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1.
A semisynthetic diet containing 15% by weight of dietary fat was fed to six groups of male Wistar rats for 28 days. Two groups
received the distilable fraction of fresh corn oil (DCO) or fresh olive oil (DOO), two groups the distillable fraction of
the thermally oxidized fats (OCO,OOO), and two groups received the respective fresh fats as controls (FCO, FOO). Substantial
changes in the fatty acid composition occurred in the fats upon thermal oxidation. Only the rats that received OOO showed
overt symptoms of heated fat toxicity. This was reflected in the histological scores of these animals, with the liver sustaining
the most numerous and severe lesions. Tissue fatty acid changes of any significance were confined largely to the polar liver
lipids of the rats that were fed OCO or OOO. The results of this study would suggest that the relatively greater toxicity
of OOO, compared to OCO, may in part be due to the high oleic:linoleic acid ratio of the fresh olive oil and in part to a
higher tocopherol content of the corn oil. 相似文献
2.
Groups of 40 male Charles River rats were fed diets containing cottonseed oil, olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, coconut oil,
chicken fat, beef fat, butter oil, lard and saturated medium chain triglycerides. The fats were fed fresh and after 40 hr
aeration at 60 C, which hardly changed peroxide values. In addition, fresh and aerated soybean oil and lard were fed to W/Fu
rats. Body weights and life span were significantly influenced by the kind of fat fed, but not by aeration. Many hearts exhibited
unspecific focal myocarditis and focal fibrosis. The latter was graded in a blind test, which revealed highly significant
differences in the incidence of severe lesions; those fed corn oil had the most, followed by cottonseed oil, soybean oil,
olive oil, beef fat, saturated medium chain triglycerides, butter, chicken fat and lard, in that order. Feeding of aerated
fat resulted in an increased incidence with six of the eight fats. The W/Fu rats had lower incidences, but those fed soybean
oil had more than those fed lard, and aeration led to a higher incidence. Some heart sections stained with Light Green SF
Yellowish revealed areas of muscle fibrils that did not accept the stain, probably as a consequence of cellular damage. Higher
incidences of this lesion were associated with the same fats as was severe fibrosis, and feeding of aerated fats led to higher
incidences. Many livers revealed marked proliferation of bile ducts. The groups fed cottonseed, soybean, olive and corn oils
had higher incidences of severe lesions, and feeding of the oxidized oils led to still higher incidences. None of the results
appeared to be associated with the fatty acid composition of the fats, which suggested that these long term effects may have
been due to minor constituents in the individual fats.
One of seven papers presented in the symposium “Biological Significance of Autoxidized and Polymerized Oils,” JOCS-AOCS Joint
Meeting, Los Angeles, April 1972. 相似文献
3.
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary oxidized fats on the relative mRNA concentrations and the activities
of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in the liver of rats treated with vitamin E or
selenium. Two experiments with male Sprague-Dawley rats were carried out. The first experiment included eight groups of rats
fed diets with either fresh fat or three different types of oxidized fat, preparated by heating at temperatures of 50, 105,
or 190°C, over a period of 6 wk. The diets contained either 25 or 250 mg α-tocopherol equivalents per kg. The second experiment
included four groups of rats fed diets with fresh fat or oxidized fat, heated at a temperature of 55°C, containing either
70 or 570 μg selenium per kg, over a period of 8 wk. Feeding the diets with oxidized fats led to a significant overall reduction
of the relative mRNA concentrations and the activities of FAS and G6PDH in both experiments. The effects of the oxidized fats
on mRNA concentrations and activities of these enzymes were independent of the dietary concentrations of vitamin E or selenium.
Moreover, in both experiments the rats whose diet contained the oxidized fats had significantly lower concentrations of TG
in liver, plasma, and VLDL than the rats whose diet contained fresh fat. The study suggests that oxidized fats contain substances
that suppress gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in the liver. 相似文献
4.
Hans Kaunitz C. A. Slanetz R. E. Johnson S. F. Herb 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1961,38(6):301-305
In view of the interest in the biological properties of products of fat oxidation, lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides were fed
and their nutritional effects compared with those of autoxidized cottonseed oil, which had been analyzed for its composition.
