Optical burst switching for service differentiation in thenext-generation optical Internet

In an effort to eliminate the electronic bottleneck, new optical switches/routers (hardware) are being built for the next-generation optical Internet where IP runs over an all-optical WDM layer. However, important issues yet to be addressed in terms of protocols (software) are how to develop a new paradigm that does not require any buffer at the WDM layer, as in circuit switching, and elimination of any layers between which exist mainly due to historical reasons. At the same time, such a paradigm should also efficiently support bursty traffic with high resource utilization as in packet switching. This article surveys design issues related to a new switching paradigm called optical burst switching, which achieves a balance between circuit and packet switching while avoiding their shortcomings. We describe how OBS can be applied to the next-generation optical Internet, and in particular how offset times and delayed reservation can help avoid the use of buffer, and support quality of service at the WDM layer     

Optical homodyne frequency domain reflectometer using an externalcavity semiconductor laser

An external cavity traveling-wave semiconductor ring laser with narrow linewidth is used as a light source for research in frequency domain reflectometry. The optical frequency of the laser is linearly chirped by an intra-cavity phase modulator. The time-delayed reflection signal is mixed with a reference signal to produce a microwave frequency that indicates the position of the reflection. For optical fiber measurement, a spatial resolution of 30 m and a one-way dynamic range of 28 dB for Rayleigh backscattered light have been achieved     

Codes for spectral-amplitude-coding optical CDMA systems

Codes with ideal in-phase cross correlation (CC) are required in spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems since these codes eliminate multiuser interference and also suppress the effect of phase-induced intensity noise. However, little research work has been done on such codes although codes with ideal CC have been studied for many years. In a paper by Zhou et al. (2000), such a code has been introduced, but no clear construction method has been presented. In this paper, we first review the construction method of this old code and then construct two new codes with ideal in-phase CC in algebraic ways. Both of the proposed new codes are obtained by modifying former codes with ideal CC. It has been shown that the system performance can be improved significantly by using codes with ideal in-phase CC instead of the Hadamard code. These codes can also be used in the synchronous optical CDMA systems for multiuser interference cancellation.     

Optical time domain reflectometry using an M-ary FSK probe andcoherent detection

This paper proposes a new approach to enhancing the performance of optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). This approach launches a probe signal modulated in the M-ary FSK format into a test fiber and detects the backscattering by coherent detection, which offers excellent frequency discrimination, followed by simple signal processing to recover the fiber impulse response. Fault location experiments verify the theoretical prediction of that the proposed approach reduces the measurement time to 1/M without sacrificing measurable dynamic range or spatial resolution. They also show that the approach is effective in reducing fluctuations in the OTDR trace. It is experimentally confirmed that OTDR with the proposed approach is feasible for long haul transmission systems     

Feasibility analysis for service differentiation using an FDL bank in OBS networks

A service differentiation scheme in optical burst switching (OBS) networks, which is based on dynamic fiber delay line (FDL) assignment, is shown. The effectiveness of the scheme is validated by numerical analysis and extensive simulations. Especially, the feasibility conditions for the service differentiation scheme, which are considered as the minimum number of FDLs for each sub-FDL group, are displayed. The feasibility conditions are derived numerically, and are verified through extensive simulations. The results of extensive simulations show that the proposed scheme and the feasibility conditions are valid for service differentiation in OBS networks.

光业务管理是提供多级别城域网业务的关键

随着电信业的发展，传统的运营商和下一代业务提供商为了获得更多的收入而展开了更激烈的竞争。竞争的加剧又促成了新的业务模型的产生，这些新的模型能使运营商通过降低网络成本将其自身与竞争对手区分开来。未来的业务能力将包括按需分配带宽、基于用户的配置、基于使用的计费以及企业网和专用网的线路外租等等。现在标准组织和系统厂商已经将重点放在了窄带和宽带网络基础设施与下一代互连模型的融合上。尽管这样的技术对于业务提供商实现他们的业务和收入目标是十分必要的，但是，这些技术已经不能再为业务提供商和系统厂商提供足够的竞…     

Performance enhancement of spectral-amplitude-coding optical CDMAusing pulse-position modulation

Spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) systems are limited by interference between incoherent sources. A detailed analysis of this limit for a system with a balanced receiver is presented. Additional pulse-position modulation (PPM) coding is proposed as a method to improve the system performance beyond this limit. A simple and robust PPM decoding structure is proposed, and the performance analysis of the whole PPM-OCDMA system is presented. The interference-limited performance of the PPM-OCDMA system is found to be superior to that of the original system when the number of simultaneous users is of the order of the PPM word length or larger. In particular, for a PPM word length of two, an increase in spectral efficiency of up to 100% is possible with no change in the signaling rate, data rate, or bit-error rate (BER)     

