基于音频特征和低频系数较小值的水印算法

提出一种基于音频特征和DWT低频系数相对较小值的数字水印算法。分析音频帧的过零率及短时能量,选取适当的阈值初步舍弃表明信号中高频信号成分的音频帧,筛选出待处理的音频帧。将选定的音频帧拼接在一起进行小波变换,选取低频系数并分段,通过相邻3个水印比特组合的二进制之和确定水印在该段中的嵌入位置,将系数修改为相邻系数中较小的值。实验结果表明,该算法通过对音频特征的分析,能降低提取低频分量的时间复杂度,实现水印信息的盲检测,提高水印的鲁棒性。     

Perceptual Digital Watermarking for Image Authentication in Electronic Commerce

Digital watermarking has been presented to protect the copyright of electronic multimedia data. The previous proposed watermarking algorithms mostly embed sequences of random numbers or binary images as the watermarks. In this paper, an image accreditation technique by embedding digital gray-level image watermarks in images is proposed. In the proposed method, the host image and the watermark are decomposed into wavelet coefficients. The contextual energies of the host-image wavelet coefficients are computed to select embedding coefficients. The watermark wavelet coefficients are sorted and then embedded in the selected host coefficients. The experiments show that the proposed method provides extra robustness against JPEG-compression, image-processing, and even composite attacks compared to the traditional embedding methods. Moreover, the proposed method has no need of the original image to extract the embedded watermarks. The proposed method facilitates electronic commerce application developers to select adequate digital watermarking techniques for their development systems.     

基于小波和倒谱域的数字音频水印算法

给出一种基于小波和倒谱域的强鲁棒数字音频水印算法。该算法利用人耳听觉模型和频率掩蔽效应,选择出音频小波变换后对人耳听觉不敏感的低频系数,对其进行分帧并作倒谱变换。再利用倒谱域能量集中在零点附近的特性,将一段伪随机序列嵌入在每帧相对稳定的倒谱系数中,从而实现水印的嵌入。采用相关检测的方法,根据相关值的极性来提取水印信息。实验表明,嵌入水印后的音频信号不仅具有良好的不可感知性,而且对诸如加噪、低通滤波、重采样、重量化、回声、MP3压缩和去同步等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于m序列的音频水印隐藏算法

该文提出基于m序列的音频信息隐藏算法,将需要隐藏的水印信息进行m序列的扩展;对数字音频信号进行分段离散小波变换,最后将经过调制的水印信号嵌入到二层小波变换的中频系数中。在接收端,利用盲检测可以精确地提取水印信号。实验仿真结果表明:算法对原始载体音频信号的影响极小,具有较好的鲁棒性和透明性。     

An optimized high payload audio watermarking algorithm based on LU-factorization

In the field of audio watermarking, reliably embedding the large number of watermarking bits per second in an audio signal without affecting the audible quality of the host audio with good robustness against signal processing attacks is still one of the most challenging issues. In this paper, a high payload, perceptually transparent and robust audio watermarking solution for such a problem by optimizing the existing problem using genetic algorithm is presented. The genetic algorithm in this paper is used to find the optimal number of audio samples required for hiding each watermarking bit. The embedding is done using the imperceptible properties of LU (lower upper) factorization in wavelet domain. This paper addresses the robustness within perceptual constraints at high payload rate in both mathematical analysis and experimental testing by representing behavior of various attacks using attack characterization. Experimental results show that the proposed audio watermarking algorithm can achieve 1280 bps capacity at an average Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 31.02 dB with good robustness to various signal processing attacks such as noise addition, filtering, and compression. In addition, the proposed watermarking algorithm is blind as it does not require the original signal or watermark during extraction. The comparison of the proposed algorithm with the existing techniques also shows that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve high payload with good robustness under perceptual constraints.     

一种基于小波域的盲检测音频水印算法

该文提出了一种基于离散小波变换的数字音频水印盲检算法。本算法选择在小波系数的偶数点嵌入水印,将混沌理论引入到音频水印系统的研究中,利用混沌序列将一幅有意义的二值图像加密后嵌入到原始音频的DWT域中,提取时不需要原始音频信号。仿真实验证明了算法的鲁棒性和不可感知性。     

自适应小波变换的扩频音频数字水印

在分析了自适应小波变换特性的基础上,提出一种基于自适应小波变换的扩频音频数字水印算法.将二值水印图像降维处理转化为一维序列,再将一维序列与m序列做扩频调制,对音频信号进行分段做自适应小波变换,把经过扩频调制的水印信号经过量化处理嵌入到自适应小波变换后的系数中.模拟实验证明,该方法具有较好的不可感知性和鲁棒性.     

