一维带限分形粗糙表面散射光强角分布特性研究

采用Weierstrass分形函数模拟实际粗糙表面,从简谐光波满足的亥姆荷兹方程出发,利用基尔霍夫近似推导出一维Weierstrass分形粗糙表面的光散射场的积分公式,考虑遮蔽效应后数值计算并分析了表面散射光强的角分布特性.     

有耗分形粗糙面电磁散射的相位微扰法

本文采用Weierstrass－Mandelbrot分形函数描述粗糙表面,根据粗糙面的电磁散射理论,利用相位微抗法推导出有耗分形粗糙介质表面电磁散射系数的理论计算公式。     

二维带限分形粗糙面电磁散射的基尔霍夫近似

本文采用二维归一化带限Weierstrass分形函数来模拟二维分形粗糙面,主要利用基尔霍夫近似研究了该粗糙面的电磁散射,给出了散射场、平均散射强度系数和散射强度方差的计算公式,通过理论分析和数值计算讨论了散射场与分维及粗糙面其他有关参量间的关系.     

一维改进分形海面模型及海谱分析

针对经典分形模型的功率谱在空间波数小于基波波数时不能满足正幂率的问题,提出了一种统计模型和归一化带限Weierstrass分形模型相结合的一维粗糙海面模型,得到改进分形表面功率谱,并且和PM谱进行了对比,对分形维数、频率幅度尺度因子、风速等参量对一维海面轮廓的影响做了进一步分析.研究表明:在不同风速下表面功率谱和PM变化趋势是一致的,证明了改进方法的正确性.海面形状具有大尺度涌浪和小尺度张力波的特性,并且统计模型和分形模型的性质在改进模型中依然适用,验证了模型的合理性.     

考虑海谱分布的动态分形海面的电磁散射

本文采用考虑了Pierson-Moskowitz谱的归一化带限Weierstrass分形函数来模拟动态分形海面.利用基尔霍夫近似研究了该粗糙面的电磁散射,讨论了后向散射截面随入射角的变化,给出了后向散射截面时间序列的分维与分形海面分维间的关系.计算了散射场幅值,结果表明该分形海面散射场幅值分布服从K-分布.     

粗糙金属和介质目标的太赫兹散射特性分析

太赫兹频段金属和介质粗糙目标的散射特性是研究太赫兹雷达目标特性的重要基础。当目标表面的主曲率半径远远大于入射波长,且粗糙表面高度起伏与斜率起伏远小于入射波长时,根据稳定相位法和标量近似法,可获得粗糙金属和介质目标的相干散射截面和非相干散射截面。基于稳定相位法,任意目标的相干散射截面可退化为粗糙导体、光滑介质和粗糙介质目标的相干散射。该文分析了电大尺寸光滑金属铝和介质白漆球的散射截面,与Mie理论计算的介质球的散射特性吻合,散射截面误差小于0.1 dBm2。采用朗伯定理,验证了粗糙介质球的太赫兹非相干散射精确解,当目标表面剖分精度越高,非相干散射的计算精度越高。该文数值计算了粗糙介质球的太赫兹相干和非相干散射特性,分析了表面粗糙度和表面材料对散射特性的影响,为电大尺寸空间目标太赫兹散射特性分析提供了理论基础。      

分形粗糙表面涂覆目标太赫兹散射特性

该文采用物理光学法方法研究了具有分形粗糙表面的涂覆目标太赫兹散射特性。基于分形粗糙面建立表面粗糙目标模型,根据菲涅尔反射系数得出表面电流分布进而得到涂覆粗糙目标的雷达散射截面。对比分析了具有粗糙表面和光滑目标的散射结果,详细讨论了不同频率、不同涂层厚度的表面粗糙钝锥目标模型的太赫兹散射特性,计算结果表明在太赫兹波段目标表面的粗糙度对散射有显著的影响。      

分形海面电磁散射特性的基尔霍夫近似

利用二维Weierstrass带限函数模拟了粗糙海面的形状,讨论了风速、粗糙度等参量对海面形状的影响;针对模拟的分形海面形状,从亥姆霍兹（Helmholtz）积分出发,利用基尔霍夫近似推导了二维分形海面的电磁散射系数,并进行了数值模拟,同时对数值模拟结果进行了分析,讨论了海面形状对电磁散射的影响,所得结论可用于目标探测技术的研究。     

