长周期光纤光栅温度传感器应变交叉敏感的研究

长周期光纤光栅是透射谱光栅,纤芯基模与同向各阶包层模发生耦合,谐振波长和幅值对外界环境的变化非常敏感,比传统布拉格光纤光栅具有更好的温度、应力、弯曲、扭曲、横向载荷、折射率等的传感特性.由于长周期光纤光栅对两个或者多个参量都是敏感的,当光纤光栅用于传感测量时,很难分辨出各个参量分别引起的被测量的变化,交叉敏感问题比布拉格光纤光栅严重的多.交叉敏感是光纤光栅传感中的关键问题.分析了目前较为典型的解决策略和方案,在此基础上提出了联系的思想和解决方案,提出并实验验证了一种解决长周期光纤光栅温度传感测量中应力与温度的交叉敏感问题.充分利用了LPFG温度与应变交叉敏感的现象,利用联系的思想,将应变对温度的负面干扰转变为正面的增敏.     

Analysis of phase-matching conditions in flexural-wave modulatedfiber Bragg grating

Effective refractive indexes of the core mode and various cladding modes of a tapered single-mode step-index fiber were calculated for identifying the cladding modes of phase matching for coupling with the core mode, caused by a prewritten Bragg grating together with an applied flexural wave (microbending) in the tapered region. With these coupling mechanisms, the previously reported reflection wavelength switching could be well interpreted. Between the core mode and a cladding mode, the Bragg grating caused contradirectional coupling and the flexural wave resulted in codirectional coupling of either first- or second-order diffraction. Meanwhile, the period of the acoustic-induced flexural wave was calibrated to be a few hundreds of micrometers. Based on the phase-matching calculations, the relationship between cladding radius and flexural wave period with a chosen wavelength for reflection switching was provided. Such design considerations should be helpful in implementing wavelength switches, based on flexural wave modulation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG), for the applications of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) fiber communications     

光纤布拉格光栅的折射率传感研究

采用光纤布拉格光栅制备折射率传感器,研究光纤光栅的折射率传感灵敏度与其包层直径之间的关系。理论分析可得,光栅包层直径越小,Bragg波长的偏移量随环境折射率变化的影响越大,这样就能使实验中光栅所反射的LD光功率变化(传感灵敏度)越明显。利用氢氟酸溶液腐蚀光栅包层的方法,得到不同包层直径的光纤Bragg光栅折射率传感器。实验指出,包层直径减小时,光栅可传感的折射率范围会缩小,而其折射率的传感灵敏度却会增大,如包层直径为8.9 μm时,折射率的检测范围为1.3872~1.4730,其最大灵敏度值达到了224.0320 dBm/RIU。     

表面膜层参数对长周期光纤光栅特性的影响

采用严格的耦合模理论建立了表面涂覆弱吸收薄膜长周期光纤光栅（LPFG）的理论模型，用微扰法对复数超越特征方程进行了求解。研究发现，对应某一膜厚，存在一折射率范围，有效折射率的变化和谐振波长偏移特别明显；但消光系数对有效折射率和谐振波长的影响则很小。从功率密度分布曲线可看出低阶奇次包层模式与纤芯模式的耦合要强于低阶偶次包层模式与纤芯模式的耦合，消光系数引起的功率损耗较小。薄膜折射率对透射谱的变化（幅度和谐振峰偏移）影响很大；消光系数对谐振峰偏移影响很小，对谐振峰幅度的影响与具体的薄膜折射率有关。结果表明，敏感薄膜折射率和消光系数与传感器的灵敏度高低有直接关系，传感器的结构优化非常必要。     

