NaCl除冰盐作用下混凝土的抗冻能力分析

通过存质量浓度为3.5%的NaCl溶液中的冻融循环试验,测试了普通混凝土、引气混凝土、粉煤灰混凝土和硅灰混凝土的相对动弹性模量和质量损失率,分析了不同混凝土的抗盐冻的能力.结果表明:适当的引气能够明显改善混凝土的抗盐冻性能,掺加20%粉煤灰时,混凝土仍具有较高的抗盐冻能力,掺量达到40%时混凝土的抗盐冻性能明显下降,掺加10%硅灰明显提高混凝土的抗盐冻能力.     

Time-dependent reliability assessment of aging series systems subjected to non-stationary loads

Civil infrastructure systems provide physical supports to a community’s functionalities and are expected to achieve acceptable safety levels subjected to extreme load effects. However, these systems may deteriorate with time as a result of aggressive environmental or operating conditions in service, implying that the system reliability may decline beyond the baseline as assumed for design. Moreover, the increasing trend of the external loads may also contribute to the reduction of the system reliability. In this paper, a semi-analytical method is proposed for assessing the reliability of aging systems subjected to non-stationary loads. The series system is considered, where the system failure is defined as the failure of any single component (structure) among the system. The application of the proposed method is illustrated using a representative series bridge network with several individual bridges. The role of parameters such as the variations in the load intensity, resistance correlation and number of components under attack in the system reliability are investigated.     

Model for the mechanical stress due to the salt crystallization in porous materials

This paper deals with the experimental investigation and the mathematical modelling of crystal growth in porous materials and resulting mechanical stress due to the crystallization pressure.

Crystallization of potassium nitrate and of sodium sulphate was induced in two bricks by cooling down at constant rate. The measured temperatures describe indirectly the crystallization and the dissolution rates. Thus, the time-dependent amount of crystallized salt can be estimated by means of an energy balance in the reaction sample (impregnated with salt solution) and in the reference sample (impregnated with water). Therefore, the supersaturation ratio of the solution is also obtained at each point of time.

The sample strain is measured continuously during crystallization. The results show that the mechanical stress due to the salt crystallization depends on both salt and pore structure.

A mathematical model for the mechanical stress due to crystallization pressure was developed based on crystal growth kinetics considering the influence of pores with different size (called pore classes). The model considers that nucleation and crystal growth take place in large and small pores simultaneously and calculates the distribution of salt crystals in pores of different size and the resulting load surface of the crystals under stress. The estimation of two model parameters is necessary for the proposed computation model.

It is assumed that the mechanical stress is caused by the crystallization pressure that crystals exert on the pore wall when growing in a supersaturated solution. Thus, the crystallization pressure is calculated as a function of the solution supersaturation. Finally, the average mechanical stress is obtained by means of a uniform section force in a defined volume.

The results show that the material strain owing to the crystallization of KNO₃ and Na₂SO₄ can be approximately estimated in the selected bricks by means of this new model.

An improvement of the model is necessary for a better prediction of the mechanical stress, e.g., at drying conditions or for the simulation of the re-allocation of salt crystals from pores under stress into stress-free pores.

In this work, the required properties of the salt solution are calculated using a thermodynamic model according to Steiger [Steiger M, Kiekbusch J, Nicolai A. An improved model incorporating Pitzer’s equations for calculation of thermodynamic properties of pore solutions implemented into an efficient program code. Constr Build Mater 2007, accepted for publication], which is based on the Pitzer model [Pitzer KS. Ion interaction approach: theory and data correlation. In: Pitzer KS, editor, Activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1991. p. 75 [chapter 3]].     

