Influence of Surface Structure on Cholesterol Oxidation in Model Food Powders

Three milk-resembling powders having different oil phases were prepared and stored for six months at room temperature. Samples were taken monthly for estimation of the surface composition by ‘electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis’ (ESCA) and analyses of the level of cholesterol oxides by gas chromatography. The highest fat coverage was obtained with technical tristearin as the oil phase. This preparation had around 75% of the powder surface covered by fat; during storage this coverage decreased. This powder also had the largest increase in cholesterol oxides during storage, the final level being 159 μg g⁻¹ cholesterol. The powder containing high-melting pure tristearin had a low surface coverage of fat, originally about 25%, which decreased during the storage period. Little increase in cholesterol oxides was observed, the final level being 52 μg g⁻¹ cholesterol. The third powder containing liquid triolein as oil phase, had a surface coverage of about 50% throughout the storage period. The cholesterol oxidation rate was in between that of the two tristearin powders, the final level of oxides being 75 μg g⁻¹ cholesterol. The results for the investigated powders indicate that the surface composition is of major importance for the oxidation of cholesterol. No correlation between cholesterol oxidation and solvent extractable fat (free fat) was found.     

The effect of NaCl substitution with KCl on Akawi cheese: Chemical composition, proteolysis, angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory activity, probiotic survival, texture profile, and sensory properties

The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on Akawi cheese with probiotic bacteria was investigated during 30 d of storage at 4°C. Chemical composition, the survival of probiotic and lactic acid bacteria, proteolytic activity, and texture profile analysis were analyzed and sensory analysis was carried out to determine the effects of substitution. No significant differences were observed in moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents among the experimental Akawi cheeses at the same storage period. Significant differences were observed in water-soluble nitrogen and phosphotungstic-soluble nitrogen between experimental cheeses at the same of storage period. No significant difference was observed in the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus between experimental cheeses at the same storage period. However, the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus was significantly affected among experimental cheeses. A significant difference was observed in soluble Ca among experimental cheeses at the same storage period. In general, no significant differences existed in hardness and adhesiveness among experimental cheeses at the same storage period. No significant differences existed in sensory attributes, including creaminess, bitterness, saltiness, sour-acid, and vinegar taste among experimental Akawi cheeses at the same storage period.     

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHELF-LIFE OF FRANKFURTERS CONTAINING PLANT PROTEIN ADDITIVES1

Soy flour (SF), soy concentrate (SC), soy isolate (SI) and corn germ protein flour (CGPF) were incorporated in frankfurters. The sensory analysis, chemical, and microbiological tests were conducted to investigate the effect of plant proteins on stability during vacuum-packaged storage. No significant difference in meaty aroma was found between all samples after 45 days storage. Atypical flavor and aroma of all samples, including the all-meat control increased (P < 0.05) after 45 days storage. A tendency was found of increase in atypical aroma and flavor with increase in total volatile nitrogen values and total psychrophiles during storage. Salty flavor increased with storage time in experimental samples, but juiciness decreased. Samples containing SF and SC had higher total volatile nitrogen than SI and CGPF containing samples at 2, 30 and 45 days of storage. No significant differences were found in TBA values between tested samples, except higher TBA values for SI containing samples. There was no significant difference among samples in total psychrophilic counts.     

THE USE OF CHEMICAL AGENTS TO OVERCOME DORMANCY IN MALTING BARLEY*

Treatments were applied to dormant grains pre-drying, during dry storage and in the immediate pre-steep period. The effects on rates of recovery from dormancy were assessed. Only applications of sulphuric acid and gibberellic acid in the pro-drying period subsequently enhanced germination. No treatments applied during dry storage were beneficial. It appeared that oxygen was not needed during storage for grain maturation. Atmospheres of carbon dioxide applied during warm storage reduced subsequent germination but this gas was without effect on grain stored at ambient temperatures. Steeping grains in dilute solutions of mineral acids and some sulphur containing compounds improved their germinability.     

Protein quality and microbiological changes in aerobically- or vacuum-packaged, irradiated fresh pork loins

The effect of gamma-irradiation on the physicochemical, organoleptic and microbiological properties of pork was studied, during 43 days of storage at 4±1°C. Irradiation treatments were carried out under air or vacuum packaging on fresh pork loins at a dose of 6 kGy, at two different dose rates: 2 kGy/h and 20 kGy/h. The loins were evaluated for protein sulphydryl content and emulsifying capacity, surface hydrophobicity of proteins and sensorial evaluation. Regardless of the type of packaging and dose rate of irradiation, all irradiated pork samples were effectively prevented from bacterial spoilage for at least 43 days. Meat redness and texture of irradiated loins were relatively well preserved during the storage period, especially when samples were stored under vacuum. Overall, the physicochemical and organoleptic changes in pork loins appeared to be relatively little affected by the 6 kGy dose. No marked changes in emulsifying capacity and protein sulphydryl content of proteins were noted throughout the storage period. However, the hydrophobicity was reduced (P?0.05) by the faster dose rate of irradiation and by longer storage.     

