双孢菇废弃菇柄多糖的超声波提取及其体外抗氧化活性

为了提高双孢菇菇柄的综合利用率,以双孢菇废弃菇柄为原料,通过单因素实验探讨了超声功率、超声提取时间、液固比、超声提取次数、醇沉体积对双孢菇菇柄多糖得率的影响,采用正交实验对其提取工艺参数进行优化,并对多糖的抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明,在提取次数为2次、乙醇用量为4倍体积时,最佳提取工艺参数为超声功率700 W、超声提取时间50 min、液固比为20:1(mL·g^-1),此时双孢菇菇柄多糖得率可达5.35 g·100 g^-1。与抗坏血酸相比,双孢菇菇柄多糖具有较强的DPPH·清除能力,对·OH的清除能力和还原能力较弱。     

双孢菇蛋白粉废料中多糖的分离纯化及抗氧化活性研究

目的:分析双孢菇蛋白粉废料中多糖组分及抗氧化活性。方法:以双孢菇子实体提蛋白后残渣为材料,采用超声波热水浸提,Sevage法去蛋白,D101大孔树脂除色素和醇沉的方法制备粗多糖,通过DEAE-52层析柱对粗多糖进行分离纯化。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)等方法对纯化后多糖进行理化特性鉴定;采用清除DPPH、超氧阴离子、ABTS自由基实验,以及对H₂O₂处理的酵母细胞的保护作用实验评价其抗氧化活性,并对H₂O₂氧化损伤的酵母细胞上清液中的T-SOD、MDA、GSH-Px三种酶活性进行检测。结果:从双孢菇粗多糖中分离纯化到三种组分,分别命名为ABPS-Ⅰ、ABPS-Ⅱ和ABPS-Ⅲ。研究显示,ABPS-Ⅲ清除DPPH自由基能力最强。ABPS-Ⅲ多糖的含量为89.12%,SEM特征呈现六面体结构,IR分析结果显示其具有明显的糖类化合物的特征。ABPS-Ⅲ清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS自由基的EC₅₀值分别为1.85、1.48、1.30 mg/mL。对氧化损伤酵母细胞保护实验结果显示,ABPS-Ⅲ可显著提高氧化损伤酵母细胞的存活率,在浓度为25 mg/mL时,保护率达到了42.58%;酶活性检测结果显示,添加ABPS-Ⅲ后,与氧化损伤组相比,酵母细胞上清液中T-SOD和GSH-Px的活力分别显著提高了337%和102%(p<0.01),MDA含量则显著降低了35.17%(p<0.05)。结论:双孢菇多糖ABPS-Ⅲ具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

双孢菇菇柄多糖柱层析纯化及单糖组成

以双孢菇菇柄为试材,首先对经超声提取得到的菇柄多糖进行柱层析分离纯化,然后对柱层析得到的多糖组分别采用紫外光谱和柱层析进行纯度分析,并进行红外光谱分析和单糖组成分析。结果表明,脱蛋白双孢菇菇柄多糖经DEAE Sephadex A-25柱层析纯化共得到4个组分,收集其中两个较多的组分(蒸馏水和0.1 mol/L NaCl洗脱组分),经紫外光谱扫描无核酸和蛋白质,经Sephadex G-200柱层析鉴定均为单一峰。所得两种多糖组分经FT-IR红外光谱分析,均含有多糖特征吸收峰,且均为吡喃糖环β-异构体的多糖。菇柄蒸馏水洗脱多糖组分由葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖组成,0.1 mol/L NaCl洗脱组分是由葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖组成。     