高耸烟囱结构竖向地震响应的模型试验研究及分析

为了研究高耸烟囱在竖向地震作用下的动力响应特性,对180m钢筋混凝土烟囱和45m砖烟囱分别进行了1:40和 1:15比尺的振动台模拟试验研究,并采用波动理论对试验模型进行了动力比较分析。试验和理论分析结果表明:竖向地 震作用下,高耸烟囱的地震响应以一阶竖向振动为主,最大应变随地震烈度的增加逐渐从顶部附近向下移动到1／3-1／2 高度附近;水平地震作用下高耸烟囱以二阶以上振型振动为主,最大应变部位在2／3高度附近。针对烟囱结构薄弱部位随 地震烈度的变化情况,进一步阐明了计算高柔结构和特定条件下某些结构的竖向地震作用的必要性。     

Time-dependent seismic fragility curves for aging jacket-type offshore platforms subjected to earthquake ground motions

This paper assesses the seismic vulnerability of a recently designed jacket-type offshore platform through development of fragility curves and presents the formulation of time-dependent seismic fragility curves to capture the effects of ageing and deterioration on the seismic vulnerability of the representative platform. Among the various ageing processes, the corrosion deterioration of the structure is taken into account by applying a time-dependent model of corrosion deterioration of the tubular elements in the splash zone. Incremental dynamic analysis is performed on the initial uncorroded and corroded platforms considering soil–pile–structure interaction. A full probabilistic analysis is then performed to develop time-dependent seismic fragility curves for the immediate occupancy and collapse prevention limit states. Finally, a time variant cubic model is proposed to develop fragility curves at any point in time during platform’s service life, without need to perform a complete time-consuming fragility analyses. Results show substantial increase in probability of failure of the platform throughout its lifetime due to corrosion deterioration. The results also indicate that the time-dependent fragility curves can be used in offshore platforms to assess the seismic vulnerability of the structure and demonstrate the influence of various factors affecting the seismic vulnerability of the platform during its lifetime.     

地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌全过程振动台试验研究

以玉树7.1级地震中某底层遭到严重破坏的钢筋混凝土（RC）框架结构为原型,设计了1个1∶5缩尺的三维模型,通过模型的倒塌全过程振动台试验,研究了汶川、玉树地震中高烈度地区RC框架结构出现的典型侧向逐层呈多米诺骨牌式连续倒塌现象的全过程和倒塌破坏机制。试验中该模型结构的倒塌过程共分为两个阶段,即侧向增量倒塌和竖向连续倒塌。当底层层间位移角达到1/19时,试验模型处于临近倒塌状态。在倒塌过程中,底层角柱C3最先丧失竖向承载力,此时竖向倒塌开始发展,结构在重力荷载及输入地震动的共同作用下,底层柱的水平侧移持续增加,造成其相邻的柱B2、B3、C2相继失效,丧失竖向承载力,模型结构的冗余度不足使结构产生更大范围的竖向倒塌,最终模型结构呈侧向逐层连续倒塌。通过对倒塌后废墟的研究,发现模型结构呈“强梁弱柱”型破坏,其破坏模式与震害调查结果一致。最后,讨论了此种废墟下人员生存空间的问题,给出了防RC框架结构倒塌的相关建议。     

竖向下压循环荷载作用下单桩承载力及累积沉降特性模型试验研究

竖向循环荷载作用下,单桩的承载力及变形特性均不同于静荷载情况。利用浙江大学自行研制的大型地基与边坡工程模型试验系统开展了单桩基础竖向下压循环荷载作用下的大比例模型试验,获得了不同侧/端阻比下桩基的循环承载力及桩顶循环累积沉降。试验发现:存在一最小循环荷载比,当循环荷载比小于该值时,桩顶不会发生循环累积沉降;一定循环次数内桩顶循环累积沉降基本与循环次数成正比,且循环累积沉降与循环次数的比值近似与桩顶循环荷载比呈线性关系。通过给定单桩循环破坏标准,绘出了模型桩的循环承载力曲线,发现侧/端阻比较大的桩基更易发生桩顶循环累积沉降;通过拟合桩顶无量纲沉降,可预测桩基循环累积沉降的发展。最后提出了长期循环荷载作用下单桩基础的工程设计方法。     

采空区地震耦合作用下碳纤维加固框架结构振动台试验研究

为了探究采空区地震耦合作用下碳纤维加固对框架结构的抗震、抗倾斜能力的影响,设计了三种工况,分别对应框架结构倾斜2,4,6mm/m.基于结构动力学和相似理论,制作了缩尺比为1/10的框架结构模型,并用碳纤维对其梁端和柱端加固.通过对未加固结构和加固结构进行振动台试验,分别对结构的动力特性、地震反应等情况进行对比分析研究....     