The effect of sodium chloride substitution with potassium chloride on texture profile and microstructure of Halloumi cheese

The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on texture profile and microstructure of Halloumi cheese was investigated. Four batches of Halloumi cheese were made and kept in 4 different brine solutions (18%, wt/wt), including A) NaCl only, B) 3NaCl:1KCl, C) 1NaCl:1KCl, and D) 1NaCl:3KCl and then stored at 4°C for 56 d. The texture profile was analyzed using an Instron universal machine, whereas an environmental scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the effect of NaCl substitution on the microstructure of cheeses. No significant difference was found in hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and gumminess among experimental cheeses at the same storage day. Hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess decreased significantly during storage period with the same salt treatment, whereas adhesiveness significantly increased. Environmental scanning electron microscope micrographs showed a compact and closed texture for cheeses at the same storage period. The microstructure of all cheeses became more closed and compact with storage period. Calcium content negatively correlated with hardness and Na and K contents during storage with the same salt treatment.     

Effect of chitosan on physical and chemical processes during bread baking and staling

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of chitosan on the interaction of water with bread ingredients and on the rate of staling. The changes in freezable bound water and total water contents in bread crumb were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry from water melting and evaporation endothermic peak areas. It was found that freezable water content and total water content in bread crumb decrease during staling more rapidly in the presence of chitosan. The weak interaction of freezable water with protein and starch polymeric chains in bread crumb becomes stronger, but the interaction of nonfreezable bound water with protein and starch molecules in bread crumb becomes weaker in the course of staling during bread storage. Two stages of bread crumb staling were indicated. Chitosan increases the rate of bread staling during both stages. It was suggested that during bread staling chitosan increases water migration rate from crumb to crust, prevents amylose-lipid complexation, and increases dehydration rate both for starch and gluten.     

大豆发芽过程中蛋白质的水解作用研究

研究大豆发芽过程中内源蛋白酶的蛋白水解作用,分析大豆种子吸水量、内源蛋白酶活性、发芽长度、游离氨基酸含量及发芽后大豆蛋白质亚基组成的变化。结果发现,大豆在发芽48h以后,大豆芽表现出快速的增长,其内源蛋白酶的活性达到最高,水解物游离氨基酸的含量变化规律与蛋白酶的活性变化规律一致。大豆发芽过程中,内源蛋白酶主要使11S大豆球蛋白的碱性亚基B3发生降解,对贮藏蛋白的主要成分7S和11S几乎没有作用。     

肌肽联合超高压对黑鱼肉脂质氧化及肌原纤维蛋白的影响

为研究肌肽联合超高压(CUH)对黑鱼肉脂质氧化及肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)的影响,以新鲜宰后黑鱼肉为材料,比较分析CUH(肌肽浓度25 mmol/L,超高压压力300 MPa,保压时间900 s)处理对黑鱼肉在冷藏期间的脂质氧化、蛋白氧化、蛋白降解、蛋白结构等的影响.通过测定超高压后...     

鱼蛋白冷冻变性及其抗冻剂的研究综述

低温贮藏是保存鱼蛋白的重要方法,然而鱼蛋白在低温下仍会发生冷冻变性并导致其功能特性的下降。本文讨论了鱼蛋白在冻藏或冰藏过程中冷冻变性的机理,总结了鱼蛋白冷冻变性的研究方法,并对鱼蛋白的抗冻保护剂种类、效果和机理作了较详细的总结。     

Effect of Ice Storage on the Physicochemical and Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of Ribbonfish (Trichiurus spp) Meat

ABSTRACT: Changes in physicochemical and dynamic viscoelastic properties of ribbonfish ( Trichiurus spp) meat during different periods of ice storage were investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry profile of fresh ribbonfish meat revealed transitions at 33.17 °C, 48.85 °C, and 60.96 °C, indicating denaturation temperature of different protein fractions. The effect of cornstarch or tapioca starch at 9% level on the viscoelastic properties of ribbonfish meat stored in ice for different periods was also evaluated. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) increased significantly ( P < 0.05) during ice storage for 24 d. However, the myosin heavy chain concentration was unaltered during the ice storage period, as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophore-sis (SDS-PAGE) pattern. A significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in protein solubility (in phosphate buffer 50 m M , pH 7.5, containing 1 M NaCl), calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, and an increase in reduced viscosity at a protein concentration of 5 mg/mL was observed after 10 d of ice storage indicating protein denaturation and aggregation. The addition of tapioca and cornstarch enhanced storage modulus values of fresh ribbonfish meat. The gelatinization temperature of tapioca starch solution was found to be in the range of 60 °C to 65 °C and for cornstarch 67 °C to 70 °C, as revealed by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile and dynamic rheological testing. The viscoelastic properties of ribbonfish meat was altered significantly ( P < 0.05), both due to the addition of starch and ice storage period as revealed by frequency sweep of prepared gels.     