倾斜长周期光纤光栅薄膜传感器特性研究

为设计高灵敏光纤光栅薄膜传感器,基于耦合模理论研究了表面镀制高折射率敏感薄膜的倾斜长周期光纤光栅（TLPFG）耦合特性和薄膜折射率传感特性。TLPFG能激发高阶（角向序数l1）包层模耦合,高阶包层模耦合系数随倾角增大而增大,80时,高阶包层模耦合系数远小于1阶包层模耦合系数。研究表明,光栅倾角变化不影响包层模耦合谐振波长,但影响光谱透过率。进一步研究了TLPFG在80时1阶5次包层模耦合的光谱透过率对薄膜折射率变化的响应,分析了光栅结构参数（L、、）和薄膜参数（h3,n3）对薄膜折射率响应灵敏度的影响,结果表明,响应灵敏度相比于非倾斜LPFG可提高一个数量级,对薄膜折射率的分辨率可达10-9。     

多径衰落信道的分数布朗运动模型

本文旨在将分形理论引入多径衰落信道的研究,从非线性科学的角度出发建立了多径信道的分数布朗运动模型.通过探讨多径信号的增量统计分布、统计自相似性、广义功率谱和分形维数,揭示了多径衰落与分数布朗运动间的内在联系;指出信号的分维是描述无线信道传播特性的重要参数;在分形模型的基础上,对多径信号进行了重构.实验结果表明,无线信道的分数布朗运动模型比传统的随机模型能更有效地刻划和描述多径衰落的行为.     

积分法求解长周期光纤光栅透射谱研究

基于光纤光栅的模式耦合理论,用德拜势能法对纤芯、包层内的电磁场进行矢量分析,得到纤芯及各包层中的各矢量场分量的表达式,求解出纤芯和包层模的耦合常数和有效折射率后,利用数值积分的方法通过求解耦合模方程得到光纤光栅的透射率。积分法是一种较为精确的求解透射谱方法,为长周期光纤光栅的优化设计和其在光纤通信、光纤传感领域的高精度测量提供理论依据。     

环境折射率对长周期光纤光栅谐振波长的影响

长周期光纤光栅是近几年出现的新型光纤器件,表现为前向传播的纤芯导模与同向传播的各阶次包层模在特定波长时的模式耦合,因此它在温度、应变、折射率传感方面比普通的光纤光栅有更大的优越性.运用耦合模理论,首先讨论了长周期光纤光栅的谐振波长,并模拟了其透射谱.其次在理论上详细分析了长周期光纤光栅对环境折射率的敏感特性,讨论了环境折射率敏感度因子与包层模次数的关系,并比较了不同环境折射率下的灵敏度.最后模拟了在环境折射率小于光栅包层折射率的情况下,谐振波长随环境折射率变化的规律.     

积分法求解长周期光纤光栅透射谱研究

基于光纤光栅的模式耦合理论,用德拜势能法对纤芯、包层内的电磁场进行矢量分析,得到纤芯及各包层中的各矢量场分量的表达式,求解出纤芯和包层模的耦合常数和有效折射率后,利用数值积分的方法通过求解耦合模方程得到光纤光栅的透射率。积分法是一种较为精确的求解透射谱方法,为长周期光纤光栅的优化设计和其在光纤通信、光纤传感领域的高精度测量提供理论依据。     

中短波HgCdTe金属接触的退火研究

为制备良好的碲镉汞金属接触,研究了热退火处理对中短波Hg空位掺杂碲镉汞金属接触的影响。对中短波HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触及中波HgCdTe-Cr/Au接触经不同条件退火后的接触进行了测量。对于短波碲镉汞,p型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触经95 ℃,30 min退火可降低比接触电阻2个量级,而经125 ℃,30 min退火可降低3个量级;离子注入的n型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触则容易形成欧姆接触。对于中波碲镉汞,退火前p型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触平均比接触电阻为10-1 Ωcm2量级,经适当条件退火可以降低3个量级;此外,Sn/Au比Cr/Au更适合作为中波HgCdTe的接触金属。因而HgCdTe金属接触可通过一定退火处理得到改善。     