基于倾斜地面上分形树的电磁散射研究

本文用随机Ｌ系统产生具有自相似发形结构的分形树,基于ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟的方法,用相干中近似、树的独立散射近似和独立散射近似研究了倾斜粗糙面为下垫面的分形树的电磁散射、计算结果表明,相干叠加近似和树的独立散射近似具有比较好的一致性,而独立散射近似在低频时不能给出好的结果,倾斜粗糙面的存在使得交叉极化分量与同极化分量相差减小。     

任意形状粗糙物体的激光后向散射

本文研究具有粗糙表面凸形物体的光频后向散射。由几何光学基尔霍夫近似,获得相干后向散射截面和非相干后向散射截面理论计算公式。以粗糙球和粗糙椭球为例分析了物体几何参数,介电常数和粗糙表面统计参数对红外激光后向散射截面的影响。     

交叉蝴蝶结纳米结构的Fano共振效应用于表面增强相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的理论研究

Fano共振效应拥有独特的局域场增强效果,在表面增强相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射中,不同波长局域场增强空间位置相同的结构结合Fano共振效应,可以实现混合频率共振模式,使得表面增强相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射总的增强因子得到大幅度提高。采用FDTD软件系统研究了对称的交叉蝴蝶结Au纳米结构的Fano共振效应,该效应使得交叉蝴蝶结结构中心位置附近的电场强度得到大幅度的增强,把该结构应用到表面增强相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射中,可以使表面增强相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射信号的增强因子高达1013,达到单分子检测的水平。     

A study of scattering from an object below a rough surface

A numerical model is applied in a Monte Carlo study of scattering from a three dimensional penetrable object below a lossy dielectric rough interface. Both time and frequency domain results are investigated to illustrate the relative importance of coherent and incoherent scattering effects in the sample problem considered. Results show that introducing a reduced transmission coefficient is reasonable for object coherent scattering predictions in this example, and that incoherent object/surface interaction effects approximately follow a simple scaling behavior as surface roughness is increased.     

超辐射发光二极管的散斑自相关法表面粗糙度测量研究

利用相干或部分相干光被粗糙表面散射产生的散斑现象进行表面粗糙度测量是一类有应用前景的在线测量技术。研究了窄带连续谱光束被随机粗糙表面散射形成的远场散射光场的散斑延长效应和将其应用于表面粗糙度测量的可行性。理论和模拟研究表明:随着观测点逐渐远离散射光场中心,散斑延长率越来越大;在相同的观测位置,表面的粗糙度越小,散斑延长率越大。构建以超辐射发光二极管（Superluminescent Diode,SLD）为光源的实验系统,以散斑延长率衍生的光学粗糙度指标来衡量表面粗糙度,对电火花加工的表面粗糙度对比样块进行粗糙度测量实验,结果表明光学粗糙度指标随着被测表面粗糙度的增加而单调递减。比起一组分立波长的光源,采用窄带连续谱光源的表面粗糙度测量系统有更大的测量范围。     

Electromagnetic scattering from grassland. I. A fullyphase-coherent scattering model

A microwave scattering formulation is presented for grassland and other short vegetation canopies. The fact that the constituent elements of these targets can be as large as the vegetation layer make this formulation problematic. For example, a grass element may extend from the soil surface to the top of the canopy, and thus the upper portion of the element can be illuminated with far greater energy than the bottom. By modeling the long, thin elements of this type of vegetation as line dipole elements, this nonuniform illumination can be accounted for. Additionally, the stature and structure of grass plants can result in situations where the average inner-product of coherent terms are significant at lower frequencies. As a result, the backscattering coefficient cannot be modeled simply as the incoherent addition of the power from each element and scattering mechanism. To determine these coherent terms, a coherent model that considers scattered fields, and not power, is provided. This formulation is then used to provide a solution to the multiple coherent scattering terms, terms which include the correlation of the scattering between both dissimilar constituent elements and dissimilar scattering mechanisms. Finally, a major component of the grass family are cultural grasses, such as wheat and barley. This vegetation is often planted in row structures, a periodic organization that can likewise result in significant coherent scattering effects, depending on the frequency and illumination pattern. Therefore, a formulation is also provided that accounts for the unique scattering of these structures     