数字音频信号的脆弱水印嵌入算法

该文给出了量化系数嵌入水印比特信息的基本原理，在此基础上提出了数字音频信号的脆弱水印嵌入算法。该算法充分利用离散子波变换的多分辨率特性，通过等概率随机量化音频信号不同子带的子波系数嵌入视觉可辨别的水印－二值图像。仿真实验结果表明，该文提出的数字音频信号脆弱水印嵌入算法对有损压缩、滤波和重新采样等操作具有很强的敏感性。     

A robust content based audio watermarking using UDWT and invariant histogram

Desynchronization attack is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. Based on undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) and invariant histogram, we propose a new content based audio watermarking algorithm with good audible quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks in this paper. Firstly, the undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) is performed on original host audio. Secondly, the invariant histogram is extracted from a selected wavelet coefficients range in the low frequency subband. Then, the bin of histogram is divided into many groups, each group including four consecutive bins. For each group, one watermark bit is embedded by reassigning the number of wavelet coefficients in this group of four bins. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the original audio signal in UDWT domain by modifying a small set of wavelet coefficients. Simulation results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is not only inaudible and robust against common signal processing operations such as MP3 compression, noise addition, and low-pass filtering etc, but also robust against the desynchronization attacks such as random cropping, time-scale modification, pitch shifting, and jittering etc.     

非对称数字水印技术研究

在数字产品中嵌入数字水印,是对其进行版权保护的一种有力的手段。近年来提出了不少数字水印方案,但是它们中大部分都是对称的,即用于水印嵌入和水印检测的密钥是相同的。而许多实际的应用都要求非对称的数字水印方案,即水印嵌入时使用私人密钥,水印检测时只需要一个公开密钥。文章分析了非对称水印的基本特征,并对一些非对称方案,包括非对称水印算法和非对称水印协议进行了讨论。     

一种抗剪切的DWT域多重音频数字水印算法

提出了一种能够抵抗剪切攻击的鲁棒性DWT域多重音频数字水印算法。该算法结合音频分帧技术及小波变换理论,将置乱、降维处理后的不同彩色数字图像信息嵌入到宿主音频信号的低频小波系数中,实现了多重彩色图像水印在宿主音频中的嵌入与提取。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能够较好地抵抗常规攻击,对剪切攻击也具有较强的鲁棒性,即使是在受到强剪切攻击后仍然能够提取出较清晰的(多重)水印信号。     

一种新的大容量数字音频水印嵌入算法

提出了一种新的大容量数字音频水印嵌入算法．该算法具有以下特点：（1）以整型小波变换为基础，不仅降低了舍入误差，而且提高了音频水印的嵌入与检测速度；（2）采纳分段变换及整体修改策略，增强了数字水印嵌入的稳定性；（3）以灰度图像作为数字水印，不仅数据容量大，而且更具层次感和多样性；（4）以保证不可感知性和鲁棒性的良好平衡为前提，实现了数字水印的盲检测．仿真实验表明：所提出的算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性，而且对诸如重新采样、重新量化、低通滤波、MP3压缩、叠加噪声等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性．     

自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法研究

以整型提升小波变换、人类听觉掩蔽特性、数字音频局部邻域特性为基础，提出了一种自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法，该算法具有以下特点：（1）结合人类听觉系统的掩蔽特性，实现了水印嵌入位置的自适应确定；（2）引入了高效的整型提升小波变换；（3）利用数字音频的局部邻域特性，实现了数字水印嵌入深度的智能调节；（4）数字水印信息的提取不需要原始音频信号．对比实验表明：该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性（特别是叠加噪声与低通滤波）。     

一种带纠错编码的小波域盲水印算法

先前众多的DWT(discretewavelettransform)域水印算法几乎都是私有水印或易脆水印,而针对版权保护的鲁棒的、公开的小波域水印算法却极少。文章提出了一种小波域盲水印算法,水印嵌入到小波分解的高频子带,通过采用小波系数的数字化编码技术实现了盲水印的提取。水印在提取过程中不需要任何原始图像信息。为提高水印的鲁棒性,引入了简单的纠错编码机制。     

Decode-Time Forensic Watermarking of AAC Bitstreams

In digital rights-management systems, forensic watermarking complements encryption and deters the capture and unauthorized redistribution of the rendered content. In this paper, we propose a novel watermarking method which is integrated into the advanced audio coding (AAC) standard's decoding process. For predefined frequency bands, the method intercepts and modifies the scale factors, which are utilized for dequantization of spectral coefficients. It thereby modulates the short-time envelope of the bandlimited audio and embeds a watermark which is robust to various attacks, such as capture with a microphone and recompression at lower bit rates. Inclusion of watermark embedding in the AAC decoder has practically no effect on the decoding complexity. As a result, the proposed method can be integrated even into resource-constrained devices, such as portable players without any additional hardware.     

