有机固体废弃物在固定床内热解的实验研究

通过对几种典型的城市有机固体废弃物的热解实验，为开展新的垃圾处理工艺提供基础研究。文中考察了不同工况下的有机固体废弃物的热解产物特性，分析了物料性质、热解终温、加热方式等因素对热解产物分布的影响。通过实验发现，热解终温是较重要的影响因素，同时物料的工业分析结果也是一个重要因素。     

基于热重-红外联用方法的煤质热解特性分析

利用热重—红外联用分析仪，对煤的工业分析、热解过程进行实验研究，同时用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪对挥发分产物进行了实时分析，使煤的工业分析结果、热解特性参数、热解产物分析在一次实验测定过程中同时获得。     

秸秆类生物质闪速热解规律

为了研究闪速加热条件下生物质的热解挥发特性，设计了等离子体加热高温层流炉作为实验设备。用有代表意义的玉米秸秆粉末，在该层流炉上进行了4个加热温度（800K，850K，900K，950K）的热解实验研究。得出了不同加热温度和停留时间下玉米秸秆粉末热解的实验数据；根据这些实验数据和Arrhenius一级反应动力学模型方程，分析得出相应的化学动力学参数：表观频率因子和表观活化能。研究发现，在闪速加热条件下，玉米秸秆粉末的热解化学动力学参数并不随工况的变化而改变，具有统一的公式。用这个模型进行了相应工况的理论计算，得到了挥发份随停留时间和反应温度变化的曲线，并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明，实验值和模型计算预测值有很好的一致性，所得的模型和相应的动力学参数具有广泛适用性。本项研究结论对秸秆类生物质的闪速热解规律的研究和热解装置的优化设计有重要的指导意义。     

固体废弃物热解产物的参数群神经网络预测模型

运用因次分析、相似准则和BP神经网络理论建立了固体废弃物热解的参数群预测模型。以不同实验工况下的固体废弃物的实验数据对神经网络进行了训练，通过仿真模拟得到了较好的预测效果。参数群可以很好的反映物料特性、运行特性和热解装置特性对热解产物的影响，本文提出的参数群神经网络模型对固体废弃物热解产物的预测是有效的，随着热解试验装置和取样分析仪器的改进和提高，采用更多的和更高精度的实验数据对网络训练时，将会使网络的预测能力大幅提高。     

废轮胎小型和中试规模热解研究的实验方法

从微观动力学尺度、小型批量实验室规模以及中试发展装置规模对废轮胎热解技术的最新研究进展进行了综述．废轮胎热解实际上是其组成胶体NR、BR、SBR和相应操作油的挥发过程，因此，其动力学模拟方法倾向于采用各种胶体成分热解动力学叠加的多组分模型．废轮胎小型规模批量热解研究主要集中在热解产物收率优化、热解油和炭产物的定性分析以及热解产物应用前景探讨等方面．目前，国际上较为成功的中试热解装置既包括快速工艺(流化床和烧蚀床)又包括慢速工艺(回转窑、真空移动床和两段移动床)．最后，阐述了针对国内情况开展废轮胎小型和中试热解的研究思路．     

医疗废物典型组分在回转窑内的热解研究

针对医疗废物的无害化处置问题，对四种典型医疗废物在回转窑实验台上进行了有机组分的试验研究，分析了各物料的热解过程，确定了各自的产物分布、产气变化趋势以及热解终温的影响等，为医疗废物的处置、利用提供参考依据。     

木材在火灾环境中热解行为的数值模拟

建立了火灾环境中木材热解行为的数学物理模型，模型包含瞬态热传导、对流传热、热解过程的热效应和非线性边界条件热解过程中炭表面的收缩情况。对影响木材热解过程的物理参数进行了讨论，并利用211工程建设的火灾早期特性实验台对较大尺寸的木板在模拟火灾条件下的热解过程进行了实验研究，和模型计算的结果比较，两者相符较好。     

生物质热解炭化实验平台设计与实验

为了研究热解工艺对生物炭性质的影响规律,设计了一种固定床外加热式生物质热解炭化实验平台,包括加热系统、副产物收集系统、气体计量系统、控制系统。采用玉米秸秆作为原料,在该实验平台上进行热解炭化实验。实验结果表明,固定床外加热式生物质热解炭化实验系统可以实现对热解温度、升温速率、反应时间等因素的控制以及多种产物的分离与计量,实验结果可重复,耗时合理,适于进行多种条件下的热解炭化研究。     