基于Weibull分布函数的双孢菇热泵干燥特性研究

为提升双孢菇干制品品质,采用热泵式冷风干燥对双孢菇进行脱水处理,以双孢菇热风干燥和冷冻干燥为参照实验,对不同热泵式冷风干燥条件下(进口风速、干燥温度)双孢菇的干燥耗时、干燥能耗、产品硬度以及产品白度进行研究;利用Weibull分布函数对双孢菇热泵式冷风干燥过程中的水分扩散机制进行分析;基于干燥效率指标和产品品质指标,采用加权综合评分法对双孢菇热泵式冷风干燥过程进行评价。实验表明:加快进口风速干燥耗时最小值比最大值降低9.09%,提升干燥温度干燥耗时最小值比最大值降低27.27%;干燥温度对双孢菇热泵式冷风干燥能耗、产品硬度和产品白度影响更为显著(p<0.05);Weibull分布函数能够准确描述(R²>0.99)双孢菇热泵式冷风干燥过程,不同干燥条件下双孢菇冷风干燥的形状参数均小于1,整个干燥主要受内部水分扩散控制;相对于冷冻干燥,双孢菇热泵式冷风干燥耗时及能耗分别降低了50%和26.35%;而相对于热风干燥,冷风干燥技术将双孢菇干制品的产品硬度降低13.44%,同时干制品产品白度提升了59.92%;实验操作条件范围,双孢菇冷风干燥最佳干燥条件为25 ℃干燥温度和2 m/s进口风速。结论:热泵式冷风干燥技术能够提升双孢菇干制品品质同时降低干燥耗时和能耗。     

双孢菇菇柄酵素发酵条件优化及其抗氧化活性分析

本文以双孢菇菇柄为原料,以植物乳杆菌接种量、糖添加量和发酵时间为主要因素,总酚含量为评判指标,在单因素实验基础上,通过响应面试验研究优化了双孢菇菇柄酵素发酵工艺,并对酵素产品发酵前后及在4 ℃和25 ℃贮藏5 d的其抗氧化能力进行了研究。结果表明,菇柄酵素发酵的最佳条件为植物乳杆菌接种量3%、糖添加量9.50%、发酵时间24 h,酵素产品总酚含量值可达2.20 mg/mL,与预测值2.19 mg/mL相符;研究发现发酵后菇柄酵素的总酚、抗坏血酸含量分别为2.20 mg/mL与44.40 μg/mL,DPPH、ABTS自由基清除率、铁离子还原力和总抗氧化能力分别为51.93%、52.11%、0.70、28.09 U/mL,与发酵前比较有明显地提高。进一步对4 ℃和25 ℃贮藏条件下酵素的抗氧化活性分析表明,4 ℃贮藏的酵素,在贮藏0 d时DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力、铁离子还原力和抗氧化能力均较强,在贮藏1 d后,酵素的抗氧化能力开始急剧下降,同时25 ℃条件下贮藏的酵素抗氧化能力显著低于4 ℃贮藏（P<0.05）。     

外源GABA对双孢蘑菇细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响

为了探究γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)处理对双孢蘑菇细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响,本文研究了5 mmol/L GABA处理对双孢蘑菇几丁质、纤维素、木质素含量以及细胞壁代谢和木质素合成的相关酶活力的影响(4℃贮藏12 d)。结果表明:GABA处理能显著(P<0.05)抑制双孢蘑菇几丁质酶和纤维素酶的活力,减缓几丁质和纤维素的降解,这说明GABA处理能较好维持细胞膜的结构和抗压力。在贮藏6 d后,双孢蘑菇中的木质素含量不断升高,木质化进程不断加深。相关性分析表明,木质素含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力(PAL)活力呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而与肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)活力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。GABA处理组木质素含量低于对照组,PAL活力高于对照组,而CAD活力却低于对照组,这说明GABA能够通过提高PAL活力和抑制CAD活力来降低双孢蘑菇木质素的积累,进而延缓其木质化进程。     

曲酸对菠萝蜜多酚氧化酶的抑制作用和抑菌实验

采用酶动力学和Lineweaver-Burk双倒数法作图研究了曲酸对菠萝蜜多酚氧化酶PPO的抑制作用和机理,并通过平板菌落实验研究了曲酸对果肉的抑菌效果。结果表明,曲酸对PPO酶活有很强的抑制作用,其IC50为0.297mmol/L,表现为可逆非竞争性抑制,解离常数Ki为0.296mmol/L;果肉经0.10%曲酸浸泡后6d内具有较好的抑菌效果。      

