popped and malted wheat, whereas water solubility index was highest for malted followed by roller dried and popped wheat. Roller dried wheat exhibited higher cold paste viscosity (360 BU) than popped (30 BU) wheat. Popped wheat had a peak viscosity of 300 BU. The viscogram of malted wheat was typical of cereal flours when the enzyme activity of malt was inhibited. The gel permeation chromatograms of popped and roller dried wheat indicated thermal degradation of starch during popping and roller drying. The in vitro carbohydrate digestibility of popped wheat was higher than roller dried and malted samples. The scanning electron microscopic examination of native and popped bulgur revealed that the endosperm of bulgur wheat was a homogenous mass containing gelatinized starch whereas that of popped bulgur was made up of thin layers of popped starch with irregular air spaces.     

损伤淀粉含量对米粉理化性质的影响

采用不同粉碎方法得到损伤淀粉含量不同的米粉,研究了损伤淀粉含量对米粉性质的影响。结果表明随着损伤淀粉含量的增加,米粉的总直链淀粉没有明显差异,可溶性直链淀粉和溶解度显著升高,溶胀度变化不大而透明度则显著降低。快速黏度分析(RVA)表明糊化温度由89.2℃降低到86.2℃,回生值由89.58 RVU降低到59.33 RVU,峰值黏度由139.29 RVU降低到85.08 RVU,谷值黏度由103.67 RVU降低到49.04 RVU,末值黏度由180.67 RVU降低到108.38 RVU。损伤淀粉含量9.05%米粉的衰减值最低。糊化后米粉凝胶的硬度和弹性显著降低。