Measurement of phase and amplitude error distributions inarrayed-waveguide grating multi/demultiplexers based on dispersivewaveguide

We measured the phase and amplitude error distributions in InP-based arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multi/demultiplexers using Fourier transform spectroscopy with interferogram restoration. The interferogram restoration was used to reduce the effect of the group-velocity dispersion of the waveguide. It was based on a wavenumber scale transformation or a dispersion balance between two arms in the interferometer. We derived a criterion for choosing the appropriate restoration method by estimating the worst-case measurement error in the presence of second order dispersion. After selecting a method using the derived criterion, we obtained isolated fringe patterns, from which we were able to obtain the phase and amplitude distributions in 50 and 200 GHz AWGs. Using the obtained distributions, we examined the origin of the crosstalk and chromatic dispersion in InP-based AWGs. The results revealed that the main origin is phase error as found with SiO₂ -based AWGs     

工艺误差对AWG串扰特性的影响

分析了阵列波导光栅器件的制作过程中引入的各种工艺误差。对波导尺寸误差、折射率误差以及长度误差进行了等效,并计算了位相误差和振幅误差的方差。最后分析了位相误差和振幅误差对阵列波导光栅的频谱特性尤其是相邻通道间的串扰特性的影响。     

相位误差对阵列波导光栅传输特性的影响

研究了阵列波导光栅 (AWG)制作过程中产生的误差所引起的相位误差对AWG传输特性的影响。非随机误差引起的相位误差使信道的中心波长产生漂移 ,研究表明波导宽度 0 0 2 μm的变化将引起中心波长漂移 0 1nm。随机误差所产生的随机相位误差将恶化AWG的串扰特性 ,计算表明 ,最大随机误差为 0 0 0 0 0 4rad μm时 ,串扰将增加 4 2dB。     

Estimation of waveguide phase error in silica-based waveguides

A new estimation method is proposed in order to clarify waveguide phase error factors. Using the proposed method, it is possible to analyze such factors as core size error and refractive index error, which cause optical phase error in waveguides. This method is applied to silica-based waveguides to estimate the waveguide phase error. This revealed an average core size error of 2.1×10^-3 μm and an average refractive index error of 1.9×10^-6. Finally, based on the measured phase error values, the optimum arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) configuration is considered with a view to achieving low crosstalk     

Measurement of slowly varying component in phase error distribution of a large-channel-spacing arrayed-waveguide grating

It has been difficult to measure the phase error distribution of a large-channel-spacing arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) with optical low coherence interferometry (OLCI). In this reported work OLCI was successfully used to measure the slowly varying component in the distribution of a 1 THz-spaced AWG that was the primary filter in an ultra-high-density multi/demultiplexer. The spectral sidelobe of the AWG can be reduced by using the component to achieve the lowest possible accumulated crosstalk in the multi/demultiplexer.     

An AWG-based 10 Gbit/s colorless WDM-PON system using a chirp-managed directly modulated laser

We propose an arrayed waveguide grating(AWG)-based 10 Gbit/s per channel full duplex wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network(WDM-PON).A chirp managed directly modulated laser with return-to-zero(RZ) differential phase shift keying(DPSK) modulation technique is utilized for downlink(DL) direction,and then the downlink signal is re-modulated for the uplink(UL) direction using intensity modulation technique with the data rate of 10 Gbit/s per channel.A successful WDM-PON transmission operation with the data rate of 10 Gbit/s per channel over a distance of 25 km without any optical amplification or dispersion compensation is demonstrated with low power penalty.     

An Analytic Approach to Random Phase Error and Its Impact on the Performance and Design of Arrayed-Waveguide Gratings

Random phase error due to fabrication process causes the filter response of arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) to degrade, especially in terms of crosstalk. In the side-lobe region, which is critical to the channel crosstalk performance, each instantiation of the random phase error can yield a significantly different filter transmission than that of the average for that level of phase error. In this report, the statistical behavior of the AWG filter transmission in the side-lobe region is studied analytically. Both the distribution of random side-lobe level at a given wavelength and an upper bound of the outage probability for side-lobe maxima are given in a simple closed form. Accordingly, a crosstalk margin needs to be allocated to ensure a given fabrication yield and this is shown to depend on the fractional bandwidth of the AWG filter. For filter shapes that are close to Gaussian, this crosstalk margin can be 8 dB or more above the average crosstalk level, for small fractional bandwidth of about 1% and fabrication yields of 80% or higher. These relations should be useful to AWG designers particularly when the underlying fabrication process is susceptible to nonnegligible random phase errors.     