芋艿褐变底物及多酚氧化酶特性研究

以威海产芋艿为材料,研究了芋艿中酚类物质的分布状况及主要成分,结果表明,芋艿中酚类物质主要分布于近皮部位和中部的脉管中,酚类物质主要是绿原酸和酪氨酸.对芋艿多酚氧化酶(PPO)的特性研究表明:鲜切芋艿PPO的最适pH为8.0;最适温度为40℃;PPO对酚底物的亲和力存在差异,PPO以儿茶酚为底物时活力最强;低浓度NaHSO3和4-HR对芋艿PPO的抑制作用很明显,其次为抗坏血酸、L-Cys,而植酸需要较高的浓度才能抑制芋艿PPO的活力.     

Effects of canning processes on the elements content of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was studied for chemical characteristics after blanching and different chemical preservations (acidification and control process). Losses of Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe during blanching treatment were 45, 3.9, 23.48 and 35.3%, respectively. On the other hand, losses of drained weight values were only 37.5%. During storage for four months, and using different chemical preservation treatments, the differences of the means of the elements and drained weights were not significant (P < 0.05).     

GABA处理对双孢蘑菇活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响

为探讨γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)处理对双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响,采用5 mmol/L GABA浸泡处理双孢蘑菇5 min,然后于4 ℃条件下贮藏12 d,测定双孢蘑菇颜色变化、相对电导率、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量、超氧阴离子生成速率、H₂O₂的含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,GABA处理能够显著提高抗氧化酶CAT和SOD的活性,降低双孢蘑菇的相对电导率、超氧阴离子产生速率和减少MDA、过氧化氢的积累,延缓细胞膜透性和脂质过氧化进程,进而较好的保持双孢蘑菇的L^*值,降低其褐变指数,因此,GABA可以用作双孢蘑菇的护色保鲜剂。     

喷雾干燥法制备双孢菇蛋白粉工艺优化及其营养价值评价

建立了喷雾干燥法制备双孢菇蛋白粉的工艺。以集粉率为指标,在单因素实验基础上,对进风温度、提取液蛋白质浓度、进料速率进行单因素及正交实验。结果表明:进风温度为165 ℃、提取液蛋白质浓度为40 mg/mL、进料速率为650 mL/h时,集粉率最高为38.8%。所得蛋白粉为奶白色,有鲜蘑菇香味。营养检测分析表明,双孢菇蛋白粉蛋白质含量为65.8%,碳水化合物为8.8%,粗脂肪为0.4%,粗纤维为3.8%,灰分为2.0%,水分为7.20%;氨基酸种类齐全,人体必需的8种氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41.0%;苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸四种必需氨基酸接近FAO/WHO标准。此外,还含有丰富的矿质元素,如重金属镉、铅、砷、汞含量均在国家规定的食品安全标准以内。     

Inhibitory effect of rice bran extract on polyphenol oxidase of potato and banana

Rice bran was extracted with water and its effects on potato and banana polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were investigated. Rice bran extract (RBE), conc. 0.3 g mL^?1, exhibited PPO inhibition in potato and banana PPO with % inhibition of 69.31% and 47.63%, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). RBE showed a concentration‐dependent inhibition on potato and banana PPO. RBE (conc. 0.3 g mL^?1) inhibited potato PPO higher than ascorbic acid, citric acid, NaCl and EDTA (final conc. 20 mg L^?1); and it also inhibited banana PPO higher than citric acid, NaCl and EDTA (final conc. 20 mg L^?1), respectively. The combination of RBE with citric acid or ascorbic acid appeared to be additive inhibitory effect on banana and potato PPO. Kinetic study of the inhibition on potato and banana PPO by RBE showed that RBE was a mixed‐type inhibitor; however, RBE appeared to be able to act directly on enzyme structure rather than substrate structure.     