传输矩阵法求解长短周期级联光纤光栅传输谱

基于光纤光栅的模式耦合理论,用传输矩阵法对长短周期级联光纤光栅的传输谱特性进行分析。先由耦合模方程分别得到长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)、连接光纤段和短周期光纤光栅(FBG)的传输矩阵,然后将它们相乘得到总的传输矩阵,最后再结合边界条件求得长短周期级联光纤光栅(CLBG)的传输谱。进一步对CLBG的传输谱进行了数值模拟,并通过实验进行了验证。实验结果表明,CLBG的传输谱中出现了由纤芯模和包层模耦合形成的两个谐振峰,与模拟计算的结果一致,证明了传输矩阵法求解CLBG传输谱的可行性,为CLBG在多参量传感和测量领域的广泛应用提供了理论支持。     

基于纤芯失配多模干涉的光纤折射率传感器

基于多模干涉效应的单模-多模-单模(SMS)结构光纤折射率传感器通常需要进行包层腐蚀来提高灵敏度,而且易受环境温度影响。为克服SMS结构的这些不足,提出了一种新型的基于纤芯失配多模干涉的光纤折射率传感器,由单模光纤-色散补偿光纤-单模光纤(SMF-DCF-SMF)级联光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)构成,长度不超过100mm。对其灵敏度、线性范围和温度特性等进行了测试,实验结果显示在测量折射率为1.33～1.39的折射率液时,特征波长与折射率呈线性关系,灵敏度为232.8nm,级联的FBG具有良好的温度校准功能。     

基于氧化锡铟纳米薄膜的圆形晶格光子晶体光纤折射率传感器

为了实现近红外波段的高灵敏度传感,设计并研究了一种基于表面等离子体共振的光子晶体光纤(Surface Plasmon Resonance Photonic Crystal Fiber,SPR-PCF)折射率传感器.该光纤横截面的空气孔排列方式是圆形晶格,呈现出向 日葵形状.光纤包层的外壁淀积了氧化锡铟(Indium T...     

腐蚀型FBG在非均匀液相介质下的数值响应特性

基于光波导理论和传输矩阵法,研究了光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)折射率传感器在非均匀液相介质下的响应特性。在数值计算中,分别考虑高折射率区(1.42～包层折射率)和低折射率区(1.33～1.36)两种情况,并假设非均匀液相介质的折射率分布为线性函数,仿真结果表明,FBG的反射谱特性强烈依赖于介质折射率分布函数的某些特征参数,比如折射率沿FBG轴向的分布梯度、折射率在FBG两端的差值。研究结果对FBG折射率传感器在生化传感中的应用具有一定意义。     

负折射率及零折射率光纤的光学特性

研究了芯层折射率为正,包层折射率为负的光纤导模光学特性,通过色散曲线分析比较了与常规光纤的不同,表现为低阶的简并的模式更少,单模存在的区域更多。进而分析了当包层折射率趋于零时的光学特性,发现与前两种光纤的光学特性都不同。分析发现当包层的介电常数和磁导率有一个为零时,在较小的区域各自出现了一条单模,与常规光纤的HE11模特性有很大不同,其色散曲线偏离方式与常规光纤相反,且出现了无模式存在的区域。     

UV-Inscribed Optical Fiber Gratings in Mid-IR Range and Their Laser Applications

We have UV-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), long-period gratings (LPGs), and tilted fiber gratings (TFGs) into mid-IR 2m range using three common optical fiber grating fabrication techniques (two-beam holographic, phase mask, and point-by-point). The fabricated FBGs have been evaluated for thermal and strain response. It has been revealed that the FBG devices with responses in mid-IR range are much more sensitive to temperature than that in near-IR range. To explore the unique cladding mode coupling function, we have investigated the thermal and refractive index sensitivities of LPGs and identified that the coupled cladding modes in mid-IR range are also much more sensitive to temperature and surrounding medium refractive index change. The 45 tilted fiber gratings (45-TFGs) as polarizing devices in mid-IR have been investigated for their polarization extinction characteristics. As efficient reflection filters and in-cavity polarizers, the mid-IR FBGs and 45-TFGs have been employed in fiber laser cavity to realize multi-wavelength 2 m Tm-doped CW and mode locked fiber lasers, respectively.     

Micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings. Part II: Towards advanced photonic devices

In this paper, the authors present new and complex configurations involving micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings (MSFBGs) as advanced devices for sensing and communications applications. First, the spectral behaviour of multi-defect MSFBGs is investigated with particular regards to the possibility to carry out multi-parameter sensor by a single sensing element. More defects along the grating permit the formation of more defect states inside the band-gap ruled by the multiple interaction of the signal reflected by the unperturbed grating regions modulated by the phase delays of the perturbations. Here, a practical case based on a two-defect MSFBG is taken into account, revealing the potentiality to perform dual SRI measurements with a single MSFBG device. Finally, a novel configuration has been considered involving a single-defect MSFBG coated with nano-sized coatings with higher refractive index compared to the cladding one. The presence of a high refractive index coating along the thinned region would induce the mode redistribution and the transition from core modes to overlay modes if coating features are properly selected. Here, sensitivity characteristics of the proposed device are analysed and significant improvement in the sensing performances have been obtained, including the possibility to tune the maximum sensitivity in the desired range.     

Intermodal interference based refractive index sensor employing elliptical core photonic crystal fiber

A refractive index (RI) sensor based on elliptical core photonic crystal fiber (EC-PCF) has been proposed. The asymmetric elliptical core introduces the polarization-dependent characteristics of the fiber core modes. The performances of intermodal interference between the intrinsic polarization fiber core modes are investigated by contrast in two interferometers based on the Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) and Sagnac interference model. In addition, the RI sensing characteristics of the two interferometers are studied by successively filling the three layers air holes closest to the elliptical core in the cladding. The results show that the M-Z interference between LP01 and LP11 mode in the same polarized direction is featured with the incremental RI sensing sensitivity as the decreasing interference length, and the infilled scope around the elliptical core has a weak correlation with the RI sensing sensitivity. Due to the high birefringence of LP11 mode, the Sagnac interferometer has better RI sensing performance, the maximum RI sensing sensitivity of 12 000 nm/RIU is achieved under the innermost one layer air holes infilled with RI matching liquid of RI=1.39 at the pre-setting EC-PCF length of 12 cm, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the M-Z interferometer with the same fiber length. The series of theoretical optimized analysis would provide guidance for the applications in the field of biochemical sensing.     

Ultra-broadband optical filter based on chirped long-period fiber grating using leaky mode coupling

An ultra-broadband optical filter was proposed and demonstrated based on leaky mode coupling in a coated chirped long-period fiber grating (CLPFG). The CLPFG was coated with a material whose refractive index (RI) was higher than that of the fiber cladding, enabling the coupling of the core mode to leaky modes, to achieve a desired coupling efficiency. Complex coupled-mode theory was used to investigate the power evolution of the core mode that resulted from the coupling. From this, the conditions in which the core mode power attenuates the most rapidly were identified. In addition, phase matching turning point (PMTP) was used in the design, to overcome the conflict between the range of grating period change and the grating length in the CLPFG. Finally, an optimized CLPFG-based filter with a length of 3.5 cm was obtained, which has a symmetrical attenuation band with an operating bandwidth over 300 nm. Within the operating bandwidth, the flatness is less than 2.5 dB and the transmittance is lower than 0.1%.     

Theoretical analysis of cladding-mode waveguide dispersion and its effects on the spectra of long-period fiber grating

A new method to control the free spectral range (FSR) of a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) is proposed and theoretically analyzed. As the refractive index decreases radially outward in the silica cladding by graded doping of fluorine, waveguide dispersion in the cladding modes was modified to result in the effective indexes change and subsequently the phase-matching conditions for coupling with the core mode in a LPFG. Enlargement of the FSR in a LPFG was theoretically confirmed.