五轴数控机床综合热误差建模与空间解耦补偿

基于多体系统理论,提出了一种机床热误差综合模型的通用建模方法,以一台双刀摆型国产五坐标数控机床为例,建立了包含50项热误差元素的热误差综合数学模型。基于小误差补偿运动假设,在分析误差运动和补偿运动间关系基础上对热误差综合模型进行空间解耦,建立了可以进行多轴机床热误差补偿量计算的数学模型,为五轴机床热误差实时补偿提供了理论基础。     

立式加工中心空间误差验证及补偿

为提高某立式加工中心整机加工精度,借助旋量理论建立完备立式加工中心空间误差模型,在此基础上实现机床空间误差有效补偿.以旋量理论为基础推导并建立机床刀具运动链与工件运动链运动学正解,分析机床21项几何误差原理,在考虑21项几何误差的基础上建立该立式加工中心完备空间误差模型;利用九线法完成各项几何误差辨识;基于旋量运动学正解求解机床运动学逆解后得出运动轴实际运动路径,并通过体对角线实验对比补偿前后的效果.结果表明:所提补偿方法补偿效果显著,验证了机床空间误差模型的准确性,实现了提高机床加工精度的目的.     

基于自然指数模型的机床定位误差建模与实时补偿

为提高数控机床的运动性能和加工精度,提出了基于自然指数模型的机床定位误差建模方法.通过分析在不同温度条件下的定位误差变化规律,将定位误差分为几何误差和热误差两个部分,其中,几何误差部分可以采用多项式模型进行拟合,而对于热误差部分,则建立其与环境温度、机床关键构件温度之间的自然指数模型,从而描述了热误差和温度场之间的非线性变化规律.通过与传统的多元线性回归模型进行试验结果对比表明:基于自然指数模型的定位误差建模方法在任何温度条件下均可获得较高的预测精度,经过误差补偿,可以大幅提高机床精度.     

基于多体系统理论的矫直机几何误差的建模与补偿

针对矫直机的几何误差建模和补偿技术进行研究。将矫直机床视为一个多体系统结构,完成对矫直机的拓扑结构描述,并进行压头、夹头和跨距调整等关键运动部件的误差分析。通过其次变换矩阵体系统推导机床几何误差模型,基于建立的误差模型,采用激光干涉仪识别机床运动轴的几何位置误差。提出矫直机的几何误差补偿方法并设计与开发补偿软件,对矫直机定位精度进行补偿。通过实验进行了误差补偿效果评价,实验结果证明误差模型的正确性以及软件补偿的可行性。     

基于多体系统理论的车铣中心空间误差模型分析

数控机床的误差建模是进行机床运动设计、精度分析和误差补偿的关键技术,也是保证机床加工精度的重要环节.本文利用多体系统理论来构建超精密数控机床的几何误差模型,该模型简便、明确,不受机床结构和运动复杂程度的限制,为计算机床误差、实现误差补偿和修正控制指令提供了理论依据.在机床实际应用中,可以利用由精密机床误差建模所推导出的几何位置误差来修正理想加工指令,控制机床的实际运动,从而实现几何误差补偿,提高机床加工精度.     

一种三坐标并联动力头——Sprint Z3的误差建模与灵敏度分析

研究一种三坐标并联动力头——Sprint Z3的精度建模及几何误差源灵敏度分析问题。在建立该机构运动学逆解模型的基础上,利用摄动法建立其末端位置及姿态误差与几何误差源之间的映射模型。在此基础上,对影响末端位姿误差的几何误差源进行灵敏度分析,从而为机械设计中零部件的公差分配提供了理论依据。     

多轴机床几何误差建模与补偿技术的研究

基于多体系统运动学理论,分析了多轴机床的拓扑结构关系及各个运动轴的误差项元素,建立了多轴机床运动空间的几何误差模型。基于Labview开发了误差补偿平台,进行了误差补偿试验。通过对比补偿前后各轴线性定位误差和补偿前后的数控加工代码,验证了所建立的误差模型的正确性,且该补偿方法是可行的。     

精密卧式加工中心主轴轴向热误差补偿方法

热误差是精密机床最主要的误差源之一。主轴是机床的关键部件,其热误差直接影响机床的加工精度。文章以某型号精密卧式加工中心主轴为对象,对其温度场和热变形进行了仿真分析。根据仿真结果发现主轴轴向热变形更严重,并结合机床结构确定温度传感器布置位置。在此基础上,对不同转速下主轴部分位置温度和轴向热误差进行现场测试。运用最小二乘法建立热误差补偿模型,直接结合机床FANUC数控系统实施主轴轴向热误差补偿。经实验验证,补偿后主轴轴向热误差减小了85%以上。     