Inhibitory effect of sericin on polyphenol oxidase and its application as edible coating

Sericin, a water‐soluble globular protein derived from silk industry wastewater, was investigated for food industrial applications. The results proved that sericin retarded polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. However, the degree of inhibition varied depending on the enzyme origins, the types of substrate, sericin content and sericin molecular size. Using catechol as a substrate, under the conditions studied, sericin lowered purified mushroom PPO and apple extract PPO activity by 40% and mango extract PPO by 75%. Kinetic studies on purified mushroom PPO indicated that the type of inhibition of sericin was dependent on the substrates used. Inhibitory effects of sericin increased as the sericin content increased. The reduction in sericin molecular size by enzymatic hydrolysis produced sericin hydrolysate with ability to decrease PPO activity approximately three times greater than that of sericin. Fresh‐cut Red Delicious apples coated with sericin showed significant reduction in weight loss and improvement in the colour and texture.     

Inhibitory effects of p-alkylbenzoic acids on the activity of polyphenol oxidase from potato (Solanum tuberosum)

In order to prevent potato from browning during preservation and processing, the effects of p-alkylbenzoic acids (p-propylbenzoic acid, p-butylbenzoic acid, p-pentylbenzoic acid, p-hexylbenzoic acid, p-heptylbenzoic acid, p-octylbenzoic acid) on the activity of potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO) have been studied. The PPO was extracted with PBS (pH 6.8), fractionated with ammonium sulphate, concentrated, and purified with Sephadex G-100 (1.8 × 100 cm) filtration chromatography. The active fractions were pooled and the PPO activity was determined to be 79.83 U/mg. The results showed that p-alkylbenzoic acids could strongly inhibit the activity of potato PPO. The values of IC₅₀ of these six inhibitors were determined to be 0.213, 0.180, 0.152, 0.106, 0.075 and 0.047 mM, respectively. Kinetic analyses showed that p-alkylbenzoic acids used in this experiment were reversible and noncompetitive inhibitors to the enzyme. The inhibitory effects were potentiated with increasing lengths of the hydrocarbon chains, indicating that the inhibitory efficiency on the enzyme was influenced by the steric effect of the substituted groups.     

低温漂烫联合超声浸渍预处理对预制菜肴中双孢蘑菇品质的影响

本文在不同漂烫温度和漂烫时间下对新鲜双孢蘑菇实施低温漂烫、超声和处理液浸渍等预处理后再进行炒制,研究不同预处理条件对炒制后双孢蘑菇色值、质构的影响,通过正交试验优化预处理工艺并研究联合预处理对双孢蘑菇挥发性风味的影响。结果表明,与未漂烫组相比,经过柠檬酸（5 g/L）和氯化钙（10 g/L）复合溶液低温漂烫（65 ℃）15 min处理后,双孢蘑菇L*值提升40.77%,硬度值提升43.24%,主要挥发性风味物质是苯甲醇、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、1-辛烯-3醇、3-辛酮等,与未漂烫组相比具有蘑菇特征香气的八碳化合物增加76.3%,反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛等不良风味显著减少（P<0.05）。该研究为食用菌预制菜肴加工的产业化、标准化提供理论依据。     

Antioxidant activities and contents of polyphenol oxidase substrates from pericarp tissues of litchi fruit

The experiments were performed to extract and purify substrates for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from pericarp tissue of postharvest litchi fruit. Two purified PPO substrates were identified as (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin A2. The antioxidant properties of two PPO substrates were further evaluated in the present study. Variation in the content of the major substrate (−)-epicatechin of litchi fruit during storage at 25 °C was analysed using the HPLC-UV method. The results showed that (−)-epicatechin exhibited stronger antioxidant capability than procyanidin A2, in terms of reducing power and scavenging activities of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical. Furthermore, (−)-epicatechin content in pericarp tissue tended to decrease with increasing skin browning index of litchi fruit during storage at 25 °C. Thus, these two compounds can be used as potential antioxidants in litchi waste and the fresh pericarp tissue of litchi fruit exhibited a better utilisation value.     