Purified diets containing no fat +2% of linoleic acid, 5% lauroyl or myristol peroxide, or 10% oxidized cottonseed oil were
fed to weanling male albino rats for 73 to 98 days, after which they were killed and their organs weighed. Their sera, livers,
and testicular fat bodies were used for lipid analysis.
With peroxides, growth was significantly depressed but not as much as when oxidized cottonseed oil was fed. Analysis of organ
weight data showed that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects. Animals fed the latter had significantly
heavier livers, kidneys, and hearts. The rats fed peroxides were also different from those fed the fat-free diet and those
kept on restricted food intake. Gas chromatographic analysis of the testicular fat bodies revealed a greater deposition of
oleate in the animals fed oxidized cottonseed oil, which suggested that these animals were unable to use the oxidized oil
for depot fat formation. In the anials fed lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides, appreciable amounts of laurate and myristate,
respectively, were found. The composition of the liver neutral fat of the animals fed peroxides was similar to that of the
animals fed the low-fat diet +2%, linoleic acid. Serum cholesterol levels of the rats fed peroxides were about 70 mg. %, and
of those fed oxidized cottonseed oil, 53 mg. %. The groups fed peroxides also had significantly higher liver cholesterol levels,
which suggests that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects on cholesterol formation and transport.
Aided by Grant A-1654 from the United States Public Health Service.
Presented at the 34th fall meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 相似文献
5.
Granville A. Nolen 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1972,49(12):688-693
Groups of 25 pairs of two generations of male and female rats were fed diets containing 15% of either fresh hydrogenated soybean oil (iodine value, 107), a similar fat used 56 hr for deep frying or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils with a fatty acid composition similar to the hydrogenated soybean oil. The first two litters of each generation were permitted to be born naturally. During the third pregnancy of each generation, one-half of the females were sacrificed on day 13 of gestation and inspected for early embryonic death. The remaining females were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation, and the fetuses were examined for either skeletal or softtissue abnormalities. There was no evidence of any deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters nor any teratogenic effects due to either hydrogenated soybean oil, a similar oil used for frying foods for 56 hr or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils. 相似文献
6.
Granville A. Nolen 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1947,24(12):688-693
Groups of 25 pairs of two generations of male and female rats were fed diets containing 15% of either fresh hydrogenated soybean
oil (iodine value, 107), a similar fat used 56 hr for deep frying or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils with a fatty
acid composition similar to the hydrogenated soybean oil. The first two litters of each generation were permitted to be born
naturally. During the third pregnancy of each generation, one-half of the females were sacrificed on day 13 of gestation and
inspected for early embryonic death. The remaining females were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation, and the fetuses were examined
for either skeletal or softtissue abnormalities. There was no evidence of any deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters
nor any teratogenic effects due to either hydrogenated soybean oil, a similar oil used for frying foods for 56 hr or an unhydrogenated
mixture of fats and oils. 相似文献
7.
Corn oil and olive oil were thermally oxidized, and the free fatty acids from the fresh fats, and from the distillable non-urea-adductable
(DNUA) fractions of the thermally oxidized fats were prepared. These were added as emulsions to the medium of primary cultures
of heart endothelial and muscle cells from neonatal rats. After exposure for 24 hr, the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol
(TC) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the cells was determined. Reflecting the nature of the fat used, the corn oil treatment
produced relatively higher concentrations of linoleic acid in the TG and PL fractions compared to the olive oil treatment,
in which case the oleic acid level was influenced. Treatment of the cultured cells with components derived from oxidized corn
oil or oxidized olive oil resulted in lower concentrations of linoleic and arachidonic acids in the PL moieties compared to
the fresh fat controls. However, there were marked increases in arachidonic acid in the TG fractions of both the endothelial
and muscle cells. These changes due to the DNUA from thermally oxidized fats indicate a distinct metabolic response to the
derivatives formed during thermal oxidation of the fats. 相似文献
8.
Studies are reported on the relative effects of in vivo oxidation produced by diets devoid of vitamin E and the consumption
of oxidized fat. Rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were raised from weaning on a sucrose-casein diet containing minerals and
vitamins in the required amounts, supplemented with 10% of safflower oil, menhaden oil, hydrogenated coconut oil or no fat.