Historical brick-masonry subjected to double flat-jack test: Acoustic emissions and scale effects on cracking density

The results obtained varying the size of the masonry prism involved in the double flat-jack test are described. In these tests, not only the deformations have been acquired, but also the acoustic emissions (AE) events, in order to get information about local cracking in the specimens. In addition, a meso-scale numerical model of the test is presented, where every brick of the masonry is modeled in details. Discrete cracks can arise both in the mortar joints and in the brick units. A good correlation is found between the amount of cracking simulated numerically and the experimental AE events for different prism sizes. The model is also able to catch the decrease in the compressive strength with increasing size. Although a quantitative relation between the AE events and the amount of cracking is not easy to obtain, we have been able to prove that the two quantities are simply proportional to each other when increasing specimen sizes are considered, whereas both of them are not proportional to the same sizes, but rather obey a power-law.     

不同直径单桩静压贯入力学特性模型试验研究

为探讨不同桩径静力压入单桩的贯入力学特性,设计了不同桩径的模型桩,基于光纤光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,简称FBG)传感技术,开展了黏性土中静压贯入两种不同直径单桩的模型试验研究。结果表明:试桩的压桩力基本呈线性增加趋势,桩径越大,压桩力越大;桩径不同会影响单桩的荷载传递性能,由于桩径越大挤土效应越明显,沿深度方向的桩身轴力传递性能优于小桩径桩;桩身单位侧摩阻力随深度增大而增大,桩径越大,对土体的侧向挤压力越大,桩身单位侧摩阻力越大;同一深度,两种不同直径单桩桩身单位侧摩阻力都出现"侧阻退化"现象,"侧阻退化"现象随着贯入深度的增加越明显,且桩径越大,桩身单位侧摩阻力退化越显著;均质黏性土地层静压沉桩阻力主要为桩端阻力,沉桩结束时,试桩桩端阻力占沉桩阻力的比例分别为59.5%和66.2%,不同的桩身直径既影响桩端阻力,又影响桩侧阻力。确定静压贯入沉桩阻力时,考虑基于黏性土的侧阻退化后实际值更为合理。     

盐腔形成过程对覆岩影响的相似材料模拟实验研究

应用相似材料模拟实验研究了盐腔成腔过程中上覆岩层移动、变形和破坏规律,上覆岩层损伤演化过程及规律,上覆岩层的层面效应及分层特性,上覆岩层破碎岩体尺寸特性等内容。通过这些研究,获得了上覆岩层在盐腔形成过程中的损伤演化方程、上覆岩层因岩层性质不同而产生的分层特性、上覆岩层移动变形过程中表现出来的层面效应以及岩层破碎岩体尺寸与岩层力学性质的关系。为进一步弄清开采沉陷的微观机理和建立新的预测模型打下了基础。     

Laboratory test and modelling of gas pressure under geomembrane subjected to the rise of groundwater in plain reservoirs

To investigate the development of pore pressures in the air-confined system with a rise of groundwater under a geomembrane, a laboratory test was conducted. Then, a numerical model with the consideration of the water-gas-solid three-phase system was developed based on the hydro-mechanical coupling theory for unsaturated soils. The model was validated by the experimental result and then a numerical study was conducted on the Datun plain reservoir. The result confirms the fact that the rise of groundwater is one of primary driving force for gas pressure under the geomembrane. When there is no surcharge over the geomembrane, air bulge would be produced. As the groundwater under the geomembrane replenished by water infiltration from groundwater around the reservoir, the gas pressure increases from the edge to the center of the reservoir and reaches the same final value with time. The increment of the pore gas pressure is significant during the increase of reservoir water, especially for the soils with larger compression strain. Thus, the coupled deformation is necessary to be considered for the regulating reservoir that undergoes the fluctuation of reservoir water frequently.     