余弦物体的光学微分

1.余弦函数的微分是正弦函数,二阶微分是余弦函数这是人所共知的。体文用光学方法实现了余弦函数的一阶微分和二阶微分运算,同时由于任何函数形式的光振幅分布都可以分解为余弦光振幅分布的线性组合,因而,得出的对余弦函数光学微分的结论有助于对光学微分的问题做进一步的研究。     

Providing service differentiation for optical-burst-switched networks

This paper proposes a service differentiation scheme called preemptive wavelength reservation protocol (PWRP) to provide proportional quality of service (QoS) for optical-burst-switched (OBS) networks. In the context of service differentiation, traffic is divided into different service classes based on traffic characteristics. A service differentiation scheme then provides different degrees of resource assurance to different classes of traffic in proportion to their service classes. Unlike existing approaches, which may degrade to classless schemes or which may suffer from low wavelength utilization, the mechanism in this paper is robust and efficient and supports an incremental deployment of QoS support. A usage profile for each class is maintained at the router, and a preemptive wavelength reservation mechanism is implemented to ensure QoS. An analytical model is derived and simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance. The results show that the approach described in this paper performs better than existing mechanisms in terms of lower blocking probability and higher resource utilization, making it an excellent QoS mechanism for OBS networks.     

Multi-weight unipolar codes for multimedia spectral-amplitude-coding optical CDMA systems

A novel balanced detection scheme for multi-access interference cancellation in multimedia spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple-access system is proposed. The receiver is capable of handling both equal and unequal in-phase cross correlation of optical orthogonal codes. A novel class of constant-length variable-weight optical orthogonal codes able to support multimedia services with different quality-of-service requirements is proposed as well. The construction is based on the pairwise balanced designs, or more specifically, on an incidence structure defined on an integer sub-lattice.     

基于云的域名解析服务模型

针对现行域名解析系统存在各种性能和安全上的问题(例如,查询延迟、更新延迟、易受DoS攻击等),提出了一种新型的、可增量部署的、和现行DNS兼容的、具有更好性能的域名解析服务模型。此服务模型基于云技术,利用云及其网络架构来发布DNS记录,响应用户的域名解析请求,提供域名解析服务。在此服务模型中,云的节点服务器实现了域名解析器和权威域名服务器的功能,域名的权威DNS记录被发布到各节点服务器,DNS查询结果直接由节点服务器返回给用户(现行的DNS则需要访问多级域名服务器来完成对域名解析器中未缓存的DNS记录的解析)。理论分析和实验证明,此服务模型与现行的各种域名解析服务相比,其DNS查询延迟、更新延迟、故障应变能力、可靠性等各方面性能都有显著提高。     

The application of spectral-amplitude-coding optical CDMA in passive optical networks

One code family suitable for passive optical network based on optical code division multiple access is present. Though spatial coding is used for capacity enlargement, the corresponding encoding/decoding devices require less fiber ribbons than that of the spatial/spectral systems proposed previously and the code cardinality is maintained. In addition, the multiple access interference is eliminated in the decoders of the proposed network and the phase-induced intensity noise arising during the photo-detecting process is suppressed further. Therefore, larger capacity can be accommodated in the network with simplified coding hardware.     

Optical time domain reflectometry by photon counting

A photon counting technique has been used to extend greatly the range of optical time domain reflectometry or `back-scatter? for fault location in optical fibre systems. A range of more than 40 dB of one-way fibre loss has been achieved even when the break was index-matched to eliminate any reflection.     

QoS for wireless sensor networks: Enabling service differentiation at the MAC sub-layer using CoSenS

Providing service differentiation in wireless sensor networks while proposing simple and highly scalable solution is a challenging problem. We retain the use of CSMA/CA as access protocol because of its simplicity, versatility and good scalability properties. We developed CoSenS, a Collect then Send burst Scheme, on top of it to address its weaknesses while facilitating the implementation of scheduling policies. In this article, we propose a simple and scalable service differentiation solution; we implement fixed priority and earliest deadline first on top of CoSenS. The simulation analysis shows that our solution self-adapts to the traffic variation and greatly enhances end-to-end delay, reliability and deadline meet ratio for urgent traffic while not degrading best effort traffic compared to IEEE 802.15.4 original protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 implementing these scheduling policies. Additionally, CoSenS is implemented and tested on motes. The real experimentation results validated our simulation analysis.     