宽带回波信号的非线性幅相压缩性能分析

为了在雷达回波数据压缩中较好地保留目标的相位信息,研究了基于非线性离散余弦变换(DCT)和自适应小波贪婪(AWG)算法的幅相压缩性能。运用上述2种算法对宽带回波信号分别进行了正交I/Q压缩和幅相压缩实验。通过性能指标CSNR(压缩信噪比)和CPSD(压缩相位标准差),比较了I/Q压缩和幅相压缩的压缩性能。结果表明,同传统的I/Q压缩相比,幅相压缩能很好地保留目标的幅相信息;上述2种幅相压缩方法在不同信噪比情况下各有优势,非线性DCT幅相压缩适宜于压缩低信噪比宽带回波信号,基于AWG算法的幅相压缩则适宜于压缩高信噪比回波信号。     

基于射频信号2阶零功率的链路色散测量技术

为了适应高速率大色散光纤信道对链路色散的精确补偿要求,研究并提出了一种基于射频信号2阶零功率点的信道色散测量方案。采用信号两边带的位相差来测量光纤链路中的色散值,通过在发射端加载射频信号,可以得到接收端射频信号功率大小随链路色散值的周期性变化关系,从仿真光纤链路色散随射频信号频率的变化曲线获得接收端射频信号2阶零功率点位置。结果表明,基于射频信号2阶零功率的信号测量方案色散测量误差可控制在±10ps/nm范围内。相较于1阶零功率点,基于射频信号2阶零功率点信道色散测量方案可满足高速率、长距离大色散光纤信道对色散值的精确测量需求。     

Control of higher order leaky modes in deep-ridge waveguides and application to low-crosstalk arrayed waveguide gratings

In a lightwave circuit using a strongly confined waveguide, higher order leaky modes must be suppressed to obtain ideal characteristics, especially in arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs). Propagation loss for higher order leaky modes in InP-based deep-ridge waveguides was investigated by simulation and experiment. A highly sensitive loss measurement method based on optical low-coherence reflectometry was used to determine the loss, and the relationship between the loss for the higher order mode and AWG crosstalk was investigated. Optimizing the deep-ridge waveguide parameters, especially the core thickness, the refractive index of the core, and the etch depth under the core, significantly reduced the propagation loss for the higher order leaky mode. The effective elimination of the higher order modes will enable fabrication of low-crosstalk AWG routers.     

The role of photomask resolution on the performance ofarrayed-waveguide grating devices

The crosstalk performance of an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer or demultiplexer is primarily caused by random optical phase errors introduced in the arrayed waveguides. Because the layout of waveguides on a wafer is patterned via photomask through the photolithography process, the resolution of a photomask has a direct influence on the phase errors of an AWG. The paper presents a theoretical analysis on the phase error caused by photomask resolution and other basic design parameters. Both calculation and measurement results show that a high-resolution photomask (better than 25 nm) is a critical requirement to produce low-crosstalk (less than -30 dB) AWG demultiplexers. We also investigate the effect of nonideal power distribution in the arrayed waveguides because it contributes considerable phase errors when material impurity is not well controlled during wafer fabrication. Basic criteria of power profile truncation, number of grating waveguides, and material index variation are also summarized     

阵列波导光栅复用器的数学特性

叙述了基于阵列波导光栅复用器的结构与原理,在此基础上分析了其输入与输出信号的傅里叶变换、信号传输、信号循环移位,复用、解复用和波长路由的信号矩阵变换等光信号时空变换和光信号处理的数学特性,拓宽了阵列波导光栅波分复用器的应用领域。     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of influence of phase-to-intensity noise conversion in interferometric systems

The noise power spectral density in interferometric systems was studied theoretically and experimentally. The influence of 1/f frequency modulation noise, white noise, and source dispersion are shown in the conversion of phase noise into intensity noise. The direct relative intensity noise (RIN) is compared with the RIN caused by phase-to-intensity noise conversion, and the root mean square of equivalent interferometer phase error was studied. The influence of the interferometer operating point is shown on the noise power spectrum. The results can be employed to estimate the influence of the these effects in phase-to-intensity noise conversion in radio-frequency-modulated optical links, which use either self-delayed interferences or interferometers. These results can be applied to optical signal processing, radar signal processing, etc., which often use interferometers.     