卧式加工中心误差建模与补偿技术的研究

对卧式加工中心进行误差补偿是提高其加工精度的重要手段.文章基于多体系统理论,在分析了卧式加工中心误差的特性后,针对该机床建立了综合空间误差模型及刀具姿态误差模型,给出了数控指令的修正算法,并在此基础上开发了误差补偿软件,进行了仿真试验.试验展示了刀具轨迹补偿前后对比及数控指令修正前后的G代码对比.试验结果表明:文中针对卧式加工中心的误差建模正确可行,采用的补偿方法切实有效,通过修正数控指令的方式,跨越了数控系统硬件制约,达到了误差补偿的目的.     

双转台五轴数控机床的综合误差建模与补偿研究

研究五轴数控机床的综合误差建模与补偿方法.系统地分析了机床几何误差与热误差,并提出了其新的分类方法和一种直观形象的杆、副误差矩阵描述方法,根据这种误差描述方法建立了五轴数控机床的综合误差模型,最后根据矩阵微分法建立了机床综合误差补偿模型.     

Development of a multi-step measuring method for motion accuracy of NC machine tools based on cross grid encoder

Machining accuracy is directly influenced by the quasi-static errors of a machine tool. Since machine errors have a direct effect on both the surface finish and geometric shape of the finished work piece, it is imperative to measure the machine errors and to compensate for them. A revised geometric synthetic error modeling, measurement and identification method of 3-axis machine tool by using a cross grid encoder is proposed in this paper. Firstly a revised synthetic error model of 21 geometric error components of the 3-axis NC machine tools is developed. Also the mapping relationship between the error component and radial motion error of round work piece manufactured on the NC machine tools are deduced. Aiming to overcome the solution singularity shortcoming of traditional error component identification method, a new multi-step identification method of error component by using the cross grid encoder measurement technology is proposed based on the kinematic error model of NC machine tool. Finally the experimental validation of the above modeling and identification method is carried out in the 3-axis CNC vertical machining center Cincinnati 750 Arrow. The entire 21 error components have been successfully measured by the above method. The whole measuring time of 21 error components is cut down to 1–2 h because of easy installation, adjustment, operation and the characteristics of non-contact measurement. It usually takes days of machine down time and needs an experienced operator when using other measuring methods. Result shows that the modeling and the multi-step identification methods are very suitable for ‘on machine’ measurement.     

基于内置传感器的数控机床动态加工误差测量方法

以HJ044双转台型五轴联动数控机床为例,以机床内置传感器信息和多体系统理论为基础,建立了刀具相对工件的运动学模型,提出了一种基于内置传感器信息的动态加工误差测量方法。该方法利用机床编码器或光栅尺等机床内置传感器信息获取机床各轴运动位移,并结合机床运动学模型,测量由机床的动态特性引起的加工误差。并通过实验表明该方法是一种简单有效的数控机床动态加工误差测量方法。     

数控机床三维空间误差建模及补偿技术研究

为了提高数控机床的加工精度,解决由机床三维空间误差引起的工件加工质量降低的问题,在研究多体系统理论误差建模技术的基础上,提出离线补偿和嵌入式补偿两种补偿策略。离线补偿是基于数控加工程序的修正补偿,将机床三维空间误差映射到数控加工程序,通过修改加工程序实现对机床的三维空间误差补偿;嵌入式补偿是基于数控系统的在线补偿,将机床三维空间误差融合到数控系统中,通过修正数控系统中的数据流实现对机床的三维空间误差补偿。实验表明,在不影响机床可靠性的前提下,两种补偿策略均显著提高了数控机床的加工精度。     

Enhanced virtual machining for sculptured surfaces by integrating machine tool error models into NC machining simulation

Sculptured surface machining is a time-consuming and costly process. It requires simultaneously controlled motion of the machine axes. However, positioning inaccuracies or errors exist in machine tools. The combination of error motions of the machine axes will result in a complicated pattern of part geometry errors. In order to quantitatively predict these part geometry errors, a new application framework ‘enhanced virtual machining’ is developed. It integrates machine tool error models into NC machining simulation. The ideal cutter path in the NC program for surface machining is discretized into sub-paths. For each interpolated cutter location, the machine geometric errors are predicted from the machine tool error model. Both the solid modeling approach and the surface modeling approach are used to translate machine geometric errors into part geometry errors for sculptured surface machining. The solid modeling approach obtains the final part geometry by subtracting the tool swept volume from the stock geometric model. The surface modeling approach approximates the actual cutter contact points by calculating the cutting tool motion and geometry. The simulation results show that the machine tool error model can be effectively integrated into sculptured surface machining to predict part geometry errors before the real cutting begins.     