基于三组分的生物质快速热解实验研究

在管式炉内对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素进行热解实验研究,考察热解温度对于热解产物(焦炭、焦油和不凝性气体)分布的影响。实验结果表明:随温度的升高,三组分热解产生的焦炭产量不断降低,气体产量不断增加,焦油产量先升后降,存在一最佳反应温度。不凝气体组分随温度变化有不同的变化趋势,焦油的组分也不同。选取稻秸和玉米秸秆为原料,按照这两种生物质中三组分含量的不同将纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的产物进行叠加,并与稻秸和玉米秆的热解实验结果作对比,分析三组分含量对于热解产物的影响。结果表明:按照三组分叠加的方法来考察生物质的热解在一定程度上是可行的,产物产量的总体趋势一致,在产量上稍有差异。     

纤维素热裂解试验研究及分析

利用自行设计的固定床热裂解试验系统,在不同压力条件下,研究了纤维素的热解行为,在常压下分别考察热解温度、N2流量对热解产物的影响。研究结果表明,热解温度为450℃时,可得到较高收率的液体产物,并且液体产物的收率随着N2流量的增加而降低。当压力降低时,在450℃热解温度下液体产物的收率最高,为58.6%,比常压热解提高12.3%,生物油中水分含量随着热解温度的升高而升高。试验对在不同真空度下热解得到的液体产物进行了元素分析。     

生物质快速热解制取生物质油

根据浅床层鼓泡流化床的特点以及生物质的热解特性,研制出生物质快速热解的流化床热解反应器,并进行生物质快速热解制取生物质油的试验研究。通过定量给料研究不同温度、不同流化气流量对热解产物的影响规律。试验得出生物质油的产率达65%(kg/kg),并对产出的生物质油用色质联机进行成分分析得出生物质油的主要成分,通过热重分析得到了生物质油的热解特性。     

Natural gas pyrolysis in the regenerative gas heaterPart i: Natural gas thermal decomposition at a hot matrix in a regenerative gas heater

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of natural gas pyrolysis at a hot matrix in a high temperature regenerative gas heater. It was demonstrated that formation of pyrocarbon during thermal decomposition of natural gas significantly influences upon the process efficiency. Burn out of the carbon deposits from the matrix during the matrix heating up stage produces components harmful to the environment. To make the pyrolysis process effective and environmentally benign it is necessary to provide special measures to exclude the possibility of pyrocarbon formation during the pyrolysis.     

生物质快速热解气相成分析出规律

利用恒温沉降炉对秸秆、稻壳、木屑及一种烟煤煤粉在900、1000、1100℃ 3个温度进行了快速热解试验,对4种燃料在快速热解过程中气相成分析出的规律进行了研究.生物质成分中高的挥发分、氧、H/C决定了其快速热解会取得比煤粉高的气相产率,木屑的气相产物产量最多,秸秆次之,稻壳最低.4种燃料热解气相产物中的主要成分是CO、H_2、CO_2、CH_4,少量的G_2H_4、C_2H_6、NO、HCN、COS,生物质和煤粉在快速热解及短的停留时间内,其析出的氮前驱物为HCN.快速热解析出的气相成分产量及组分分布与燃料种类、热解温度、热解停留时间相关.几种物料共同的规律是随停留时间的延长,气相产物的量不断地增加,当气相产物的产量趋于平稳时,相应的气相产物的各组分趋于恒定,这一停留时间标志着热解过程的结束,相同温度条件下煤粉的热解速率要慢于3种生物质.     

Effect of middle-temperature pyrolysis on the surface hydrophobicity of sub-bituminous coal

Middle-temperature pyrolysis is widely used to convert sub-bituminous coal into gas/liquid products and the coal char, which benefits the utilization of low rank coal resources. However, the coal char usually contains high-ash content because the volatile components in coal release from coal particle forming gas/liquid products while most of high-ash mineral components remain in the coal char. Therefore, the upgrading of the coal char is usually required to meet the requirement of calorific value for burning. It is necessary to find out the effect of middle-temperature pyrolysis on the surface hydrophobicity of coal. In this study, the effects of pyrolysis temperature (700, 800, and 900°C) and pyrolysis time (30 and 90 min) on the surface hydrophobicity of sub-bituminous coal were comprehensively investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attachment time, and flotation tests were used to reveal the changes of surface hydrophobicity and floatability of sub-bituminous coal before and after middle-temperature pyrolysis. The XPS results indicated the content of hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups was reduced while the content of hydrophobic functional groups on coal surface was increased after the pyrolysis. The attachment time of coal particle-bubble was reduced while the flotation recovery of coal was increased after the pyrolysis. The surface hydrophobicity and floatability of sub-bituminous coal were enhanced by middle-temperature pyrolysis, which makes the upgrading of the coal char feasible.     