Effect of salt crystallization on stones of historical buildings and monuments,Konya, Central Turkey

In this study, we investigated the chemical and physical properties of the volcanic rocks used as building stones in historical places and monuments. The chemical weathering effect of salt crystallization on these stones was measured on the laboratory conditions (in most cases, used samples were very small). For this purpose, the dry weight loss (DWL) test was conducted. The rocks of dacite, andesite and tuffs of volcanic origin have different durability against salt crystallization. The most stable rocks are dacites (DWL 2.06%) which were used in the construction of Hittite monuments at Eflatun. The durability of the stones is closely related to their chemical, mineralogical, petrographical and mechanical properties. The stones used in the historical buildings are generally much more stable than present-day building stones.     

混凝土电通量与抗蚀系数及抗盐结晶侵蚀系数的相关性分析

通过对多元矿物掺合料、引气剂及聚丙烯纤维复掺混凝土的耐久性试验研究,分析“控制pH值流动循环溶液侵蚀”和“不控制pH值静止溶液侵蚀”两种侵蚀方法下混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀及抗于湿循环性能.试验结果表明多元矿物掺合料复掺对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀及抗干湿循环性能有良好的改善效果;在某一范围内,混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀及抗干湿循环性能随引...     

Modelling of tubes subjected to axial crushing

In the present study, the influence of element type and formulation is investigated in finite element analyses of aluminium profiles subjected to axial crushing. It is shown that solid element-based simulations give predictions in better agreement with experiments both with respect to energy dissipation and folding pattern, while plane stress shell elements markedly underestimate the energy dissipation. It is further found that shell elements with thickness stretch give dissipated energies in better agreement with those obtained in simulations with solid elements.     

Dynamic control of structures subjected to constraints

This study presents a dynamic equation of constrained motion and illustrates its validity through a dynamic analysis on the structural control by a constraint. Minimizing a function of the variation in kinetic energy at constrained and unconstrained states with respect to the velocity variation, the dynamic equation is derived and it is shown that the result compares with the generalized inverse method proposed by Udwadia and Kalaba. It is investigated that the responses of a 10‐story building are controlled by a constraint due to the installation of a two‐bar structure. The structural responses are affected by various factors like the length of each bar, damping, stiffness of the bar structure, and the boundary positions between two structures. Under an assumption that the bars have the same mass density, this study determines the optimal boundary positions to minimize the total responses of the structure, and compares the responses and control forces by optimal feedback control with the results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of core structures subjected to torsion

An approximate method is presented for the analysis of asymmetrical core structures in tall buildings subjected to torsion. The folded plate approach is used, in which the core is considered as an assembly of vertical panels rigidly connected along their edges, the influence of openings in any of the panels being included by the use of the continuum technique. A closed form of solution is achieved by assuming that the core twists about a fixed vertical axis of rotation. Solutions are given for a wide range of cross-sectional forms, including multi-cell and multi-bay structures, subjected to standard load systems.     

Bonding strength of wood materials bonded with different adhesive after aging test

In this study, it is aimed to describe the effects of adhesives (PVAc, Desmodur-VTKA and phenol formaldehyde) on Uludag fir (Abies Bornmüllerina M.) and Oriental beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) cut tangentially and exposed to heating tests (40, 60, and 80 °C) and heating duration (30, 60 and 90 days) and controls. Consequently, when compared to control samples, the highest decrease of 26.2% in average with Oriental beech and 18.5% in average with Uludag fir was obtained with the samples bonded with D-VTKA adhesive kept for 90 days. At high temperatures phenol formaldehyde adhesives can be advised as the building material used for long terms.