二维粗糙面两束波束散射特性研究

基于Kirchhoff近似,推导两束波束散射强度相关系数的表达式,数值计算漫射强度及散射强度相关系数随角度差、相关长度及粗糙度变化情况。结果表明:散射角对粗糙表面相干散射强度与光滑表面相干散射强度的比值有影响,当两束波束的入射角、方位角均相等,意味着两束波束相互重合且散射强度比值为单波束比值的四倍;当两束波束的入射角、方位角中有一个角度不相等,由散射场干扰效应的影响,相干散射强度比值都会减小。相关长度的变化与漫射强度和散射强度相关系数均成正比;随着入射角度差增大,漫射强度的后向散射效应增强,且散射强度相关系数变小,说明两束波束的干扰越严重;随着散射角的增大,总散射强度受干扰项散射强度影响较大,则后向散射效应增强。     

A numerical study of scattering from an object above a rough surface

A numerical model is applied in a Monte Carlo study of scattering from a three-dimensional penetrable object above a lossy dielectric rough interface. The model is based on an iterative method of moments solution for equivalent electric and magnetic surface current densities on the rough interface and equivalent volumetric electric currents in the penetrable object. Both time-and frequency-domain results are investigated to illustrate the relative importance of coherent and incoherent scattering effects in the sample problem considered. Results show that a four-path model using a reduced-reflection coefficient can be reasonable for coherent scattering predictions and that incoherent object/surface interaction effects can make significant contributions to received cross sections.     

Coherent scattering of a spherical wave from an irregular surface

The scattering of a spherical wave from a rough surface using the Kirchhoff approximation is considered. An expression representing the measured coherent scattering coefficient is derived. It is shown that the sphericity of the wavefront and the antenna pattern can become an important factor in the interpretation of ground-based measurements. The condition under which the coherent scattering-coefficient expression reduces to that corresponding to a plane wave incidence is given. The condition under which the result reduces to the standard image solution is also derived. In general, the consideration of antenna pattern and sphericity is unimportant unless the surface-height standard deviation is small, i.e., unless the coherent scattering component is significant. An application of the derived coherent backscattering coefficient together with the existing incoherent scattering coefficient to interpret measurements from concrete and asphalt surfaces is shown.     

Bistatic specular scattering from rough dielectric surfaces

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the nature of bistatic scattering from rough dielectric surfaces at 10 GHz. This paper focusses specifically on the dependence of coherent and incoherent scattered fields on surface roughness for the specular direction. The measurements, which were conducted for a smooth surface with ks<0.2 (where k=2π/λ and s is the RMS surface height) and for three rough surfaces with ks=0.5, 1.39, and 1.94, included observations over the range of incidence angles from 20° to 65° for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. For the coherent component, the reflectivity was found to behave in accordance with the prediction of the physical optics model, although it was observed that the Brewster angle exhibited a small negative shift with increasing roughness. The first-order solution of physical optics also provided good agreement with observations for hh-polarized incoherent scattering coefficient, but it failed to predict the behavior of the vv-polarized scattering coefficient in the angular range around the Brewster angle. A second-order solution is proposed which appears to partially address the deficiency of the physical optics model     

Scattering from non-Gaussian randomly rough surfaces-cylindricalcase

A numerical method is developed to simulate electromagnetic wave scattering from computer-generated two-dimensional randomly rough surfaces. The rough surface generated for scattering simulation is specified only up to the second moment statistics, i.e. the height distribution and the autocorrelation function. The coherent and noncoherent scattering from four different types of random surfaces is examined. The four different types of surfaces are: Gaussian distributed heights and Gaussian correlation, Gaussian distributed height and non-Gaussian correlation, modified exponential distributed height and non-Gaussian correlation, modified exponential distributed height and Gaussian correlation, modified exponential distributed height and non-Gaussian correlation surfaces. It is shown by simulation that the dominating factor in coherent scattering is the surface height density and the autocorrelation can cause a higher order effect