Animals of ca. 185 g of the group fed the 10% safflower oil were then switched for 4 weeks to safflower or menhaden oil-supplemented
diets that were allowed to oxidize by exposing them to room temperature in the dark for 2–8 days. For comparison with effects
of in vivo oxidation, animals were raised from weaning on similar fresh diets devoid of vitamin E. Consumption of oxidized
fat was accompanied by loss of weight, effects on the size of the organs, changes in triglyceride levels and production of
TBA-reacting substances in the tissues. There was no effect on the induced swelling of liver mitochondria or the susceptibility
of erythrocytes to hemolysis in these animals. Growth was also suppressed in the animals fed the vitamin E-free diets, and
in vivo oxidation in these animals produced marked effects on the membrane properties of erythrocytes and liver mitochondria. 相似文献
9.
Diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are well known to suppress hepatic lipogenic enzymes compared to fat-free
diets or diets rich in saturated fatty acids. However, the mechanism underlying suppression of lipogenic enzymes is not quite
clear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether lipid peroxidation products are involved in suppression of
lipogenic enzymes. Therefore, an experiment with growing male rats assigned to six groups over a period of 40 d was carried
out. Rats received semisynthetic diets containing 9.5% coconut oil and 0.5% fresh soybean oil (coconut oil diet, peroxide
value 5.1 meq O2/kg oil), 10% fresh soybean oil (fresh soybean oil diet, peroxide value 0.5 meq O2/kg oil), or 10% thermally treated soybean oil (oxidized soybean oil diet, peroxide value 74 meq O2/kg oil). To modify the antioxidant state of the rats, we varied the vitamin E supply (11 and 511 mg α-tocopherol equivalents
per kg of diet) according to a bi-factorial design. Food intake and body weight gain were not influenced by dietary fat and
vitamin E supply. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were markedly influenced by the dietary fat. Feeding either fresh
or oxidized soybean oil diets markedly reduced activities of fatty acid synthase, (FAS), acetyl CoA-carboxylase, (AcCX), glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and ATP citrate lyase (ACL) relative to feeding the coconut oil
diet. Moreover, feeding oxidized soybean oil slightly, but significantly, lowered activities of FAS, AcCX, and ACL compared
to feeding fresh soybean oil. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were reflected by concentrations of triglycerides in
liver and plasma. Rats fed the coconut oil diet had markedly higher triglyceride concentrations in liver and plasma than rats
consuming fresh or oxidized soybean oil diets, and rats fed oxidized soybean oil had lower concentrations than rats fed fresh
soybean oil. The vitamin E supply of the rats markedly influenced concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
in liver, but it did not influence activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Because the vitamin E supply had no effect, and
ingestion of an oxidized oil had only a minor effect, on activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, it is strongly suggested
that neither exogenous nor endogenous lipid peroxidation products play a significant role in the suppression of hepatic lipogenic
enzymes by diets rich in PUFA. Therefore, we assumed that dietary PUFA themselves are involved in regulatio of hepatic lipogenic
enzymes. Nevertheless, the study shows that ingestion of oxidized oils, regardless of the vitamin E supply, also affects hepatic
lipogenesis, and hence influences triglyceride levels in liver and plasma. 相似文献
10.
A study was made of the influence of semisynthetic diets of low and high unsaturation on the fatty acid composition and desaturation-chain
elongation enzymatic activity of the liver microsomal fractions of male Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages. Groups of rats
were fed 5 or 20% coconut oil (CO), or a 5 or 20% mixture of corn and menhaden oils (3∶7) (CME) from weaning to 100 wk of
age. Growth rate and food consumption were measured during this period in which animals were sacrificed at 36, 57, 77 and
100 wk of age. Both the level and composition of the dietary fat supplements produced marked effects on the fatty acid composition
of the liver microsomal lipids. In general, the fatty acid composition of the microsomal fractions reflected that of the dietary
fat and was more unsaturated with the higher level of fat fed. The rate of conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid in assays
performed in vitro with liver microsomal preparations from animals of the different groups also showed marked differences.