Total differential methods based universal post processing algorithm considering geometric error for multi-axis NC machine tool

Multi-axis numerical control machining for free-form surfaces needs CAD/CAM system for the cutter location and orientation data. Since these data are defined with respect to the coordinate of workpiece, they need converting for machine control commands in machine coordinate system, through a processing procedure called post processing. In this work, a new universal post processing algorithm considering geometric error for multi-axis machine tool with arbitrary configuration. Firstly, ideal kinematic model and real kinematic model of the multi-axis NC machine tool are built respectively. Difference between the two kinematic models is only whether to consider the machine tool's geometric error or not. Secondly, a universal generalized post processing algorithm containing forward and inverse kinematics solution is designed to solve kinematic models of multi-axis machine tool. Specially, the inverse kinematics solution is used for the ideal kinematic model, while the forward kinematics solution is used for the real kinematic model. Then, a total differential algorithm is applied to improve the calculation speed and reduce the difficulty of inverse kinematics solution. Realization principle of the total differential algorithm is to transform the inverse kinematics solution problem into that one of solving linear equations based on spatial relationship of adjacent cutter locations. Thirdly, to reduce the complexity of geometric error calibration experiment, effect weight of geometric error components is determined by the sensitivity analysis based on orthogonal method, and then the real kinematic model considering geometric error is established. Finally, the universal post processing algorithm based on total differential methods is implemented and demonstrated experimentally in a five-axis machine tool. The results show that the maximum error value can be decreased to one-fifth using the proposed method in this paper.     

基于岭回归的数控机床温度布点优化及其热误差建模

提出一种基于岭回归分析的数控机床温度布点优化方法.数控机床热误差建模一般采用多元线性回归方法,在多元线性回归模型中,隐含着要求解释变量之间无强相关性的假定.然而在实际的建模中,各自变量与因变量之间的相互关系并不与简单相关系数所反映的情况完全吻合.通过岭迹对温度变量进行优化选择,实现了温度测点优化布置,并选用适当的岭参数k建立了数控机床热误差的多元线性回归优化模型,提高了热误差模型的精确性和鲁棒性.     

Tool path accuracy enhancement through geometrical error compensation

Kinematic and geometric errors of CNC machine tools, introduce large deviations in the real path traveled by the cutting tool. Tool path deviation reduces geometrical and dimensional accuracy of the machined features of the component. Tool path modification is an effective strategy to increase accuracy of the machined features. An improved error estimation model based on kinematic transformation concepts has been developed and used to calculate the volumetric overall error. These calculations are applicable for each arbitrary target positions of the machine's work space. Also a NC Program editor software has been developed in order to manage the calculations, modifications and to generate the new compensated NC program. The compensation procedure includes: fragmentation of nominal tool path to small linear elements, translating nominal position of elements to real positions using the Kinematics error model, finding compensated positions using the error compensation algorithm, converting newly generated elements to new tool paths using the packing algorithms and finally editing old NC program using NC code generator algorithm. Experimental tests showed 4-8 times accuracy improvement for linear, and S-pline tool paths deviations.     

Relationships between straightness and angular kinematic errors in machines

The software compensation approach for the improvement of machine tool and coordinate measuring machine accuracy depend to some extent on machine error modelling and measurement methodologies. The currently established methodology is based on the derivation of tool position error (for machine tools) or stylus tip position error (for coordinate measuring machines) by the combination of individual axis joint kinematic error parameters. The purpose of this paper is to propose a machine error analysis based on error classification. This taxonomic approach forms a conceptual basis for an analysis of machine errors with a deeper understanding of error mechanisms at more fundamental levels. The relevance of this approach is investigated through the case study of the coupling mechanism between joint kinematic angular and straightness errors of machine linear axes. The limitations of the joint kinematic straightness and angular error modelling based on purely abstract mathematical dependence principles are explored through simulations and experiments.     

灰色系统理论在数控机床误差数据处理中的应用

根据数控机床误差数据处理的特点，将灰色系统理论首次应用于数控机床误差数据处理中，提出了几何误差数据处理的灰色新陈代谢模型，并给出了模型检验方法，方法简便易行，计算量小。