OCDMA系统SAC编解码实现方案及性能研究

讨论了基于FBG的谱幅编解码spectral-amplitude-coding(SAC)系统的原理；提出了(N，w,λ)=(q^2 q l,q l，1)光正交码的SAC编解码器实现方案：给出了该系统在码分功率不均匀时，以多址干扰为主的系统信噪比和误码率。分析了谱幅编解码OCDMA系统的应用前景。     

SAC OCDMA系统FOC地址码设计及性能研究

设计了一种新的适合同步光谱幅度编码光码分变址(Spectral-amplitude coding optical code division multiple access,SAC OCDMA)系统的地址码,能够使多址干扰产生的误码率为0.且该地址码的互相关限为1,在给定码重和用户数的情况下能够得到较小码长,便于系统的编解码。利用OptiSys 7.0设计出仿真系统,分析比较用波分复用器和光纤光栅作为编解码器适用的不同系统,在考虑散弹噪声、相位引起的强度噪声(PIIN)和热噪声的情况下,根据该地址码的特点分析整个编解码系统的信噪比和误码率,并与现有的SAC地址码性能进行比较.结果表明:选用该地址码的SAC OCDMA系统得到的眼图更为理想,在系统误码率、编解码实现,及系统性能上都有了很大的提高。     

基于位置的无线传感器网络可靠性区分服务机制

如何根据不同任务的不同可靠性需求来提供相应的服务是无线传感器网络所面临的最重要问题之一.结合基于位置的路由机制,给出衡量可靠性的量化度量模型,该模型无需全局网络拓扑信息.通过引入虚拟参考点,将数据的转发限制在特定区域从而减少无关传感器节点的能耗.分析了该区域与可靠性的函数关系,得到了可靠性随着参考点与源节点距离的增长而平方级增长的结论.在此基础上给出区分可靠性的服务机制.实验结果表明所提机制有效.     

A QoS architecture for quantitative service differentiation

For the past decade, a lot of Internet research has been devoted to providing different levels of service to applications. Initial proposals for service differentiation provided strong service guarantees, with strict per-flow bounds on delays, loss rates, and throughput, but required high overhead in terms of computational complexity and memory, both of which raise scalability concerns. Recently, the interest has shifted to class-based service architectures with low overhead. However, these newer service architectures only provide weak service guarantees, which do not always address the needs of applications. In this article we introduce a service architecture that supports strong per-class service guarantees, can be implemented with low computational complexity, and only requires maintenance of a little state information. A key mechanism of the proposed service architecture is that service rate allocation to classes is adaptive, and combined with buffer management. Furthermore, instead of using admission control or traffic policing, the proposed architecture exploits explicit congestion notification for the purpose of regulating the traffic entering the network.     

A scheduler for relative delay service differentiation

We propose a new delay-based scheduler called asRD-VC (Relative Delay VirtualClock). Since it performs a delay-based service differentiation among flow aggregates, the quality at microflow level is the same as that at aggregate level. This is not easily achievable when the service differentiation is bandwidth-based or loss-based. Unlike theEDF (Earliest Deadline First) scheduler [1], our proposed scheduler self-regulates and adapts the delays according to load changes. This characteristic permits us to implement it in an AF-likePHB providing the relative quantification service in a DiffServ network. Finally, we compare our proposedrd-vc scheduler with two important existing propositions:WTP (Waiting Time Priority) [2, 3] andex-vc (Extended VirtualClock) [4]. Both these propositions are delay-based and have self-regulation property. All three schedulers (RD-VC, WTP andEX-VC) maintain the required service differentiation among aggregates and have comparable long term average performance like mean throughput per aggregate and packet loss ratio etc. However,RD-VC and WTP take an edge overEX-VC at short-term performance like jitter. Bothrd-vc andWTP have good long term and short-term performance. Our proposedrd-vc, compared to existingWTP, has two additional characteristics, i.e. unlike WTP which is limited to architectures with one queue per Qos class, it has no limitation on implementation scope (with or without separate queues per class) and it has lower complexity. This rendersRD-VC an interesting proposition.     

基于光GMPLS接入网中区分服务的QoS研究

通过配置区分服务体系实现基于光GMPLS环状网络的QoS测量,涉及到不同的实时多媒体服务.讨论并分析区分服务结构的三种服务级别的特性.仿真结果表明,在网络过载的情况下,快速转发类和保证转发类都有很好的保护作用.加速转发类适合于实时服务,而最大努力类对任何类型的服务}生能都非常低,同时保证转发非常适合于视频流.