The 6-desaturase-chain elongation activity was higher in the 5% than 20% group and corresponded to the essential fatty acid
(EFA) status of the animals in these groups as represented by the triene-tetraene ratio of the microsomal lipid. The relationship
of the 6-desaturase activity to fatty acid composition of the microsomal lipid indicated that if varied directly with the
level of 20∶3ω9, 18∶1 and 16∶1 and was inhibited by arachidonic acid. The activity of the 6-desaturase enzyme system was lowest
in the liver microsomal fraction obtained from the animals fed the CME diets and appeared to be suppressed by the high levels
of 20∶5 and 22∶6 that accumulated in the microsomal lipid. Accordingly, the levels of arachidonic acid were lower in the microsomal
lipid of these groups than those of the corresponding CO groups in spite of a greater abundance of linoleic acid in the diet.
The data suggest that the activity of the 6-desaturase-chain elongation system is regulated by the fatty acid composition
of the microsomal lipid as influenced by the composition of the dietary fat. 相似文献
11.
Nutritional evaluation of a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) preparation, containing about 75% octanoic acid and 25% decanoic
acid, was carried out in short- and long-term experiments in rats. A casein diet containing 19.6% MCT and 2.5% safflower oil,
the latter to supply essential fatty acids, was compared with similar diets containing conventional dietary fats. Data obtained
in a 47-week study showed that the MCT diet supported normal growth and development. At autopsy, carcass protein and ash levels,
vital organ weights and composition were similar to those in rats fed conventional fats. Histological study showed that intestinal
and liver sections were normal after 47 weeks on the MCT-containing diet. In general, rats fed MCT had slightly lower growth
rates and caloric efficiency values, less carcass fat and smaller epididymal fat pads than animals fed conventional dietary
fats. Little C8 and C10 were found in depot fat. The MCT diet also supported normal reproducton, as indicated by litter size and number. During lactation
the volume of milk secreted by the rats receiving the MCT diet was smaller and contained a lower level of fat than that secreted
by the rats receiving an oleo oil diet, resulting in slower gains in weight in the MCT group. After weaning, growth of the
rats fed MCT compared favorably with that attained by the animals on the diet containing oleo oil. 相似文献
12.
Male, weanling rats were fed, for up to six weeks, corn oil (CO), rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydrogenated fat (HF), or
a mixture of partially hydrogenated fat and corn oil (HF+CO). The respiratory activity of their isolated heart mitochondria,
their hormone-sensitive lipase activity, and the fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids of the mitochondria were determined.
The results indicated that heart mitochondria isolated from rats which had been fed corn oil (CO) had a higher rate of oxygen
uptake, showed higher respiratory control ratios, higher ADP/0 ratios and a higher rate of ATP synthesis than the heart mitochondria
isolated from those fed rapeseed oil or hydrogenated fats. The oxygen uptake rates of the rat heart mitochondria isolated
from each dietary group of rats was in order: oleyl carnitine ≫ erucyl carnitine > elaidyl carnitine. The decreased capacity
to oxidize substrate by heart mitochondria which had been isolated from the hearts of rats fed rapeseed or hydrogenated soybean
oil as compared with those fed corn oil as a sole source of dietary fat seemed related to the mitochondria lipid composition.
The type of dietary fat fed had a pronounced influence on the mitochondrial fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine,
phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin. The lipase activity of the RSO-fed group did not show any increment with either
epinephrine or supplemental ATP treatment. The substrate preference for lipase activity in myocardium was corn oil-triglycerides
> trierucin > trielaidin > tripalmitin. However, cardiac lipid accumulation did not seem related to lipase activity in the
myocardium.
Taken from a thesis submitted by Chi Ming Lee Hsu in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree in Food Science, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 相似文献
13.