Yields of pyrolysis products from refuse-derived fuel

Pyrolysis yields and gas characteristics must be studied to control pollution caused by waste-energy recycling and to develop a refuse-derived fuel technology. In this study, refuse-derived fuel pyrolysis experiments were performed in a high-temperature tube furnace. The effects of the final pyrolysis temperature, material mixture ratio, and pyrolysis rate on the yields of pyrolysis products, including gas, tar, and semi-coke, were studied. The volume fractions of the pyrolysis gas components (H₂, CO, CH₄, and CO₂) of the samples were also detected. Results showed that with increased final temperature, the tar and gas yields increased but the semi-coke yield decreased. The volume fractions of the components had the following trends: H₂ increased, CO initially decreased and then increased, CH₄ initially increased and then decreased, and CO₂ decreased. With decreased biomass, the tar yield decreased and then increased, whereas the semi-coke and gas yields increased and then decreased. Compared with slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis decreased the tar yield by 9.13%, increased the gas yield by 7.45%, increased the CO and CH₄ volume fractions, and decreased the CO₂ volume fraction.     

城市固体废弃物热重分析及热解动力学研究

对城市垃圾典型组分（塑料、橡胶、果皮、织物、纸板等）进行热重分析及热解动力学研究。热重分析结果表明，塑料组分开始分解的温度较高，但分解速率最快；橡胶组分开始分解反应的温度相对较低，且分解速率相对较慢。果皮、织物和纸板类以纤维和木质类物质为主要成分，其热解特性较为相似。热解动力学研究表明，橡胶的热解活化能最高，最难分解，且热解符合二维扩散机理；塑料的热解相对较容易，符合一维扩散机理。而果皮、织物和纸板类的活化能较低，它们的热解符合体积缩小机理。     

Manufacturing gaseous products by pyrolysis of microalgal biomass

Algal biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for biofuel production. The search for new types of raw materials including high-energy types of microalgae remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the world energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%) with the oil price characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. The paper presents the results of the study on the pyrolysis of the biomass of the blue-green microalgae/cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-P clonal culture from the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The experimental investigation on the pyrolysis process of microalgal biomass has been carried out with the experimental setup made at the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen 6.0 to create an oxygen-free medium with a linear heating rate of 10°С/min from room temperature to 1,000°С. The entire pyrolysis process has proceeded in the endothermic region. The specific values for solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products have been experimentally determined. The following products have been manufactured by pyrolysis of microalgal biomass weighing 15 g: 1) char with a solid residue mass of 2.68 g, or 17.7% of MAB initial mass (while 9.3% of MAB initial mass has remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid with a mass of 3.3 g, or 21.9% of initial mass; 3) noncondensable pyrolysis gases, 1.15 L. The specific volumetric gas yield (amount of gas released from 1 kg of RM) has amounted to 0.076 nm³/kg.In the paper, the analysis of the composition and specific volumetric yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases produced in the pyrolysis process depending on temperature has been carried out. It is shown that the proportion of high-calorific components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases with the temperature increase. The heating value assessment for the mixture of these gases has been performed as well.     

玉米秸秆热裂解试验研究

在热天平分析玉米秸秆热失重行为基础上,利用气相色谱仪分析研究了玉米秸秆在热裂解过程中热解气的组分。分析结果表明:随着温度升高,气体产物中氢气、甲烷的含量增加,二氧化碳、一氧化碳的含量却减少。结合玉米秸秆的化学组分从分子微观结构角度对玉米秸秆热裂解过程进行了分析。     

Characteristic and utilization of pyrolysis productions from Dianchi Lake’s sediment in Yunan province in China

In the process of pyrolysis of Dianchi Lake’s sediment, a large number of productions (including gas state, liquid state, and solid state) were obtained. This research analyzed the characteristics and utilization of the representative pyrolysis products by gas chromatography, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, and X-ray fluorescence methods. The main gas components were H₂, CO, CH₄, CO₂, C₂H₄, and C₂H₆ in pyrolysis productions of the Dianchi Lake’s sediment. The flammable gases, H₂, CO, and CH₄, were vastly generated at the high-temperature section (>800°C). The main liquid components of pyrolysis products were phenol and hydroxy derivatives, which have no fuel use value, but abundance of phenol and its derivatives can be used as chemical raw materials. Solid products were in the enrichment of Si, Al, Fe, and other mineral elements, which have a good application prospect as building materials.