辐照对蚕蛹贮藏期品质特性的影响

以真空包装的蚕蛹为材料,经0、3、6 kGy 60Co-γ射线辐照后,在4 ℃条件下贮藏0～60 d,研究不同辐照剂量和不同贮藏时间（0、30、60 d）条件下蚕蛹的感官指标与品质的变化。结果表明：1）辐照蚕蛹的色度值、酸值、脂肪含量、微生物数量显著降低,硬度、咀嚼性、过氧化值显著升高;感官评分、蛋白质含量和弹性无显著变化。2）在贮藏期间,辐照蚕蛹的色度值、微生物数量随辐照剂量的增加而降低;硬度、咀嚼性、脂肪含量随剂量的增加而增加;过氧化值增加的幅度低于对照,且辐照剂量较高的处理增加幅度较为缓慢;酸值无明显变化。3）6 kGy辐照对蚕蛹具有显著的杀菌效果。由此可见,辐照改善了蚕蛹的贮藏品质,杀菌效果显著,有利于延长蚕蛹的保鲜期。     

冻藏方式对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化及凝胶特性的影响

本实验将小块猪后腿肉采用密封包装、复合抗氧化剂/密封包装、真空包装三种方式包装保存并冻藏24周,期间取样提取肌原纤维蛋白并进行凝胶的制备与流变分析。结果表明,蛋白主要在非真空包装的冻藏过程中发生氧化,并引起肉制品保水能力下降。ATP酶活测定结果表明氧化改变了肌球蛋白头部构象,蛋白发生了部分变性。由于冻藏过程中氧化导致蛋白分子间相互作用的增加,增强了肌原纤维蛋白凝胶能力;但储藏中发生过度氧化时,又会使得蛋白凝胶强度大幅下降。      

Hake natural actomyosin interaction with free fatty acids during frozen storage

The interaction of hake muscle actomyosin with free fatty acids in 0.6 M KCl pH 7 during frozen storage has been studied up to 280 days. ATPase activity, protein solubility and relative viscosity measurements were performed. Oleic and myristic acid had a detrimental effect on these properties during frozen storage. Oleic acid was bound to the protein from the beginning, mainly to the insoluble fraction. The diminishment of functionality following addition of oleic acid is not due to aggregation caused by covalent-type bonds, since it occurs well before the electrophoretic change is appreciable.     

Effects of Different Whey Protein Concentrate Coating on Selected Properties of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) During Cold Storage (4°C)

In this study, the effect of different whey protein concentrate coating formulations (with or without glycerol) on the storage of fillets over a period of 15 days at 4ºC was investigated. Fillets were conducted to microbiological, chemical, and sensory analyses. Difference in microbiological and chemical changes between samples was found to be significant (p < 0.05) during storage period. The Y and Z were preferred more by the panellists, while C samples received the lowest scores. According to the results of microbiological analyses, shelf life of fillets was estimated at 6, 9, 12, and 15 days for C, X, Y, and Z samples, respectively.     

The effect of storage conditions on the composition and functional properties of blended bulk tank milk

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of storage temperature and duration on the composition and functional properties of bulk tank milk when fresh milk was added to the bulk tank twice daily. The bulk tank milk temperature was set at each of 3 temperatures (2, 4, and 6°C) in each of 3 tanks on 2 occasions during two 6-wk periods. Period 1 was undertaken in August and September when all cows were in mid lactation, and period 2 was undertaken in October and November when all cows were in late lactation. Bulk tank milk stored at the 3 temperatures was sampled at 24-h intervals during storage periods of 0 to 96 h. Compositional parameters were measured for all bulk tank milk samples, including gross composition and quantification of nitrogen compounds, casein fractions, free amino acids, and Ca and P contents. The somatic cell count, heat stability, titratable acidity, and rennetability of bulk tank milk samples were also assessed. Almost all parameters differed between mid and late lactation; however, the interaction between lactation, storage temperature, and storage duration was significant for only 3 parameters: protein content and concentrations of free cysteic acid and free glutamic acid. The interaction between storage temperature and storage time was not significant for any parameter measured, and temperature had no effect on any parameter except lysine: lysine content was higher at 6°C than at 2°C. During 96 h of storage, the concentrations of some free amino acids (glutamic acid, lysine, and arginine) increased, which may indicate proteolytic activity during storage. Between 0 and 96 h, minimal deterioration was observed in functional properties (rennet coagulation time, curd firmness, and heat stability), which was most likely due to the dissociation of β-casein from the casein micelle, which can be reversed upon pasteurization. Thus, this study suggests that blended milk can be stored for up to 96 h at temperatures between 2°C and 6°C with little effect on its composition or functional properties.     

Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on pork quality

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on pork quality, and in particular on colour stability. Crossbred pigs (n = 72) at a mean weight of 44 kg were assigned to one of two treatments. One group received, during a period of 84 days prior to slaughter, a tapioca based diet, which contained 8 mg vitamin E per kg feed. The other group received during this period the same diet, except it was supplemented with 200 mg vitamin E per kg feed. Muscle samples of longissimus thoracis and lumborum (LL) and psoas (PM) were collected at 24 hr post mortem and meat quality was assessed: pH, drip and cooking loss, shear force and intramuscular fat content. Colour stability was evaluated in fresh muscle (LL and PM) and after freezing (LL only) by measuring redness (a(?)-values) during 6 days of storage at 7 °C. TBA-values and microbiological counts were also determined during storage. Results showed that extra dietary vitamin E had no effect on pig performance (daily gain, feed efficiency, lean meat percentage) nor on meat quality traits. The vitamin E levels were five times higher in the muscles of the treated group than the control group. In comparison with fresh LL muscle, colour stability was lower in PM and after freezing. In both muscles, the vitamin E treatment reduced TBA-values, in particular after frozen storage. No effect was found on microbiological counts. Colour stability was improved in LL after 6 days of storage, but not in PM. The effect in LL is too late to be of practical significance, since pork is usually sold well before that time in The Netherlands. It is suggested that variation in feedstuff composition of the diet may possibly explain part of the variable results reported in literature for the effect of vitamin E supplementation on colour stability of pork.     

Effect of Partial Substitution of NaCl with KCl on Halloumi Cheese during Storage: Chemical Composition,Lactic Bacterial Count,and Organic Acids Production

Abstract: The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on chemical composition, lactic bacterial count, and organic acids profile of Halloumi cheese was investigated. Halloumi cheeses were made and kept in 4 different brine solutions at 18% including NaCl only (HA), 3NaCl : 1KCl (HB), 1NaCl : 1KCl (HC), and 1NaCl : 3KCl (HD) and then stored at 4 °C for 56 d. No significant effect was observed between control and experimental cheeses in terms of moisture, fat, protein, lactic bacterial count, and pH values at the same storage period. There was a significant difference in ash, sodium, and potassium contents among experimental cheeses at the same storage period. Ash, sodium, and potassium contents increased significantly during storage at same salt treatment. There was no significant difference in lactic and citric acid contents among experimental cheeses and that of the control. In contrary, there was a significant difference in acetic acid among experimental cheeses. A strong positive correlation was observed between ash, Na, and K contents. An inverse correlation between organic acids and both Na and K contents was also observed.     

Effect of frozen storage on protein denaturation in bovine muscle.

The effect of frozen storage on the solubility, viscosity, rheological and electrophoretic behaviour of myofibrils was studied. The solubility, viscosity, swelling and thixotropic behaviour of myofibrils showed a period in which it was constant or changed slowly, and then began to decrease. The results obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that during storage the formation of aggregates occurred in addition to alteration in the actin-myosin interaction. These results were correlated with those obtained from measurements of viscosity, rheological behaviour and swelling of myofibrils in solution.     

Effect of pre-freezing icing duration on quality changes in frozen Nile perch (Lates niloticus)

Deterioration of fish during frozen storage entails change in texture, loss of protein functionality, lipid hydrolysis as well as biochemical changes. These changes were monitored in Nile perch frozen after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h on ice, with the aim of establishing the effect of pre-freezing icing on deterioration of fish during frozen storage. During the icing duration, the expressible moisture (EM) was found to reduce while protein solubility (PS), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trimethylamine (TMA), hypoxanthine (Hx), and free fatty acids (FFA) concentration increased. During frozen storage, PS decreased while EM was found to increase. Hx, TBA and FFA increased, while texture was found to deteriorate. TMA remained constant during frozen storage. The extent of texture deterioration was correlated negatively to PS and positively to EM. It was concluded that holding fish on ice for about 9 h deterred the negative changes that occur during frozen storage.