J. T. Venkatraman D. Pehowich B. Singh R. V. Rajotte A. B. R. Thomson M. T. Clandinin 《Lipids》1991,26(6):441-444
Experimental diabetes may manifest itself in a defect in liver microsomal fatty acid desaturation and increased activity of
glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase). The present study was designed to determine whether these changes could be normalized by
a change in the dietary fat consumed. Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were fed nutritionally adequate diets
which varied in fatty acid composition. Fatty acid analysis of liver microsomal phospholipids revealed that non-diabetic control
animals fed saturated fat (beef tallow) or a diet high in ω3 fatty acids (fish oil) exhibited a significantly higher level
of 18∶2ω6 and a lower level of 20∶4ω6 in the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions compared with diabetic
animals. Control and diabetic animals fed the high linoleic acid diet had similar levels of 18∶2ω6 in the microsomal phosphatidylcholine
and phosphatidylserine fractions. Microsomal G-6-Pase activity was higher in diabetic than in control animals. Activity of
G-6-Pase was lower in microsomes of control animals fed the soybean oil or the fish oil diet, but was not significantly reduced
in diabetic animals fed high polyunsaturated fats. Blood glucose levels were similar in control groups fed the different diets,
but the plasma hemoglobin A1c level was lower in diabetic animals fed the soybean oil diet. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels
were lower in diabetic animals fed the fish oil-based diet. The results suggest that dietary fat manipulation has the potential
to change at least some of the abnormalities in the microsomal membrane in experimental diabetes. 相似文献
14.
Anette Bysted Gunhild Hølmer Pia Lund 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(2):225-234
The effect of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil and butterfat on the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated.
Five groups of rats were fed diets that contained 20 wt% fat. The content of linoleic acid was adjusted to 10 wt% of the dietary
fats in all diets, whereas the amount of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) was varied from 4.5 to 15 wt% in three of the five diets. The
fourth group received trans fatty acids from butterfat (BF), while the control group was fed palm oil without trans fatty acids. Trans fatty acids in the diet were portionally reflected in rat liver and heart phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine
(PC), phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine. Incorporation in the sn-1 position was compensated by a decrease in saturated fatty acids. Trans fatty acids were not detected in diphosphatidylglycerol. Compared to the presence in the dietary fats, 8t- and 10t-18:1 were discriminated against in the incorporation in PE and PC from liver and heart, whereas 9t- and 12t-18:1 were preferred. The formation of 20:4n-6 was not influenced by 4.5 wt% trans fatty acids (from PHSBO) but apparently was by 10 wt% in liver. In contrast, even a content of 2.5 wt% trans fatty acids from BF reduced the formation of 20:4n-6. The inhibitory effect of trans isomers on linoleic acid conversion was reflected less in heart than in liver and less for PE than for PC. Groups with trans fatty acids showed increased 22:6n-3 and 22:5n-3 deposition in liver and heart PE and PC. 相似文献
15.
Royan M Meng GY Othman F Sazili AQ Navidshad B 《International journal of molecular sciences》2011,12(12):8581-8595
An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of different dietary fats (Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fish oil, soybean oil, or their mixtures, as well as palm oil, as a more saturated fat), with a as fed dose of 7% for single fat and 3.5 + 3.5% for the mixtures, on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) gene expression and its relation with body fat deposits. The CLA used in this experiment was CLA LUTA60 which contained 60% CLA, so 7% and 3.5% dietary inclusions of CLA LUTA60 were equal to 4.2% and 2.1% CLA, respectively. Higher abdominal fat pad was found in broiler chickens fed with a diet containing palm oil compared to chickens in the other experimental groups (P ≤ 0.05). The diets containing CLA resulted in an increased fat deposition in the liver of broiler chickens (P ≤ 0.05). The only exception was related to the birds fed with diets containing palm oil or fish oil + soybean oil, where contents of liver fat were compared to the CLA + fish oil treatment. PPARγ gene in adipose tissue of chickens fed with palm oil diet was up-regulated compared to other treatments (P ≤ 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in adipose PPARγ gene expression between chickens fed with diets containing CLA, fish oil, soybean oil or the mixture of these fats. On the other hand, the PPARα gene expression in liver tissue was up-regulated in response to the dietary fish oil inclusion and the differences were also significant for both fish oil and CLA + fish oil diets compared to the diets with palm oil, soybean oil or CLA as the only oil source (P ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the results of present study showed that there was a relationship between the adipose PPARγ gene up-regulation and abdominal fat pad deposition for birds fed with palm oil diet, while no deference was detected in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, as well as CLA on PPARγ down regulation in comparison to a more saturated fat. When used on its own, fish oil was found to be a more effective fat in up-regulating hepatic PPARα gene expression and this effect was related to a less fat deposition in liver tissue. A negative correlation coefficient (-0.3) between PPARα relative gene expression and liver tissue fat content confirm the anti-lipogenic effect of PPARα, however, the change in these parameters was not completely parallel. 相似文献
16.