零知识水印验证协议

在数字产品中嵌入数字水印,是对其进行版权保护的一种有力手段.近年来提出了不少数字水印方案,但是它们中大部分都是对称的,即用于水印嵌入和水印检测的密钥是相同的.而许多实际的应用都要求非对称的数字水印方案,即水印检测时所知道的秘密不足以修改、伪造或移去水印.对基于比特承诺和零知识证明的水印验证协议进行了研究.所有权证明者采用基于扩频的对称水印技术,在宿主信号中嵌入水印;水印检测的密钥采用比特承诺的形式提交给验证者,通过证明者和验证者之间的交互协议,验证者可以提取到所嵌入的水印,但无法修改、伪造或移去水印.分别提出了验证一个和多个水印比特的协议,可应用于验证嵌入在图像、音频和视频数据中的扩频水印.     

稳健局部特征非下采样小波域数字水印

目的 基于数字水印技术的音乐作品版权保护是学术界的研究热点之一,多数数字音频水印方案仅仅能够对抗简单的常规信号处理,无法有效抵抗破坏性较强的一般性去同步攻击。为此,提出了一种基于稳健局部特征的非下采样小波域数字水印算法。方法 利用非下采样小波域平滑梯度检测算子从载体音频中提取稳定的音频特征点,结合数字音频样本响应确定局部特征音频段,采用量化调制策略将数字水印信号重复嵌入局部特征音频段中。结果 选取4段典型的采样频率为44.1 kHz、量化精度为16 bit、长度为15 s的单声道数字音频信号作为原始载体进行测试,并与经典算法在不可感知性和鲁棒性两方面进行对比。结果表明,本文算法在含水印音频与原始载体音频间的信噪比平均提升了5.7 dB,同时常规攻击和去同步攻击下的平均检测率分别保持在0.925和0.913,高于大多数传统算法,表明了本文算法具有较好的不可感知性。在常规信号处理（MP3压缩、重新量化、重新采样等）和去同步攻击（幅度缩放、随机剪切、音调伸缩、DA/AD转换、抖动等）方面均具有较好的鲁棒性。结论 本文利用描述能力强且性能稳定的平滑梯度刻画局部数字音频性质,提出一种基于平滑梯度的非下采样小波域音频特征点提取方法,有效解决了音频特征点稳定性差且分布极不均匀的缺点,提高了数字音频水印对音调伸缩、随机剪切、抖动等攻击的抵抗能力。     

基于频率掩蔽效应的自适应音频数字水印技术

文章提出了一种基于频率掩蔽效应的自适应音频数字水印算法。嵌入的水印为视觉可辨的二值图像,水印能根据音频信号的频域掩蔽阈值进行自适应调整,水印的提取采用假设检验的方法。实验结果表明所嵌入的水印是不可感知的,该算法对大多数音频信号处理具有很强的鲁棒性,如重采样、MP3压缩和随机裁剪等操作。     

Robust multi bit and high quality audio watermarking using pseudo-random sequences

A robust multi bit and high quality audio watermarking technique in time domain is proposed in this paper. Watermarking is a technique used to label digital media by hiding copyright or other information into the underlying data. The watermark must be imperceptible and undetectable by the user and should be robust to various types of distortion. To enhance the robustness and taper-resistance of the embedded watermark, in this paper a multi bit technique is employed. Instead of embedding one bit into an audio frame, multiple bits can be embedded into each audio sub-frame. For attackers, since they do not know the parameters, this significantly reduces the possibility of unauthorized bit detection and removal of watermark. In real-time watermarking applications, robustness is not the only factor that plays an important role. The other factor that plays a very an important role is computational complexity. In general, audio file is transmitted in compressed form. Real-time watermark embedding must take into account this compressed form, because first decompressing the data, adding a watermark and then recompressing the data is computationally too demanding. In this paper, we propose robust and low complexity audio watermarking algorithm. To evaluate the performance of the proposed audio watermarking algorithm, subjective and objective quality tests including bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were conducted. Compared to traditional one bit embedding algorithm, the proposed algorithm gives highly recovery rate after attack by commonly used audio data manipulations, such as low pass filtering, requantization, resampling, and MP3 compression.     

一种基于 DWT 的音频水印算法

基于人耳听觉特性和小波变换的时频特性,提出了一种水印嵌入与检测算法。通过提取音频信号幅度的最大值进行小波变换,再在小波变换的重要系数中嵌入水印。仿真实验证明:该算法隐藏水印具有较好的不可感知性和较强的稳健性。