Tunable Optical Dispersion Compensator Consisting of Simple Optics With Arrayed Waveguide Grating and Flat Mirror

We propose a tunable optical dispersion compensator (TODC) that uses an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) and a flat mirror. The TODC employs simple and cost-effective optics, and its chromatic dispersion can be changed simply by translating the AWG. We obtained a 3-dB bandwidth of 39 GHz when the dispersion was tuned within 800 ps/nm, and a maximum dispersion of ${pm}$3000 ps/nm.      

一种新型虚拟任意波形发生器的设计

通过分析传统任意波形发生器（AWG）的局限性,提出了一种基于通用串行总线（USB）和直接数字频率合成（DDS）技术的新型虚拟AWG的设计方法,并详细讨论了虚拟AWG的软件设计及硬件实现。该波形发生器操作灵活,可以产生任意波形的周期性信号,能灵活控制波形的幅值、频率和相位,并且在很宽的频率范围内快速切换频率,在自动测试、雷达等方面有着广泛的应用价值。     

相位误差对AWG波分复用器非相邻通道串扰影响的分析

分析了工艺制作过程中引入的阵列波导相位误差以及由其所引起的非相邻通道间串扰性能的劣化,给出了相应的分析公式.利用该公式,可以简捷地分析所设计的AWG型器件的非相邻通道串扰水平,为优化AWG型器件的设计提供依据.     

Integrated two-state AWG-based multiwavelength laser

An integrated InP-InGaAsP two-state coupled-laser device for use in optical packet switching and signal processing is presented. The two states are identified by distinct lasing wavelengths. Single-mode lasing occurs in both states and the contrast ratio between the two states is 35 dB. Switching between states with optical pulses is demonstrated. The use of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) and ring laser configuration permits monolithic integration without the need for cleaved facets. How the AWG can be used to obtain partial isolation between multiple interconnected devices is also discussed.     

A Bidirectional WDM/TDM-PON Using DPSK Downstream Signals and a Narrowband AWG

We present an innovative architecture to realize a single feeder bidirectional amplified wavelength-division-multiplexing/time-division-multiplexing passive optical network based on modified nonreturn-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) downstream signals at 20 Gb/s and a narrowband arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The AWG plays at the same time the role of channel distributor, simultaneous demodulator for all DPSK channels, and eliminates the need for chromatic dispersion compensation. A saturated semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) provides bidirectional amplification to compensate the splitter losses. The remodulated upstream signals are obtained at 1 Gb/s by means of a reflective SOA. Experimental results show error-free operation on both downstream and upstream signal.     

一种高分辨率聚束SAR运动补偿算法研究

聚束SAR模式是获得高分辨率雷达图像的一种有效的方法。由于合成孔径时间较长,载机在合成孔径时间内飞行的非平稳性造成图像严重散焦,并且高分辨率SAR的距离向信号也存在相位误差。该文提出一种新的基于回波数据的运动补偿方法对载机的位置误差、距离向相位误差以及残余包络误差进行有效的估计,得到高分辨率的聚束SAR图像,并通过实测数据验证了该文方法的有效性。     

Spectral Phase Encoder Employing an Arrayed-Waveguide Grating and Phase-Shifting Structure

This letter reports a spectral phase encoder using an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) with phase-adjustable structure. It consists of the 12.5-GHz spacing eight-channel AWG phase-adjustable structure with deep trenches formed in the waveguides. The spectral phase encoding of optical short pulses at the repetition rate of 12.5 GHz using the AWG encoder was successfully demonstrated.