Klaus Eder Manfred Kirchgessner 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》1999,101(5):178-184
Several studies demonstrated that dietary oxidized oils markedly affect the vitamin E status and alter the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids in animals. It must however be emphasized that highly oxidized oils reduce the feed intake of animals, which makes it difficult to interpret the results. Therefore, the present study used a moderately thermoxidized soybean oil (peroxide value: 75 mEq O2/kg), having a similar fatty acid composition as fresh soybean oil (peroxide value: 9.5 mEq O2/kg) which was used as control. Moreover, according to a bifactorial design, two different vitamin E supplementary levels (11 vs. 511 mg α-to-copherol equivalents per kg diet) were used. The experiment was conducted with male Sprague-Dawley rats. The feeding period lasted for 40 days. In order to assess the vitamin E status, the vitamin E concentrations in plasma, liver, heart, kidney, and adipose tissue were determined. The vitamin E supply had a pronounced effect on the vitamin E concentrations of those tissues whereas the type of fat had only a slight effect. The fatty acid composition of total lipids from liver, erythrocytes, and low-density lipoproteins was also only slightly influenced by the oxidized fat. The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was even reduced by feeding the oxidized oil. With a low vitamin E supply, the in vitro susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to lipid peroxidation was slightly increased by feeding the oxidized oil. In contrast, with a high vitamin E supply, there was no adverse effect of the dietary oxidized oil on the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to lipid peroxidation. Feeding the oxidized oil, however, increased the concentrations of malondialdehyde in low-density lipoproteins suggesting an increased in vivo lipid peroxidation. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that moderately oxidized dietary fats increase the atherogenicity of low-density lipoproteins. In contrast, a moderately oxidized oil scarcely affected the vitamin E status and the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids. 相似文献
17.
H. C. Tejaswi Kumar T. Jeyarani Milind D. Indrani 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2013,90(10):1523-1531
Keeping in view the present day demand for foods with healthy fats, the effect of different fats namely hydrogenated fat (HF) and bakery fat (BF); oils—sunflower oil (SFO), soyabean oil (SBO), olive oil (OLO), palm oil (POO) and coconut oil (CNO) separately at the level of 7.5 % on the rheological, fatty acid profile and quality characteristics of parotta was studied. Addition of fats and oils decreased Farinograph water absorption, Amylograph peak viscosity, Alveograph resistance of dough to deformation and increased average abscissa at rupture. In the micrographs of parotta dough with fats, the protein matrix appeared thick and intact, whereas in the case of parotta dough with oils the protein matrix appeared slightly less intact. The spread ratio and overall quality of parotta with oils were higher than fats. The highest overall quality score was observed for parotta with OLO, followed in decreasing order by SFO, SBO, CNO, POO, HF and BF. Determination of fatty acid profile showed that the parottas with fats contained a high amount of trans fatty acids (TFA), while parottas with oils had no TFA. During storage up to 48 h, the parottas with oils remained softer than the parottas with fats. 相似文献
18.
Johnson O. C. Perkins E. Sugal M. Kummerow F. A. 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1957,34(12):594-597
Summary The present results indicated that the thermal oxidation products from the polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily linoleic
acid, are responsible for much of the loss of nutritional value in thermally oxidized edible oils. Oils which have a high
linoleic acid content are more likely to undergo thermal oxidative damage than those with lower linoleic contents. Also the
ratio of linoleic acid to total unsaturation has some effect on the nutritive stability of the oil when it has been thermally
oxidized. An oil with a high iodine value but with a low linoleic acid value appears to be more stable to thermal oxidation
than an oil with an iodine value one half as great but with most of the unsaturation in the oil caused by linoleic acid.
The products formed during thermal oxidation which cause the loss of nutritional value are those which do not form urea-inclusion
compounds. They are probably polymeric in nature, but thermally oxidized oils also contain carboxylic acids and carbonyl groups
which might cause some of the nutritional loss observed when thermally oxidized oils are fed.
The rate ofin vitro hydrolysis of the thermally oxidized corn oil by pancreatic lipase, also the rate of absorption from the intestine of the
male rats, were found to be decreased. However the percentage of absorption in 24 hrs. was the same with both fresh and thermally
oxidized oil.