梅花总黄酮对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用及其抗氧化活性评价

评价了梅花总黄酮对黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）的抑制作用及其抗氧化活性。通过体外评价实验测定梅花总黄酮对XOD的抑制作用,并分别采用DPPH自由基法、铁离子还原法（FRAP）和血液总抗氧化能力测定法评价其抗氧化活性。结果显示,梅花总黄酮对XOD的抑制呈现浓度依赖关系,半抑制浓度（IC50值）为85.45μg/mL;梅花总黄酮清除DPPH自由基的能力强于竹叶黄酮,但弱于维生素C和芦丁;梅花总黄酮还原铁离子的FRAP值为3.38mmol/mg,是芦丁的1.44倍和竹叶黄酮的1.29倍;血液总抗氧化能力的测定结果从强到弱依次为：维生素C〉梅花总黄酮〉竹叶黄酮〉芦丁。研究表明,源自青梅花的生物总黄酮具有优良的生物抗氧化能力和显著的XOD抑制活性,可作为潜在的抗氧化应激和预防高尿酸血症的膳食功能因子进行深入研究和开发。     

胶红酵母CICC 33013胞外多糖抑制肝癌细胞活性研究

采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法对胶红酵母胞外多糖组分(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa exo-polysaccharide2-A,REPS2-A)抑制10种常见癌细胞(血癌细胞K562、胃癌细胞BGC823、胃癌细胞SGC7901、胃癌细胞MKN28、肝癌细胞HepG2、BEL7402、Hep3B、胰腺癌细胞HS66T、乳腺癌细胞SKBR3、宫颈癌细胞HeLa)能力进行了筛选,结果证明胞外多糖组分REPS2-A对肝癌细胞HepG2有较好的抑制效果。通过胞外多糖组分REPS2-A对HepG2细胞抑制作用最佳浓度及时效性的研究,探讨胞外多糖组分REPS2-A对肝癌HepG2细胞的生长抑制及其作用机制。结果表明:当胞外多糖组分REPS2-A的浓度为1mg/mL时,肝癌细胞HepG2的抑制率高于IC50时的抑制率,抑制效果明显优于其他浓度。肝癌细胞HepG2的自发凋亡率为0.40%,当胞外多糖组分REPS2-A浓度为1mg/mL,分别处理24,48,72h,肝癌细胞HepG2的凋亡率依次为77.70%,88.18%,97.08%。胞外多糖组分REPS2-A能有效抑制肝癌细胞的...     

Inhibitory effect of onion extract on polyphenol oxidase and enzymatic browning of taro (Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta)

The inhibitory effect of onion extract on polyphenol oxidase and enzymatic browning of taro was investigated. The polyphenol oxidase from taro was strongly inhibited by various reducing agents, such as l-ascorbic acid, l-cysteine, dithiothreitol, glutathione and sodium pyrosulfite. The enzyme was also inhibited by addition of onion extract. Regardless of substrates used, the addition of heated onion extract at 100 °C for 10 min, gave a stronger inhibitory effect on taro polyphenol oxidase activity than did fresh unheated extrtact. The inhibitory effect of onion extract was dependent on heating temperature and time. The addition of glucose, glycine, or both to the onion extract, during heating, stimulated the inhibitory effect of the onion extract, suggesting that non-enzymatic browning products, produced during heating, might be responsible for the stronger inhibitory action of the heated onion extract.     

烟碱抑制单胺氧化酶B活性及其对抗帕金森病作用研究

[背景和目的]流行病学调查结果表明,吸烟与帕金森发病率呈负相关,但吸烟对抗帕金森病的机制仍不清楚.本文拟探讨烟碱对单胺氧化酶B (MAO-B)的抑制作用,明确对抗帕金森病的机制.[方法]通过小分子与蛋白对接模型模拟技术,分析烟碱和MAO-B相互作用及蛋白活性抑制率;对细胞及果蝇的帕金森病模型给予烟碱药物干预,利用分子生...