The liver-body weight ratio of rats fed a diet containing the thermally oxidized oil were found to be significantly larger
than the liver-body weight ratio in animals fed diets containing fresh oil. However the livers of animals fed the thermally
oxidized oil diets did not differ in lipide percentage or total solid content, and histopathological investigations did not
show any abnormal conditions. 相似文献
19.
It has been reported that both n−3 and n−6 octadecatrienoic acids can increase hepatic fatty acid oxidation activity. It remains
unclear, however, whether different enzymes in fatty acid oxidation show a similar response to n−3 and n−6 octadecatrienoic
acids. The activity of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes in rats fed an oil mixture rich in α-linolenic acid (18:3n−3)
and borage oil rich in γ-linolenic acid (18:3n−6) was therefore compared to that in rats fed an oil mixture rich in linoleic
acid (18:2n−6) and a saturated fat (palm oil) in this study. Linseed oil served as the source of 18:3n−3 for the oil mixture
rich in this octadecatrienoic acid and contained 30.6% 18:3n−3 but not 18:3n−6. Borage oil contained 25.7% 18:3n−6 and 4.5%
18:3n−3. Groups of seven rats each were fed diets containing 15% various fats for 15 d. The oxidation rate of palmitoyl-CoA
in the peroxisomes was higher in rats fed a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 (3.03 nmol/min/mg protein) and borage oil (2.89 nmol/min/mg
protein) than in rats fed palm oil (2.08 nmol/min/mg protein) and a fat mixture rich in 18:2n−6 (2.15 nmol/min/mg protein).
The mitochondrial palmitoyl-CoA oxidation rate was highest in rats fed a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 (1.93 nmol/min/mg protein),
but no significant differences in this parameter were seen among the other groups (1.25–1.46 nmol/min/mg protein). Compared
to palm oil and fat mixtures rich in 18:2n−6, a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 and borage oil significantly increased the hepatic
activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase and acyl-CoA oxidase. Compared to palm oil and a fat mixture rich in 18:2n−6,
a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3, but not fats rich in 18:3n−6, significantly decreased 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.
Compared to palm oil and a fat mixture rich in 18:2n−6, borage oil profoundly decreased mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
activity, but a fat mixture rich in 18:3n−3 increased it. 2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase activity was significantly lower in rats
fed palm oil than in other groups. Compared to other fats, borage oil significantly increased Δ3, Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activity. Activity was also significantly higher in rats fed 18:2n−6 oil than in those fed palm oil.
It was confirmed that both dietary 18:3n−6 and 18:3n−3 increased fatty acid oxidation activity in the liver. These two dietary
octadecatrienoic acids differ considerably, however, in how they affect individual fatty acid oxidation enzymes. 相似文献
20.
J. C. Alexander 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1978,55(10):711-717
In deep-fat frying the fat is used over and over again, and moisture and air are mixed into the hot oil. Substantial quantities
of the heated fat are absorbed into the fried foods. Many reports from experimental observations with animals fed these fats
have shown biological effects ranging from a slight depression in growth, all the way to very poor growth, diminished feed
efficiency, increased liver size, fatty necrosis of the liver, and various other organ lesions. Obviously, certain fat constituents
may be changed by frying conditions, and the adverse biological effects are relative. We are at the stage in studying these
heated fats where selected techniques including biochemical parameters, histopathological evaluations, and tissue culture
in monolayers can be good indicators of some of the specific effects on biological tissues. Isolated fractions from heated
fat samples, which contained concentrations of cyclic monomer and dimer derivatives, were used in animal studies. Incorporation
of the above materials into rat diets produced distended flatulent stomachs and intestines, gastric ulcers, and multiple focal
hemorrhages. Histological evaluation of heart, liver, and kidney tissue sections indicated extensive cellular damage. Livers
and kidneys exhibited the most severe lesions. Neonatal heart cells established as monolayers on glass cover slips were exposed
to fractions from heated or fresh fats. Cellular damage including pyknosis, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and mitotic aberrations
were observed. Uptake of14C-labeled fatty acid by the triglyceride fraction of the cells was increased with heated fats. 相似文献